Abstract
Biofouling is a crucial problem in the maritime industry for both military and commercial vessels. One promising approach to overcome the problem is creating a nonfouling surface with functional polymer brushes, which usually presents large exclusion volumes to inhibit protein and bacterial adhesion, or possess bactericidal functional groups. Previous studies show the increasing reports in creating an antifouling surface using polymer brushes via various techniques such as self-assembly through hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions, and covalent immobilization by means of either “grafting-to” or “grafting-from” strategy. These advances in techniques for surface modification and tailoring of polymer composition and architecture have resulted in many promising developments in the antifouling field. This chapter summarizes such recent research progress about polymer-brush-based antifouling surface, and focuses mainly on the development and application of nonfouling surfaces with anti-adhesive and/or bactericidal polymer brushes. Various types of polymer brushes (PEGylated polymers, amphiphilic copolymers, zwitterionic polymers, bioinspired polymers, bactericidal polymer, and polymers incorporating antimicrobial agents, etc.) are particularly suited for the preparation of functional bioactive surfaces, including anti-adsorption for cell and protein, antibacterial, and biomolecule-coupled and patterned surfaces.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yebra DM, Kiil S, Dam-Johansen K (2004) Antifouling technology—past, present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. Prog Org Coat 50(2):75–104
Glinel K, Jonas AM, Jouenne T, Leprince J, Galas L, Huck WT (2009) Antibacterial and antifouling polymer brushes incorporating antimicrobial peptide. Bioconjug Chem 20(1):71–77
Neoh KG, Shi ZL, Kang ET (2013) Anti-adhesive and antibacterial polymer brushes. In: Moriarty TF, Zaat SAJ, Busscher HJ (eds) Biomaterials associated infection. Springer, New York, pp 405–432
Xu FJ, Neoh KG, Kang ET (2009) Bioactive surfaces and biomaterials via atom transfer radical polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 34(8):719–761
Blaszykowski C, Sheikh S, Thompson M (2012) Surface chemistry to minimize fouling from blood-based fluids. Chem Soc Rev 41(17):5599–5612
Krishnan S, Weinman CJ, Ober CK (2008) Advances in polymers for anti-biofouling surfaces. J Mater Chem 18(29):3405–3413
Banerjee I, Pangule RC, Kane RS (2011) Antifouling coatings: recent developments in the design of surfaces that prevent fouling by proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms. Adv Mater 23(6):690–718
Chen H, Brook MA, Sheardown H (2004) Silicone elastomers for reduced protein adsorption. Biomaterials 25(12):2273–2282
Lan S, Veiseh M, Zhang M (2005) Surface modification of silicon and gold-patterned silicon surfaces for improved biocompatibility and cell patterning selectivity. Biosens Bioelectron 20(9):1697–1708
Zhang F, Kang ET, Neoh KG, Huang W (2001) Modification of gold surface by grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) for reduction in protein adsorption and platelet adhesion. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 12(5):515–531
Li Y, Neoh KG, Cen L, Kang ET (2003) Physicochemical and blood compatibility characterization of polypyrrole surface functionalized with heparin. Biotechnol Bioeng 84(3):305–313
Jeon SI, Lee JH, Andrade JD, De Gennes PG (1991) Protein—surface interactions in the presence of polyethylene oxide: I. Simplified theory. J Colloid Interface Sci 142(1):149–158
Senaratne W, Andruzzi L, Ober CK (2005) Self-assembled monolayers and polymer brushes in biotechnology: current applications and future perspectives. Biomacromolecules 6(5):2427–2448
