Skip to main content

The Role of the Infection and Cytokines in Preterm Parturition

  • Conference paper
Basic Mechanisms Controlling Term and Preterm Birth

Part of the book series: Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop ((SCHERING FOUND,volume 7))

Abstract

A growing body of evidence suggests that infection plays a key role in the pathogenesis of preterm labor and delivery. This chapter reviews this evidence and also the proposed mechanisms by which infection leads to preterm parturition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bang B. J Comp Path and Therap 1897; 10:125, as quoted in Thiersch JB (1962) Effect of lipopolysaccharides of gram negative bacilli in the rat litter in utero. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 109:429–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Zahl PA, Bjerknes C (1943) Induction of decidua-placental hemorrhage in mice by the endotoxins of certain gram-negative bacteria. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 54:329–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Takeda Y, Tsuchiya I (1953) Studies on the pathological changes caused by the injection of the Shwartzman filtrate and the endotoxin into pregnant rabbits. Jap J Exper Med 21:9–16

    Google Scholar 

  4. Takeda Y, Tsuchiya I (1953) Studies on the pathological changes caused by the injection of the Shwartzman filtrate and the endotoxin into pregnant animals. II. On the relationship of the constituents of the endotoxin and the abortion-producing factor. Jap J Exper Med 23:105–110

    Google Scholar 

  5. Rieder RF, Thomas L (1960) Studies on the mechanisms involved in the production of abortion by endotoxin. J Immunol 84:189–193

    Google Scholar 

  6. McKay DG, Wong T-C (1963) The effect of bacterial endotoxin on the placenta of the rat. Am J Pathol 42:357–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kullander S (1977) Fever and parturition: An experimental study in rabbits. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 66:77–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Skarnes RC, Harper MJK (1972) Relationship between endotoxin-induced abortion and the synthesis of prostaglandin F. Prostaglandins 1:191–201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Finland M, Dublin TD (1939) Pneumococcic pneumonias complicating pregnancy and the Puerperium. JAMA 112:1027–1032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Oxorn H (1955) The changing aspects of pneumonia complicating pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 70:1057–1063

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Benedetti TJ, Valle R, Ledger WJ (1976) Antepartum pneumonia in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:413–507

    Google Scholar 

  12. Madinger NE, Greenspoon JS, Ellrodt AG (1989) Pneumonia during pregnancy: Has modern technology improved maternal and fetal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:657–662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. McLane CM (1939) Pyelitis of pregnancy: A five-year study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 38:117–123

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kass E (1962) Maternal urinary tract infection. New York State J Med 1:2822–2826

    Google Scholar 

  15. Cunningham FG, Morris GB, Mikal A (1973) Acute pyelonephritis of pregnancy: A clinical review. Obstet Gynecol 42:112–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Fan YD, Pastorek JG, Miller JM, Mulvey J (1987) Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 4:324–326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wing ES, Troppoli DV (1930) The intrauterine transmission of typhoid. JAMA 95:405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Diddle AW, Stephens RL (1938) Typhoid fever in pregnancy: probable intrauterine transmission of the disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 38:300

    Google Scholar 

  19. Stevenson CS, Glasko AJ, Gillespie EC (1951) Treatment of typhoid in pregnancy with chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin). JAMA 146:1190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Herd N, Jordan T (1981) An investigation of malaria during pregnancy in Zimbabwe. C Afr J Med 27:62–68

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gilles HM, Lawson JB, Sibelas M, Voller A, Allan N (1969) Malaria, anaemia and pregnancy. Ann Trop Med Pharmacol 63:245

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rioux-Darrieulat F, Parant M, Chedid L (1978) Prevention of Endotoxin-Induced Abortion by Treatment of Mice with Antisera. J Infect Dis 137:7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Dombrowski RA, Woodward DS, Harper JK et al (1990) A rabbit model for bacterial-induced preterm pregnancy loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:1938–1943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sereno JA, Poseiro JJ, Sica-Blanco Y, Pose SV (1985) Stimulatory effects of chills on the contractility of the pregnant human uterus. Int Congr Phys Sci Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 9–5, 1959

