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Major Trends in Ideological and Cultural Transformation Toward the End of the Qing Dynasty

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An Introductory Study on China's Cultural Transformation in Recent Times

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Abstract

The traditional politico-cultural system was severely challenged in the final years of the Qing Dynasty. Western ideology and culture was being extensively disseminated via the social public cultural spaces and causing significant changes in people’s ideological concepts. The most important of these changes were the gradual shedding of the reverence-for-rulers concept and a fundamental shaking of the exalted status of Confucius and Confucianism. These major changes in ideological concepts spurred the plebification of culture and changes in social customs and mores.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Dong Zhongshu’s Study of the Spring and Autumn Annals,” vol. 6 (2) Wang dao (Kingly Way), The Complete Works of Kang Youwei, p. 863; Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990.

  2. 2.

    “Postscript to Booklist on Western Learning,” Collected Works of Yinbingshi: Collection No. 1, p. 128.

  3. 3.

    See Reform Movement of 1898 (II), pp. 549, 548 and 550.

  4. 4.

    Ren xue vol. 1. See the Complete Works of Tan Sitong, p. 339. Zhonghua Book Company.

  5. 5.

    Quoted from Selected Discussions from the Ten Years before the 1911 Revolution, Volume 1 Part 1, p. 72.

  6. 6.

    See Collected Works of Yinbingshi, Collection No. 6, p. 15.

  7. 7.

    Quoted from Selected Political Commentaries from the Decade Before to the 1911 Revolution, vol. 2, Part 1, pp. 543–545.

  8. 8.

    See Selected Political Commentaries from the Decade Before to the 1911 Revolution, vol. 2, Part 2, p. 1016.

  9. 9.

    Ibid., vol. 3, p. 204.

  10. 10.

    Ibid., vol. 3, p. 847.

  11. 11.

    Paul Kranze and Shen Shaoping: “Jiu shi jiao cheng quan ru jiao shuo (Christianity and the Fulfillment of Confucianism)” The Globe, vol. 96, Jan. 1897; quoted from Yang Daichun (2002, p. 188).

  12. 12.

    Written by 盖乐惠 and translated by Young John Allen: “On the Relationship between Politics and Religion,” The Globe, vol. 170, March 1903; quoted from Yang Daichun: The Globe and Chinese-Western Cultural Exchange in the Late Qing Era, p. 194.

  13. 13.

    Regarding the gradual rise of the teachings of the Philosophers, see Luo Jianqiu’s book Jin dai zhu zi xue yu wen hua si chao (Modern Studies on the Sages and Cultural Trends); China Social Sciences Publishing House, 1998.

  14. 14.

    See Liang Qichao: “An Overview of Qing Dynasty Academics,” Collected Works of Yinbingshi, Collection No. 34, pp. 56 and 58.

  15. 15.

    Xin zheng zhen quan (True Explanation of the New Policies), p. 362. Liaoning People’s Publishing House, 1994.

  16. 16.

    Collected Works of Yinbingshi, Collection No. 9, p. 55.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., p. 56.

  18. 18.

    Ibid., p. 59.

  19. 19.

    Collected Works of Yinbingshi, Special Collection No. 4; p. 47 and 48.

  20. 20.

    See Guo Cui Xue Bao, second year issue no. 8.

  21. 21.

    See Liu Shipei: “Kongzi zhen lun,” Guo Cui Xue Bao, second year issue no 5.

  22. 22.

    See Guo Cui Xue Bao, first year issue no. 9.

  23. 23.

    See Wan Guo Gong Bao, no. 196.

  24. 24.

    See Da Lu (Mainland), no. 1.

  25. 25.

    See Compilation of Discussions in the First Decade after the 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, part two, pp. 529 and 532.

  26. 26.

    See above, vol. 3, pp. 261, 263, 264, 265–266, and 267–268.

  27. 27.

    See Compilation of Political Discussions in the First Ten Years after the 1911 Revolution, vol. 3, pp. 345, 346, 347, and 349.

  28. 28.

    See Tang Zhijun (1981, pp. 305–306).

  29. 29.

    See Collected Works of Yinbingshi: Collection No. 4, p. 56.

  30. 30.

    Quoted from Compilation of Political Discussions in the First Decade after the 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, part one, p. 72. Sanlian Bookstore, 1977.

  31. 31.

    “The Status of Being an Ordinary Person,” China Vernacular Journal, no. 1; quoted from Compilation of Political Discussions in the First Decade after the 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, part two, pp. 607 and 608.

  32. 32.

    Quoted from Compilation of Political Discussions in the First Decade after the 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, part two, p. 938.

  33. 33.

    See Collected Works of Yinbingshi: Collected Articles No. 4, p. 56.