Cao L, Chang M, Lee CY, Castner DG, Sukavaneshvar S, Ratner BD, Horbett TA (2007) Plasma-deposited tetraglyme surfaces greatly reduce total blood protein adsorption, contact activation, platelet adhesion, platelet procoagulant activity, and in vitro thrombus deposition. J Biomedical Mater Res Part A 81(4):827–837
Chang Y, Liao SC, Higuchi A, Ruaan RC, Chu CW, Chen WY (2008) A highly stable nonbiofouling surface with well-packed grafted zwitterionic polysulfobetaine for plasma protein repulsion. Langmuir 24(10):5453–5458
Chang Y, Shu SH, Shih YJ, Chu CW, Ruaan RC, Chen WY (2010) Hemocompatible mixed-charge copolymer brushes of pseudozwitterionic surfaces resistant to nonspecific plasma protein fouling. Langmuir 26(5):3522–3530
Heuberger M, Drobek T, Voros J (2004) About the role of water in surface-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) layers. Langmuir 20(22):9445–9448
Vladkova T (2007) Surface engineering for non-toxic biofouling control. J Univ Chem Technol Metall 42:239–256
Dalsin JL, Messersmith PB (2005) Bioinspired antifouling polymers. Mater Today 8(9):38–46
Feller LM, Cerritelli S, Textor M, Hubbell JA, Tosatti SGP (2005) Influence of Poly(propylene sulfide-block-ethylene glycol) Di- and Triblock Copolymer architecture on the formation of molecular adlayers on gold surfaces and their effect on protein resistance: a candidate for surface modification in biosensor research. Macromolecules 38(25):10503–10510
Bearinger JP, Terrettaz S, Michel R, Tirelli N, Vogel H, Textor M, Hubbell JA (2003) Chemisorbed poly(propylene sulphide)-based copolymers resist biomolecular interactions. Nat Mater 2(4):259–264
Zoulalian V, Zurcher S, Tosatti S, Textor M, Monge S, Robin JJ (2010) Self-assembly of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(alkyl phosphonate) terpolymers on titanium oxide surfaces: synthesis, interface characterization, investigation of nonfouling properties, and long-term stability. Langmuir 26(1):74–82
Zoulalian V, Monge S, Zurcher S, Textor M, Robin JJ, Tosatti S (2006) Functionalization of titanium oxide surfaces by means of poly(alkyl-phosphonates). J Phys Chem B 110(51):25603–25605
Zhao YH, Zhu BK, Kong L, Xu YY (2007) Improving hydrophilicity and protein resistance of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes by blending with amphiphilic hyperbranched-star polymer. Langmuir 23(10):5779–5786
Benhabbour SR, Liu L, Sheardown H, Adronov A (2008) Protein resistance of surfaces prepared by chemisorption of monothiolated poly(ethylene glycol) to gold and dendronization with aliphatic polyester dendrons: effect of hydrophilic dendrons. Macromolecules 41(7):2567–2576
Sharma S, Johnson RW, Desai TA (2004) Evaluation of the stability of nonfouling ultrathin poly(ethylene glycol) films for silicon-based microdevices. Langmuir 20(2):348–356
Ma H, Hyun J, Stiller P, Chilkoti A (2004) “Non-Fouling” oligo(ethylene glycol)- functionalized polymer brushes synthesized by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Adv Mater 16(4):338–341
McPherson T, Kidane A, Szleifer I, Park K (1998) Prevention of protein adsorption by tethered poly(ethylene oxide) layers: experiments and single-chain mean-field analysis. Langmuir 14(1):176–186
Gunkel G, Weinhart M, Becherer T, Haag R, Huck WT (2011) Effect of polymer brush architecture on antibiofouling properties. Biomacromolecules 12(11):4169–4172
Zhou Y, Wang S, Ding B, Yang Z (2008) Modification of magnetite nanoparticles via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Chem Eng J 138 (1–3):578–585
Hu F, Neoh KG, Cen L, Kang ET (2006) Cellular response to magnetic nanoparticles “PEGylated” via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Biomacromolecules 7(3):809–816
Xu FJ, Zhao JP, Kang ET, Neoh KG, Li J (2007) Functionalization of nylon membranes via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization. Langmuir 23(16):8585–8592
