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Intracellular Membrane Trafficking, Secretion/Exocytosis and Endocytosis

  • Chapter
Signaling and the Cytoskeleton

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Abstract

Organization of cells into compartments (cellular organelles) is necessary to separate synthetic and degradative activities and prevent the cell from degenerating into a series of futile cycles. As indicated in chapter 1, the location and form of many organelles, at least in interphase cells, is regulated by their interactions with microtubules (1, 2). During mitosis, most of the organellar structures are converted to vesicles, then reformed during anaphase; these processes also involve microtubules, as described in chapter 5. During the interphase period of the cell cycle, the intracellular organelles are highly dynamic. A schematic view of the major pathways involved in intracellular membrane trafficking through the organelles is shown in Figure 6.1. The primary pathways are: secretion/exocytosis, in which material produced in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is transported to the cell surface for export or incorporation into the plasma membrane; uptake/endocytosis, in which materials are taken from outside the cell, passaged through early (sorting) and/or late (prelysosomal) endosomal compartments and often shunted to the lysosomes for degradation; recycling, endocytosis of plasma membrane into an early endosomal compartment in the cell and back to the plasma membrane for reutilization, often as part of the endocytosis/degradation process; and transcytosis, a variant of recycling in polarized cells in which material and membrane transits from one side of the cell to the other. The cytoskeleton appears to contribute to membrane trafficking in three ways:

  1. 1)

    Cytoskeleton attachments to the plasma membrane, usually microfilaments, can alter membrane properties to facilitate or reduce endocytosis or exocytosis (3).

  2. 2)

    Microtubules can act as struts for maintaining organelle localization and geometries.

  3. 3)

    Microtubules or microfilaments may act as tracks for directed membrane movements (1). These membrane movements depend largely on the activities of a large number of cytoskeleton-associated motor proteins, some of which are indicated in Table 6.1 (4).

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  1. School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA

    Kermit L. Carraway & Coralie A. Carothers Carraway

  2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Kermit L. Carraway III

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Carraway, K.L., Carraway, C.A.C., Carraway, K.L. (1998). Intracellular Membrane Trafficking, Secretion/Exocytosis and Endocytosis. In: Signaling and the Cytoskeleton. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12993-7_6

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