    Google Scholar 

  25. Romero R, Mitchell MD, Duff GW, et al. A possible mechanism for premature labor in gram-negative maternal infection: A monocyte product stimulates prostaglandin release by the amnion. Presented at the 32nd Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Phoenix, AZ, March 20–23, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  26. Romero R, Mazor M. Infection and preterm labor. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1988; 31:553–584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, St Clair PJ, Castaneda YS (1982) Quantitative bacteriology of amniotic fluid from women with clinical intraamniotic infection at term. J Infect Dis; 145:1–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Romero R, Sirtori M, Oyarzun E, et al. (1989) Infection and labor. V. Prevalence, microbiology, and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in women with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 817–824

    Google Scholar 

  29. Blanc WA (1953) Infection amniotique et neonatal. Gynaecologia; 136:101–104

    Google Scholar 

  30. Blanc WA (1964) Pathways of fetal and early neonatal infection: Viral placentitis, bacterial and fungal chorioamnionitis. J Pediatr; 59:473–496

    Google Scholar 

  31. Benirschke K, Clifford SH (1959) Intrauterine bacterial infection of the newborn infant. J Pediat; 54:11–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Driscoll SG (1965) Pathology and the developing fetus. Pediatr Clin North Am; 12:493–514

    Google Scholar 

  33. Benirschke K (1965) Routes and types of infection in the fetus and the newborn. Am J Dis Child; 28:714–721

    Google Scholar 

  34. Romero R, Fayek S, Avila C, et al. The prevalence and microbiology of intraamniotic infection in twin gestation with preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163:757–761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Galask RP, Varner MW, Petzold CR, et al. (1984) Bacterial attachment to the chorioamniotic membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 148:915–928

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Schoonmaker JN, Lawellin DW, Lunt B, McGregor JA (1989) Bacteria and inflammatory cells reduce chorioamniotic membrane integrity and tensile strength. Obstet Gynecol; 74(4):590–596

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Leigh J, Garite TJ (1986) Amniocentesis and the management of premature labor. Obstet Gynecol; 67:500–506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Altshuler G, Hyde S (1988) Clinicopathologic considerations of fusobacteria chorioamnionitis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand; 67:513–517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M, Kiviat N, Holmes KK, Eschenbach DA (1988) A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med; 319:972–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Thorp Jr JM, Katz VL, Fowler LJ, Kurtzman JT, Bowes Jr WA (1989) Fetal death from chlamydial infection across intact amniotic membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 161:1245–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Thomas GB, Jones J, Sbarra A, et al. (1990) Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from the amniotic fluid. Obstet Gynecol; 76:519–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Pao CC, Lao SM, Wang HC, et al. (1991) Intraamniotic detection of Chlamydia trachomatis deoxyribonucleic acid sequences by polymerase chain reaction. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 164:1295–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Arias F, Tomich P (1982) Etiology and outcome of low birth weight and preterm infants. Obstet Gynecol; 60:277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Miller JM, Pupkin MJ, Hill GB (1980) Bacterial colonization of amniotic fluid from intact fetal membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 136:796–804

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bobbit JR, Hayslip CC, Damato JD (1981) Amniotic fluid infection as determined by transabdominal amniocentesis in patients with intact membranes in premature labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 140:947–52

    Google Scholar 

  46. Wallace RL, Herrick CN (1981) Amniocentesis in the evaluation of premature labor. Obstet Gynecol; 57:483–486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hameed C, Tejani N, Verma UL, et al. (1984) Silent chorioamnionitis as a cause of preterm labor refractory to tocolytic therapy. Obstet Gynecol; 149:726–730

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wahbeh CJ, Hill GB, Eden RD, et al. (1984) Intraamniotic bacterial colonization in premature labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 148:739–743

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Weible DR, Randall HW (1985) Evaluation of amniotic fluid in preterm labor with intact membranes. J Reprod Med; 30:777–780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gravett MG, Hummel D, Eschenbach DA, et al. (1986) Preterm labor associated with subclinical amniotic fluid infection and with bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol; 67:229–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Iams JD, Clapp DH, Contos DA, et al. (1987) Does extra-amniotic infection cause preterm labor? Gas-liquid chromatography studies of amniotic fluid in amnionitis, preterm labor, and normal controls. Obstet Gynecol; 70:365–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Duff P, Kopelman JN (1987) Subclinical intraamniotic infection in asymptomatic patients with refractory preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol; 69:L756–759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Romero R, Emamian M, Quintero R, et al. (1988) The value and limitations of the gram stain examination in the diagnosis of intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 159:114–119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Skoll MA, Moretti ML, Sibai BM (1989) The incidence of positive amniotic fluid cultures in patients in preterm labor with intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 161:813–816