  34. 34.

    Foreword for the Publication of the China Vernacular Journal, cited from Compilation of Political Discussions in the First Decade after the 1911 Revolution, vol. 1, part two, pp. 605 and 604.

  35. 35.

    See Collected Works of Yinbingshi: Collected Articles No. 1, p. 54.

  36. 36.

    Quoted from Materials on the Vernacular Language Movement at the End of the Qing Dynasty, see Materials on Contemporary History, 1963, no. 2; p. 116.

  37. 37.

    Ibid., p. 120.

  38. 38.

    Ibid., p. 120.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., p. 121.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., p. 123.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., p. 123.

  42. 42.

    See Fang Hanqi ed.: “Index of Newspaper Names” in Annals of the History of China’s News Media, pp. 2583–2826.

  43. 43.

    See Min Jie (1998, p. 458).

  44. 44.

    See the Tianjin Da Gong Bao, November 5, 1902.

  45. 45.

    See Tianjin Ta Kung Pao of November 5, 1902.

  46. 46.

    See Min Jie: Cultural Changes in Contemporary Chinese Society, vol. 2, p. 255.

  47. 47.

    This article was initially printed in the first issue (September 1904) of the magazine Vernacular published in Tokyo, and subsequently carried in the first issue (December 1907) of Shenzhou Nü Bao (Chinese Women’s Journal). The current version is based on Collected Writings of Qiu Jin, pp. 3–4, published in 1960 by the Zhonghua Book Company.

  48. 48.

    See my book The Movement for a Parliament in the Last Years of the Qing Dynasty, carried in Social Sciences of China, no. 2, 1980; also carried in Collected Writings by Geng Yunzhi, pp. 1–34, Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, 2005.

  49. 49.

    See Zhou Min (2003, p. 92).

  50. 50.

    Preface to the Mandarin Composite Phonetic Alphabet, see Xiao hang wen cun (Collected Essays of Wang Xiaohang) vol. 1, p. 29, block-printed in the Geng Wu year.

  51. 51.

    Lao Naixuan’s memorial was carried in Zheng Zhi Guan Bao (Political News), no. 297.

  52. 52.

    See Collected Works of Yinbingshi: Collected Articles No. 5, p. 18.

  53. 53.

    See Words of Warning in Times of Prosperity, vol. 3, p. 7, printed by the Shanghai Bookstore in the Bing Shen year of the Guangxu reign.

  54. 54.

    See Collected Works of Yinbingshi, Collected Articles No. One, pp. 120–121.

  55. 55.

    See Ren Xue, Section 10, Complete Collection of Tan Sitong’s Works (revised and enlarged edition) p. 303. Zhonghua Bookstore, 1998.

  56. 56.

    See Introduction to Periodicals of the 1911 Revolution Period, vol. 1, p. 439; People’s Publishing House, 1982.

  57. 57.

    Ibid, pp. 469–470.

  58. 58.

    Ibid, vol. 2, pp. 292–293.

  59. 59.

    “On Giving Up Foot-binding.” See Wan Guo Gong Bao, March 22, 1879.

  60. 60.

    See Min Jie: Cultural Changes in Modern Chinese Society, vol. 2, p. 6.

  61. 61.

    See The Reform Movement of 1898 (4), pp. 433–434.

  62. 62.

    Quoted from Liang Jinghe (1998, p. 216).

  63. 63.

    See Liang Jinghe: A Study on the Evolution of Customs and Habits and Culture in Modern China, pp. 218–220.

  64. 64.

    “Discussion on Banning Early Marriage,” originally carried in Xin Min Cong Bao, no. 23, and included in Collected Works of Yinbingshi: Collected Articles No. 7, p. 109.

  65. 65.

    Ibid., pp. 08–112.

  66. 66.

    See Lü Yi: “On Reforming Marriage,” in Magazine of the Society of Female Students Studying in Japan, no. 1. Quoted from Liang Jinghe: A Study on the Evolution of Customs and Habits and Culture in Modern China, p. 75.

  67. 67.

    See Chen Wang: “On the Maladies of Marriage Ceremonies,” Jue Min (Awakened Citizens), combined issues no. 1–5.

  68. 68.

    See Lü Yi: “On Reforming Marriage,” in Magazine of the Society of Female Students Studying in Japan, no. 1.

  69. 69.

    Ref. Min Jie: Cultural Changes in Modern Chinese Society, vol. 2, pp. 335–336 and pp. 437–446.

  70. 70.

    See Collected Works of Song Shu, vol. 1, p. 149, Zhonghua Book Company, 1993.

  71. 71.