Ma H, Li D, Sheng X, Zhao B, Chilkoti A (2006) Protein-resistant polymer coatings on silicon oxide by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Langmuir 22(8):3751–3756
Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Kylian O, Houska M, Brynda E, Artemenko A, Kousal J, Alles AB, Biederman H (2011) Substrate-independent approach for the generation of functional protein resistant surfaces. Biomacromolecules 12(4):1058–1066
Brahim S, Narinesingh D, Guiseppi-Elie A (2003) Synthesis and hydration properties of pH-sensitive p(HEMA)-based hydrogels containing 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. Biomacromolecules 4(3):497–503
Mei Y, Wu T, Xu C, Langenbach KJ, Elliott JT, Vogt BD, Beers KL, Amis EJ, Washburn NR (2005) Tuning cell adhesion on gradient poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-grafted surfaces. Langmuir 21(26):12309–12314
Mirzadeh H, Katbab AA, Khorasani MT, Burford RP, Gorgin E, Golestani A (1995) Cell attachment to laser-induced AAm- and HEMA-grafted ethylene-propylene rubber as biomaterial: in vivo study. Biomaterials 16(8):641–648
Huang X, Doneski LJ, Wirth MJ (1998) Surface-confined living radical polymerization for coatings in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 70 (19):4023–4029
Cringus-Fundeanu I, Luijten J, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Schouten AJ (2007) Synthesis and characterization of surface-grafted polyacrylamide brushes and their inhibition of microbial adhesion. Langmuir 23(9):5120–5126
Fundeanu I, van der Mei HC, Schouten AJ, Busscher HJ (2008) Polyacrylamide brush coatings preventing microbial adhesion to silicone rubber. Colloids and surfaces B. Biointerfaces 64(2):297–301
Krishnan S, Weinman CJ, Ober CK (2008) Advances in polymers for anti-biofouling surfaces. J Mater Chem 18(29):3405–3413
Gudipati CS, Finlay JA, Callow JA, Callow ME, Wooley KL (2005) The antifouling and fouling-release performance of hyperbranched fluoropolymer (HBFP)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) composite coatings evaluated by adsorption of biomacromolecules and the green fouling alga Ulva. Langmuir 21(7):3044–3053
Yarbrough JC, Rolland JP, DeSimone JM, Callow ME, Finlay JA, Callow JA (2006) Contact Angle analysis, surface dynamics, and biofouling characteristics of cross-linkable, random perfluoropolyether-based graft terpolymers. Macromolecules 39(7):2521–2528
Powell KT, Cheng C, Wooley KL (2007) Complex amphiphilic hyperbranched fluoropolymers by atom transfer radical self-condensing vinyl (co)polymerization. Macromolecules 40(13):4509–4515
Finlay JA, Krishnan S, Callow ME, Callow JA, Dong R, Asgill N, Wong K, Kramer EJ, Ober CK (2008) Settlement of Ulva zoospores on patterned fluorinated and PEGylated monolayer surfaces. Langmuir 24(2):503–510
Li L, Chen S, Zheng J, Ratner BD, Jiang S (2005) Protein adsorption on oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers: The molecular basis for nonfouling behavior. J Phys Chem B 109(7):2934–2941
Chen S, Zheng J, Li L, Jiang S (2005) Strong resistance of phosphorylcholine self-assembled monolayers to protein adsorption: insights into nonfouling properties of zwitterionic materials. J Am Chem Soc 127(41):14473–14478
Kim K, Kim C, Byun Y (2004) Biostability and biocompatibility of a surface-grafted phospholipid monolayer on a solid substrate. Biomaterials 25(1):33–41
Iwata R, Suk-In P, Hoven VP, Takahara A, Akiyoshi K, Iwasaki Y (2004) Control of nanobiointerfaces generated from well-defined biomimetic polymer brushes for protein and cell manipulations. Biomacromolecules 5(6):2308–2314
Feng W, Brash JL, Zhu S (2006) Non-biofouling materials prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization grafting of 2-methacryloloxyethyl phosphorylcholine: separate effects of graft density and chain length on protein repulsion. Biomaterials 27(6):847–855