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Garite TJ, Freeman RK, Linzey EM, et al. (1979) The use of amniocentesis in patients with premature rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol; 54:226–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Garite TJ, Freeman RK (1982) Chorioamnionitis in the preterm gestation. Obstet Gynecol; 59:539–545

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Cotton DB, Hill LM, Strassner HT, et al. (1984) Use of amniocentesis in preterm gestation with ruptured membranes. Obstet Gynecol; 63:38–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Broekhuizen FF, Gilman M, Hamilton PR (1985) Amniocentesis for gram stain and culture in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Obstet Gynecol; 66:316–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Vintzileos AM, Campbell WA, Nochimson DJ, et al. (1986) Qualitative amniotic fluid volume versus amniocentesis in predicting infection in preterm rupture of the membranes. Obstet Gynecol; 67:579–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Feinstein ST, Vintzileos AM, Lodeiro JG, et al. (1986) Amniocentesis with premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 68:147–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gonik B, Bottoms SF, Cotton DB (1985) Amniotic fluid volume as a risk factor in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Obstet Gynecol; 65:456–459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Romero R, Quintero R, Oyarzun E, et al. (1988) Intraamniotic infection and the onset of labor in preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 159:661–666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Romero R, Avila C, Sepuleda W (1993) The role of systemic and intrauterine infection in preterm labor. In: Fuchs AR, Stubblefield PG (eds). Preterm Birth: Causes, Prevention, and Management. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 4:97–136

    Google Scholar 

  64. Romero R, Oyarzun E, Nores J, et al. (1993) The prevalence, microbiology and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in spontaneous parturition at term. J Repro Med; 38:543–548

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Romero R, Mazor M, Morrotti R, et al. Infection and labor. VII. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in spontaneous rupture of membranes at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol (1992): 166; 129–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Romero R, Mazor M, Brandt F, et al. (1992) Interleukin-1 and inter-leukin-1β in preterm and term human parturition. Am J Reprod Immunol; 27:117–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Guzick DS, Winn K (1985) The association of chorioamnionitis with preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol; 65:11–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Romero R, Yoon BH, Gonzalez R, et al. (1993) The clinical significance of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity with mycoplasmas in patients with preterm PROM. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 31-April 3, 1993, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, p 70, Abstract S4.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Overbach AM, Daniel SJ, Cassady G (1970) The value of umbilical cord histology in the management of potential perinatal infection. J Pediatr; 76:22–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Maudsley RF, Brix GA, Hinton NA, et al. (1966) Placental inflammation and infection: A prospective bacteriologic and histologic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 95:648–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Driscoll SG (1973) The placenta and membranes. In: Charles D, Finland M (eds) Obstetric and perinatal infections. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, pp 529–539

    Google Scholar 

  72. Naeye RL, Peters EC (1980) Causes and consequences of premature rupture of fetal membranes. Lancet; 1:192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Pankuch GA, Appelbaum PC, Lorenz RP, et al. (1984) Placental microbiology and histology and the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis. Obstet Gynecol; 64:802–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Aquino TI, Zhan J, Kraus FT, Knefel R, Taff T (1984) Subchorionic fibrin cultures for bacteriologic study of the placenta. Am J Clin Pathol; 81:482–486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M, Kiviat N, Holmes KK, Eschenbach DA (1988) A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med; 319:972–978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Chellam VG, Rushton DI (1985) Chorioamnionitis and funiculitis in the placentas of 200 births weighing less than 2.5 kg. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 92:808–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Romero R, Salafia CM, Athanassiadis AP, et al. (1992) The relationship between acute inflammatory lesions of the placenta and amniotic fluid microbiology. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 166:1382–1388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Daikoku NH, Kaltreider DF, Khouzami VA, et al. (1982) Premature rupture of membranes and spontaneous preterm labor: Maternal endometritis risks. Obstet Gynecol; 59:13–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. McCracken G, Shinefield H (1966) Changes in the pattern of neonatal septicemia and meningitis. Am J Dis Child; 112:33–39