    See Hu Shih: “On Marriage (cont.),” Competitive Business Periodical, no. 25.

  72. 72.

    See Collected Political Discussions by Kang Youwei. vol. 1, pp. 279–280, Zhonghua Book Company, 1981.

  73. 73.

    Ref. Min Jie: Cultural Changes in Modern Chinese Society, vol. 2, P. 233.

  74. 74.

    See An Hui Su Hua Bao (Anhui Vernacular Journal), no. 7; also see Selected Writings by Chen Duxiu, vol. 1, pp. 31–36, Sanlian Bookstore, 1984.

  75. 75.

    See Tie Er (Hu Shih): “On Dismantling Idols,” Competitive Business Periodical, no. 28.

  76. 76.

    See Shi Zhi: “Collected Comments on the Non-existence of Demons (4)”, Competitive Business Periodical, no. 32.

  77. 77.

    Ref. Min Jie: Cultural Changes in Modern Chinese Society, vol. 2, pp. 434–436.

  78. 78.

    See Dong Fang Za Zhi (The Eastern Miscellany), 1st issue of the 2nd year.

  79. 79.

    Ref. the article “On Ways to Extirpate Superstition, Ghosts and Gods” vol. 2, issue 4 in Zhong Wai Ri Bao (Chinese Foreign Daily), On the Circumstances of Chinese Society and the Main Points for Its Revitalization (vol. 1, issue 12).

  80. 80.

    Geng Yunzhi: “The Wellspring of China’s New Culture and its Trends,” Historical Research, no. 2, 1994.

  81. 81.

    Li Hongzhang: Complete Works by Li Wenzhong: Translations, Writings, Letters and Drafts, vol. 6. P. 13. Commercial Press, photo-offset copy, 1921.

  82. 82.

    “Fifth Memorial to the Qing Emperor” (January, 1898), Collected Political Writings of Kang Youwei, vol. 1, p. 204.

  83. 83.

    “Fourth Memorial to the Qing Emperor”, Collected Political Writings of Kang Youwei, vol. 1, p. 152.

  84. 84.

    “Introduction to a Study of the Political Reforms of Japan under the Mieji Emperor,” Collected Political Writings of Kang Youwei, vol. 1, p. 222.

  85. 85.

    Originally carried in Qing Yi Bao, vol. 100, cited from Collected Works of Yinbingshi, Collection No. 6, p. 57.

  86. 86.

    “Relevance of the U.S.-Philippines War and Anglo-Transvaal War to China”, Collected Works of Yinbingshi: Collection No. 11, p. 1.

  87. 87.

    The original text is carried in Yong Yan, vol. 1 nos. 1, 2, and 4; see Collected Works of Yinbingshi, Collection No. 28, p. 40.

  88. 88.

    Yan Fu: On the Speed of World Change (Lun shi bian zhi ji), originally carried in the Tianjin Zhi Bao, February 4–5, 1895; cited from Collected Works of Yan Fu, vol. 1, pp. 2–3; Zhonghua Book Company, 1986.

  89. 89.

    On China’s Accumulated Weaknesses Resulting from Guarding Against Perfidy and Deception (Lun zhong guo ji ruo you yu fang bi), cited from Collected Works of Yinbingshi, Collection No. 1, p. 99.

  90. 90.

    See The Complete Works of Tan Sitong (revised and enlarged edition), pp. 349–350; Zhonghua Book Company, 1998.

  91. 91.

    See True Explanation of the New Reforms, p. 419; Liaoning People’s Publishing House, 1994.

  92. 92.

    See Qing Yi Bao, vols. 82 and 84. These are quoted from Collected Works of Yinbingshi, Collection No. 5, pp. 46, 45, 48, 49 and 44.

  93. 93.

    See Xin Min Cong Bao, no. 7 and 8. These are quoted from Collected Works of Yinbingshi, Collection No. 4, pp. 40, 44 and 45, 46 and 48.

  94. 94.

    See Selected Political Commentaries from the Decade before the 1911 Revolution, vol. 1. (2); pp. 667 and 665.

  95. 95.

    See Selected Political Commentaries from the Decade before the 1911 Revolution, vol. 1. (2); pp. 631, 632, and 633.

  96. 96.

    Originally carried in He Nan, issue no. 7; quoted in Selected Political Commentaries from the Decade before the 1911 Revolution, vol. 3; pp. 345, 357, 359 and 363.

References

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  1. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences & Institute of Modern History, Beijing, China

    Yunzhi Geng

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Geng, Y. (2015). Major Trends in Ideological and Cultural Transformation Toward the End of the Qing Dynasty. In: An Introductory Study on China's Cultural Transformation in Recent Times. China Academic Library. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44590-7_5

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