Ladd J, Zhang Z, Chen S, Hower JC, Jiang S (2008) Zwitterionic polymers exhibiting high resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption from human serum and plasma. Biomacromolecules 9(5):1357–1361
Yang W, Chen S, Cheng G, Vaisocherova H, Xue H, Li W, Zhang J, Jiang S (2008) Film thickness dependence of protein adsorption from blood serum and plasma onto poly(sulfobetaine)-grafted surfaces. Langmuir 24(17):9211–9214
Limpoco FT, Bailey RC (2011) Real-time monitoring of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using silicon photonic microring resonators: implications for combinatorial screening of polymer brush growth conditions. J Am Chem Soc 133(38):14864–14867
Chang Y, Chen WY, Yandi W, Shih YJ, Chu WL, Liu YL, Chu CW, Ruaan RC, Higuchi A (2009) Dual-thermoresponsive phase behavior of blood compatible zwitterionic copolymers containing nonionic poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide). Biomacromolecules 10(8):2092–2100
Zhang Z, Chao T, Chen S, Jiang S (2006) Superlow fouling sulfobetaine and carboxybetaine polymers on glass slides. Langmuir 22(24):10072–10077
Cheng G, Zhang Z, Chen S, Bryers JD, Jiang S (2007) Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on zwitterionic surfaces. Biomaterials 28(29):4192–4199
Zhang Z, Zhang M, Chen S, Horbett TA, Ratner BD, Jiang S (2008) Blood compatibility of surfaces with superlow protein adsorption. Biomaterials 29(32):4285–4291
Kitano H, Kawasaki A, Kawasaki H, Morokoshi S (2005) Resistance of zwitterionic telomers accumulated on metal surfaces against nonspecific adsorption of proteins. J Colloid Interface Sci 282(2):340–348
Kitano H, Tada S, Mori T, Takaha K, Gemmei-Ide M, Tanaka M, Fukuda M, Yokoyama Y (2005) Correlation between the structure of water in the vicinity of carboxybetaine polymers and their blood-compatibility. Langmuir 21(25):11932–11940
Chen S, Jiang S (2008) An New Avenue to Nonfouling Materials. Adv Mater 20(2):335–338
Campoccia D, Montanaro L, Arciola CR (2006) The significance of infection related to orthopedic devices and issues of antibiotic resistance. Biomaterials 27(11):2331–2339
Ramstedt M, Cheng N, Azzaroni O, Mossialos D, Mathieu HJ, Huck WT (2007) Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-sulfopropylmethacrylate) brushes for potential antibacterial applications. Langmuir 23(6):3314–3321
Tiller JC, Liao CJ, Lewis K, Klibanov AM (2001) Designing surfaces that kill bacteria on contact. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(11):5981–5985
Cen L, Neoh KG, Kang ET (2003) Surface Functionalization Technique for Conferring Antibacterial Properties to Polymeric and Cellulosic Surfaces. Langmuir 19(24):10295–10303
Lin J, Qiu S, Lewis K, Klibanov AM (2002) Bactericidal properties of flat surfaces and nanoparticles derivatized with alkylated polyethylenimines. Biotechnol Prog 18(5):1082–1086
Lin J, Qiu S, Lewis K, Klibanov AM (2003) Mechanism of bactericidal and fungicidal activities of textiles covalently modified with alkylated polyethylenimine. Biotechnol Bioeng 83(2):168–172
Rabea EI, Badawy ME, Stevens CV, Smagghe G, Steurbaut W (2003) Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 4(6):1457–1465
Chua PH, Neoh KG, Shi Z, Kang ET (2008) Structural stability and bioapplicability assessment of hyaluronic acid-chitosan polyelectrolyte multilayers on titanium substrates. J Biomedical Mater Res Part A 87(4):1061–1074
Cao Z, Sun Y (2008) N-halamine-based chitosan: preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial function. J Biomedical Mater Res Part A 85(1):99–107
Luo J, Sun Y (2008) Acyclic N-halamine-based biocidal tubing: preparation, characterization, and rechargeable biofilm-controlling functions. J Biomedical Mater Res Part A 84(3):631–642
Luo J, Sun Y (2006) Acyclic N-halamine-based fibrous materials: preparation, characterization, and biocidal functions. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem 44(11):3588–3600
Lee SB, Koepsel RR, Morley SW, Matyjaszewski K, Sun Y, Russell AJ (2004) Permanent, nonleaching antibacterial surfaces. 1. Synthesis by atom transfer radical polymerization. Biomacromolecules 5(3):877–882
Murata H, Koepsel RR, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ (2007) Permanent, non-leaching antibacterial surface–2: how high density cationic surfaces kill bacterial cells. Biomaterials 28(32):4870–4879
Xu FJ, Yuan SJ, Pehkonen SO, Kang ET, Neoh KG (2006) Antimicrobial surfaces of viologen-quaternized poly((2-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate)-Si(100) hybrids from surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Nanobiotechnol 2(3–4):123–134
Lenoir S, Pagnoulle C, Galleni M, Compere P, Jerome R, Detrembleur C (2006) Polyolefin matrixes with permanent antibacterial activity: preparation, antibacterial activity, and action mode of the active species. Biomacromolecules 7(8):2291–2296
Thomassin JM, Lenoir S, Riga J, Jerome R, Detrembleur C (2007) Grafting of poly[2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate] onto polypropylene by reactive blending and antibacterial activity of the copolymer. Biomacromolecules 8(4):1171–1177
Ostuni E, Chapman RG, Liang MN, Meluleni G, Pier G, Ingber DE, Whitesides GM (2001) Self-assembled monolayers that resist the adsorption of proteins and the adhesion of bacterial and mammalian cells. Langmuir 17(20):6336–6343
Roosjen A, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Norde W (2004) Microbial adhesion to poly(ethylene oxide) brushes: influence of polymer chain length and temperature. Langmuir 20(25):10949–10955
Park KD, Kim YS, Han DK, Kim YH, Lee EH, Suh H, Choi KS (1998) Bacterial adhesion on PEG modified polyurethane surfaces. Biomaterials 19(7–9):851–859
Hetrick EM, Schoenfisch MH (2006) Reducing implant-related infections: active release strategies. Chem Soc Rev 35(9):780–789
Wach JY, Bonazzi S, Gademann K (2008) Antimicrobial surfaces through natural product hybrids. Angewandte Chemie 47(37):7123–7126
Zhang F, Shi ZL, Chua PH, Kang ET, Neoh KG (2007) Functionalization of titanium surfaces via controlled living radical polymerization: from antibacterial surface to surface for osteoblast adhesion. Industrial Eng Chem Res 46(26):9077–9086
Bagheri M, Beyermann M, Dathe M (2009) Immobilization reduces the activity of surface-bound cationic antimicrobial peptides with no influence upon the activity spectrum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(3):1132–1141
Klasen HJ (2000) Historical review of the use of silver in the treatment of burns. I. Early uses. Burns: J Int Soc Burn Injuries 26(2):117–130
Klasen HJ (2000) A historical review of the use of silver in the treatment of burns. II. Renewed interest for silver. Burns: J Int Soc Burn Injuries 26(2):131–138
Sondi I, Salopek-Sondi B (2004) Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. J Colloid Interface Sci 275(1):177–182
Marambio-Jones C, Hoek EV (2010) A review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment. J Nanopart Res 12(5):1531–1551
Ye Q, Zhou F, Liu W (2011) Bioinspired catecholic chemistry for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 40(7):4244–4258
Lee BP, Messersmith PB, Israelachvili JN, Waite JH (2011) Mussel-inspired adhesives and coatings. Annu Rev Mater Res 41:99–132
Lee H, Dellatore SM, Miller WM, Messersmith PB (2007) Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 318(5849):426–430
Dalsin JL, Lin L, Tosatti S, Voros J, Textor M, Messersmith PB (2005) Protein resistance of titanium oxide surfaces modified by biologically inspired mPEG-DOPA. Langmuir 21(2):640–646
Dalsin JL, Hu BH, Lee BP, Messersmith PB (2003) Mussel adhesive protein mimetic polymers for the preparation of nonfouling surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 125(14):4253–4258
Lee H, Lee KD, Pyo KB, Park SY, Lee H (2010) Catechol-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) for PEGylation on versatile substrates. Langmuir 26(6):3790–3793
Gillich T, Benetti EM, Rakhmatullina E, Konradi R, Li W, Zhang A, Schluter AD, Textor M (2011) Self-assembly of focal point oligo-catechol ethylene glycol dendrons on titanium oxide surfaces: adsorption kinetics, surface characterization, and nonfouling properties. J Am Chem Soc 133(28):10940–10950
Malisova B, Tosatti S, Textor M, Gademann K, Zurcher S (2010) Poly(ethylene glycol) adlayers immobilized to metal oxide substrates through catechol derivatives: influence of assembly conditions on formation and stability. Langmuir 26(6):4018–4026
Wach JY, Malisova B, Bonazzi S, Tosatti S, Textor M, Zurcher S, Gademann K (2008) Protein-resistant surfaces through mild dopamine surface functionalization. Chemistry 14(34):10579–10584
Xie J, Xu C, Kohler N, Hou Y, Sun S (2007) Controlled PEGylation of monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles for reduced non-specific uptake by macrophage cells. Adv Mater 19(20):3163–3166
Pechey A, Elwood CN, Wignall GR, Dalsin JL, Lee BP, Vanjecek M, Welch I, Ko R, Razvi H, Cadieux PA (2009) Anti-adhesive coating and clearance of device associated uropathogenic Escherichia coli cystitis. J Urol 182(4):1628–1636
Gunawan RC, King JA, Lee BP, Messersmith PB, Miller WM (2007) Surface presentation of bioactive ligands in a nonadhesive background using DOPA-tethered biotinylated poly(ethylene glycol). Langmuir 23(21):10635–10643
Gao C, Li G, Xue H, Yang W, Zhang F, Jiang S (2010) Functionalizable and ultra-low fouling zwitterionic surfaces via adhesive mussel mimetic linkages. Biomaterials 31(7):1486–1492
Brault ND, Gao C, Xue H, Piliarik M, Homola J, Jiang S, Yu Q (2010) Ultra-low fouling and functionalizable zwitterionic coatings grafted onto SiO2 via a biomimetic adhesive group for sensing and detection in complex media. Biosens Bioelectron 25(10):2276–2282
Shi Z, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Poh C, Wang W (2008) Bacterial adhesion and osteoblast function on titanium with surface-grafted chitosan and immobilized RGD peptide. J Biomedical Mater Res Part A 86A(4):865–872
Statz AR, Barron AE, Messersmith PB (2008) Protein, cell and bacterial fouling resistance of polypeptoid-modified surfaces: effect of side-chain chemistry. Soft matter 4(1):131–139
Statz AR, Meagher RJ, Barron AE, Messersmith PB (2005) New peptidomimetic polymers for antifouling surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 127(22):7972–7973
Fan X, Lin L, Dalsin JL, Messersmith PB (2005) Biomimetic anchor for surface-initiated polymerization from metal substrates. J Am Chem Soc 127(45):15843–15847
Li G, Xue H, Cheng G, Chen S, Zhang F, Jiang S (2008) Ultralow fouling zwitterionic polymers grafted from surfaces covered with an initiator via an adhesive mussel mimetic linkage. J Phys Chem B 112(48):15269–15274
Ye Q, Gao T, Wan F, Yu B, Pei X, Zhou F, Xue Q (2012) Grafting poly(ionic liquid) brushes for anti-bacterial and anti-biofouling applications. J Mater Chem 22(26):13123–13131
Falconnet D, Koenig A, Assi F, Textor M (2004) A combined photolithographic and molecular-assembly approach to produce functional micropatterns for applications in the biosciences. Adv Funct Mater 14(8):749–756
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ye, Q., Zhou, F. (2015). Antifouling Surfaces Based on Polymer Brushes. In: Zhou, F. (eds) Antifouling Surfaces and Materials. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45204-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45204-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45203-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-45204-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)