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Buetow KC, Klein SW, Lane RB (1965) Septicemia in premature infants. Am J Dis Child; 110:29–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Mitchell MD(1984) The mechanism(s) of human parturition. J Dev Physiol; 6:107–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Casey ML, MacDonald PC (1984) Endocrinology of preterm birth. Clin Obstet Gynecol; 27:562–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Casey ML, MacDonald PC(1988) Decidual activation: The role of prostaglandin in labor. In: McNellis D, Challis JRG, MacDonald PC, Nathanielsz PW, Roberts JM (eds) The onset of labor: Cellular and integrative mechanisms. Ithaca, New York: Perinatology Press, pp 141–156

    Google Scholar 

  84. Novy MJ, Liggins GC (1980) Role of prostaglandin, Prostacyclin, and thromboxanes in the physiologic control of the uterus and in parturition. In: Heymann MA (eds) Prostaglandins in the perinatal period: Their physiologic and clinical importance. New York: Grune & Stratton, pp 45–66

    Google Scholar 

  85. Garfield RE (1984) Control of myometrial function in preterm versus term labor. Clin Obstet Gyneol; 27:572–901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Mitchell MD, Flint APF, Bibby JG (1978) Plasma concentrations of prostaglandin during late human pregnancy: Influence of normal and preterm labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol; 46:947–951

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sellers SM, Mitchell MD, Bibby JG, et al. (1981) A comparison of plasma prostaglandin levels in term and preterm labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 88:362–366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Nieder J, Augustin W (1984) Concentrations of prostaglandin in amniotic fluid in premature labor. Z Geburtshilfe Perinatol; 188:7–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Weitz CM, Ghodgaonkar RB, Dubin NH, et al. (1986) Prostaglandin F metabolite concentration as a prognostic factor in preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol; 67:496–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. TambyRaja RL, Salmon JA, Karim SM, et al. (1977) F prostaglandin levels in amniotic fluid in premature labor. Prostaglandin; 13:339–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Romero R, Wu YK, Mazor M, et al. (1988) Amniotic fluid prostaglandin E2 in preterm labor. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids; 34:141–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Romero R, Wu YK, Sirtori M, et al. (1989) Amniotic fluid concentrations of prostaglandin F2α, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-11, 16-cyclo prostaglandin E2 (PGEM-II) in preterm labor. Prostaglandins; 37:149–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Romero R, Quintero R, Emamian M, Wan M, Hobbins JC, Mitchell MD (1987) Prostaglandin concentrations in amniotic fluid of women with intraamniotic infection and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 157:1461–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lopez-Bernal A, Hanseil DJ, Khong TY, et al. (1989) Prostaglandin E production by the fetal membranes in unexplained preterm labor and preterm labor associated with chorioamnionitis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 96:1133–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Walsh SW (1989) 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, leukotriene C, and prostaglandin F2α in amniotic fluid before and during term and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 161:1352–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Romero R, Emamian M, Wan M, et al. (1987) Increased concentrations of arachidonic acid lipoxygenase metabolites in amniotic fluid during parturition. Obstet Gynecol; 70:849–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Romero R, Wu YK, Mazor M, Hobbins JC, Mitchell MD (1988) Increased amniotic fluid leukotriene C4 concentration in term human parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 159:655–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bennett PR, Elder MG, Myatt L (1987) The effects of lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid on human myometrial contractility. Prostaglandins; 33:837–844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Romero R, Mitchell MD (1988) Amniotic fluid 5-hydroxyeicosatetrae-noic acid in term labor. Prostaglandins; 36:179–187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Carraher R, Hahn DW, Ritchie DM, et al. (1983) Involvement of lipoxygenase products in myometrial contractions. Prostaglandins; 26:23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Romero R, Wu YK, Mazor M, et al. (1988) Amniotic fluid 5-hydroxyei-cosatetraenoic acid in preterm labor. Prostaglandins; 36:179–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Romero R, Wu YK, Mazor M, et al. (1988) Amniotic fluid arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolites in women with preterm labor. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids; 36:69–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Romero R, Quintero R, Emamian M, et al. (1987) Arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolites in amniotic fluid of women with intraamniotic infection and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 157:1454–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Lopez-Bernal A, Hansell DJ, Canete Soler R, et al. (1987) Prostaglandin, chorioamnionitis and preterm labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 94:1156–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Folco G, Hansson G, Granstrom E (1981) Leukotriene C4 stimulates TXA2 formation in isolated sensitized guinea pig lungs. Biochem Pharmacol; 30:2491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Feuerstein, Foegh NM, Ramwell PW (1981) Leukotrienes C4 and D4 induce prostaglandin and thromboxane release from rate peritoneal macrophages. Br J Pharmacol; 72:389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Serhan CN, Fridovich J, Goetzl EJ, et al. (1982) Leukotriene B4 and phosphatidic acid are calcium ionophores: Studies employing arsenazo III in liposomes. J Biol Chem; 257:4746

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Bejar R, Curbelo V, Davis C, et al. (1981) Premature labor: Bacterial sources of phospholipase. Obstet Gynecol; 57:479–482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Bennett PR, Rose MP, Myatt L (1987) Preterm labor: Stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in human amnion by bacterial products. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 156:649–655

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Lamont RF, Rose M, Elder MG (1985) Effects of bacterial production prostaglandin E production by amnion cells. Lancet; 2:1131–1133

    Google Scholar 

  111. McGregor JA, Lawellin D, Franco-Buff A (1985) Phospholipase A2 activity of genital tract flora detected with two substrates. Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Phoenix, March 20–23

    Google Scholar 

  112. Romero R, Kadar N, Hobbins JC, et al. (1987) Infection and labor: The detection of endotoxin in amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 157:815–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Romero R, Hobbins JC, Mitchell MD (1988) Endotoxin stimulates prostaglandin E2 production by human amnion. Obstet Gynecol; 71:227–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Romero R, Roslansky P, Oyarzun E, et al. (1988) Labor and infection. II. Bacterial endotoxin in amniotic fluid and its relationship to the onset of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 158:1044–1049

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lamont RF, Anthony F, Myatt L, Booth L, Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D (1990) Production of prostaglandin E2 by human amnion in vitro in response to addition of media conditioned by microorganisms associated with chorioamnionitis and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 162(3):819–825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Romero R, Edwin S, Avila C, Foster J, Wu YK, Mitchell MD (1990) Prostaglandin production by amnion and decidual cells in response to bacterial products. Presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Houston, Texas, January 23–27

    Google Scholar 

  117. Dudley DJ, Chen CL, Hill RH, and Mitchell MD (1993) Effects of group B streptococci on prostaglandin production by fetal gestational tissues: Strain-specific differences. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 31-April 3, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, p 279, Abstract P194

    Google Scholar 

  118. Dinarello CA (1984) Interleukin-1. Rev Infect Dis; 6:51–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Romero R, Durum S, Dinarello C, et al. (1986) Interleukin-1: A signal for the initiation of labor in chorioamnionitis. Presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Toronto, March 19–22

    Google Scholar 

  120. Romero R, LaFreniere D, Duff GW, et al. (1985) Human decidua: A potent source of interleukin-1-like activity. Presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Phoenix, AZ, March 20–23

    Google Scholar 

  121. Romero R, Wu YK, Brody DT, Oyarzun E, Duff GW, Durum SK (1989) Human decidua: A source of Interleukin-1. Obstet Gynecol; 73:31–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Romero R, Brody DT, Oyarzun E, et al. (1989) Infection and labor. III. Interleukin-1: A signal for the onset of parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 160:1117–1123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Romero R, Mazor M, Brandt F, et al. (1992) Interleukin-1a and interleukin-1β in human preterm and term parturition. Am J Reprod Immunol; 27: 117–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Romero R, Mazor M, Tartakovsky B. (1991) Systemic administration of interleukin-1 induces preterm parturition in mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 165:969–971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Bukowski R, Scholz P, Hasan S, Chwalisz K (1993) Induction of preterm parturition with the interleukin-1β (IL-1β ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ) and with LPS in guinea pigs. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 31-April 3, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, p 81, Abstract S26

    Google Scholar 

  126. Kauma SW (1989) HLA-DR and interleukin-1β (IL-1β ) mRNA expression in human decidua. Presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 15–18, San Diego, California, p.333, Abstract 504

    Google Scholar 

  127. Paulesu L, King A, Loke YW, Cintorino M, Bellizzi E, Boraschi D (1991) Immunohistochemical localization of IL-1α and IL-1β in normal human placenta. Lymphokine Cytokine Res; 10:443–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Taniguchi T, Matsuzaki N, Kameda T, et al. (1991) The enhanced production of placental interleukin-1 during labor and intrauterine infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 165; 131–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Hertelendy F, Todd H, Moinar M, Romero R (1993) Cytokine-initiated signal transduction in human myometrium. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 31-April 3, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, p 131, Abstract S125

    Google Scholar 

  130. Bry K, Lappalainen U, Hallman M (1992) Interleukin-1 binding and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by amnion cells in culture: Regulation by tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  131. Dinarello CA (1987) Clinical relevance of interleukin-1 and its multiple biological activities. Bull Inst Pasteur; 85:267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Romero R, Mazor M, Manogue K, et al. (1991) Human decidua: A source of tumor necrosis factor. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 41:123–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Casey ML, Cox SM, Beutler B, Milewich L, MacDonald PC (1989) Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor-formation in human decidua. J Clin Invest; 83:430–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Gauldie J, Richards C, Harnish D, Lansdcorp P, Baumann H (1987) Interferon 2/B-cell hepatocyte-stimulatory factor type 2 shares identity with monocyte-derived hepatocyte stimulating factor and regulates the major acute phase protein response in liver cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 84:7251–7255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Romero R, Manogue KR, Murray MD, et al. (1989) Infection and labor. IV. Cachectin tumor necrosis factor in the amniotic fluid of women with intraamniotic infection and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 161:336–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Romero R, Mazor M, Sepulveda W, et al. (1992) Tumor necrosis factor in term and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 166:1576–1587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Silver RM, Lohner S, Chen CL, Mitchell MD, Branch DW (1993) Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ) mediates LPS-induced abortion: Evidence from the LPS-Resistant murine strain, C3H/HeJ. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 31-April 3, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, p 218, Abstract P71

    Google Scholar 

  138. Bry K, Hallman M (1991) Synergistic stimulation of amnion cell prostaglandin E2 synthesis by interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and products from activated human granulocytes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids; 44:241–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Evans MI, Hajj SN, Devoe LD, et al. (1980) C-reactive protein as a predictor of infectious morbidity with premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 138:648–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Farb HF, Arnesen M Geistler P, et al. (1983) C-reactive protein with premature rupture of membranes and premature labor. Obstet Gynecol; 62:49–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Hawrylyshyn P, Bernstein P, Milligan JE, et al. (1983) Premature rupture of membranes: The role of C-reactive protein in the prediction of chorioamnionitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 147:240–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Romem Y, Altai R (1984) C-reactive protein as a predictor for chorioamnionitis in cases of premature rupture of the membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 150:546–550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Handwerker SM, Tejani NA, Verma UL, et al. (1984) Correlation of maternal serum C-reactive protein with outcome of tocolysis. Obstet Gynecol; 63:220–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Potkul RK, Moawad AH, Ponto KL (1985) The association of subclinical infection with preterm labor: The role of C-reactive protein. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 153:642–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Mitchell MD, Dudley DJ, Edwin SS, Lundin Schiller S (1991) Interleukin-6 stimulates prostaglandin production by human amnion and decidual cells. Eur J Pharmacol; 192:189–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Romero R, Avila C, Santhanam U, Sehgal P (1990) Amniotic fluid inter-leukin 6 in preterm labor: Association with Infection. J Clin Invest; 85: 1392–1400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Romero R, Sepulveda W, Kenney JS, Archer LE, Allison AC, Sehgal PB (1992) Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 determination are of diagnostic and prognostic value in premature labor. Presented at the 39th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 18–21, San Antonio, TX, p 334, Abstract 452

    Google Scholar 

  148. Matsuzaki N, Saji F, Kameda T, Yoshizaki K, Okada T, Sawai K, Tanizawa O (1990) In vitro and in vivo production of interleukin-6 by fetal mononuclear cells. Placenta; 11:205–213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Liechty KW and Christensen RD (1990) In vivo effect of IL-6 on cycling status of hematopoietic progenitors from adults and neonates. Pediatr Res; 28:323–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Romero R, Yoon BH, Sepulveda W, et al. (1993) Preterm labor and intact membranes: The diagnostic and prognostic value of amniotic fluid white blood cell count, glucose determination, interleukin-6, and gram stain. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 168:311 (A54)

    Google Scholar 

  151. Romero R, Yoon BH, Baumann P, et al. (1993) Which is the best rapid test for the evaluation of the patient with preterm PROM? A comparison of amniotic fluid (AF) glucose, AF-white blood cell count. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 168:318 (A72)

    Google Scholar 

  152. Romero R, Ceska M, Avila C, Mazor M, Behnke E, Lindley I (1991) Neutrophil attractant/activating peptide-1/interleukin-8 in term and preterm parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 165:813–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Kelly RW, Leask R, Calder AA (1992) Choriodecidual production of interleukin-8 and mechanism of parturition. Lancet; 339:776–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Chwalisz K, Scholz P, Hegele-Hartung Ch, Roth G, Bukowski R (1993) Cervical ripening with the interleukin 1β (IL-1β ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ) in pregnant guinea pigs. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 31-April 3, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, p.82, Abstract S27

    Google Scholar 

  155. Romero R, Oyarzun E, Stanley ER (1989) Macrophage colony-stimulating factor in amniotic fluid. Presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 15–18, San Diego, California

    Google Scholar 

  156. Hoffman DR, Romero R, Johnston JM (1990) Detection of platelet-activating factor in amniotic fluid of complicated pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 162:525–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Dudley DJ, Collmer D, Mitchell MD, and Trautman MS (1993) Detection of inflammatory cytokine mRNA from gestational tissues utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 31-April 3, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, p 220, Abstract P76

    Google Scholar 

  158. Ito A, Hiro D, Ojima Y, et al. (1988) Spontaneous production of interleukin-1 like factors from pregnant rabbit uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 159:261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood; 77:1627–1652

    Google Scholar 

  160. Dinarello CA, Thompson RC (1991) Blocking IL-1: Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro. Immunol Today (1991); 12:404–410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Arent WP (1991) Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist: A new member of the interleukin family. J Clin Invest; 88:1445–1451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Balavoine JF, de Rochemonteix B, Williamson K, Seckinger P, Cruchaud A, Dayer JM (1986) Prostaglandin E2 and collagenase production by fibroblasts and synovial cells is regulated by urine-derived human interleukin 1 and inhibitor(s). J Clin Invest; 78:1120–1124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Arend WP, Welgus HG, Thompson RC, Eisenberg SP (1990) Biological properties of recombinant human monocyte-derived interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. J Clin Invest; 85:1694–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Fidel PL, Romero R, Ramirez M, et al. (1993) Bacterial endotoxin stimulates the production of the natural IL-1 receptor antagonist by human decidua. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 31-April 3, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, p 81, Abstract S25

    Google Scholar 

  165. Romero R, Sepulveda W, Mazor M, et al. (1992) The natural interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in term and preterm parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 167:863–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Granowitz EV, Santos AA, Poutsiaka DD, et al. (1991) Production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist during experimental endotoxemia. Lancet; 338:1423–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Fischer E, Marano MA, van Zee KJ, et al. (1992) Interleukin-1 receptor blockade improves survival and hemodynamic performance in Escherichia coli septic shock, but fails to alter host responses to sublethal endotoxemia. J Clin Invest; 89:1551–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Gavett MG, Witkin SS, Haluska GJ, Baggia S, Cook MJ, Novy MJ (1993) Stimulation of inteleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) by experimental intraamniotic infection or IL-1b infusion in Rhesus monkeys. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, March 31-April 3, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, p 180, Abstract S224.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Romero R, Tartakovsky B (1992) The natural interleukin-1 receptor antagonist prevents interleukin-1-induced preterm delivery in mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 167:1041–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Kauma S, Matt D, Strom S, Eierman D, Turner T (1990) Inteleukin-1 β, human leukocyte antigen HLA-DRa, and transforming growth factor-β expression in endometrium, placenta, and placental membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 163:1430–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Bry K, Hallman M (1992) Transforming growth factor-β opposes the stimulatory effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor on amnion cell prostaglandin E2 production: Implication for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 167:222–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Bry K, Hallman M (1993) Transforming growth factor-β 2 prevents preterm delivery inducted by interleukin-1a and tumor necrosis factor-α in the rabbit. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 168:1318–1322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

K. Chwalisz R. E. Garfield

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Romero, R., Gomez, R., Baumann, P., Mazor, M., Cotton, D. (1994). The Role of the Infection and Cytokines in Preterm Parturition. In: Chwalisz, K., Garfield, R.E. (eds) Basic Mechanisms Controlling Term and Preterm Birth. Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop, vol 7. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21660-6_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21660-6_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-21662-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-21660-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics