Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Pineal Gland, Circadian Rhythms and Photoperiodism

  • Chapter
Physiology and Pharmacology of Biological Rhythms

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 125))

Abstract

The pineal gland serves the same function in all species studied to date. Essentially it conveys information concerning light-dark cycles to body physiology for the organisation of seasonal and circadian rhythms. The pattern of secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) forms the basis for this message, and a considerable amount of information has accumulated regarding the coding of photoperiodic information by melatonin. How the message is read at a cellular and molecular level remains largely unclear; however recently great strides have been made in identifying, localising and characterising melatonin receptors. The current development of melatonin agonists and antagonists will no doubt help to clarify the pharmacology of melatonin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 429.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akerstedt T (1991) Sleepiness at work: effects of irregular work hours.In: Monk T (ed) Sleep, sleepiness and performance Wiley, New York, chap 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Akerstedt T, Froberg JE, Friberg W, Wetterberg L (1979) Melatonin excretion, body temperature and subjective arousal during 64 hours of sleep deprivation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 4: 219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akerstedt T, Gillberg M, Wetterberg I (1982) The circadian covariation of fatigue and urinary melatonin. Biol Psychiatry 17: 547–554

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aldhous ME, Arendt J (1991) Assessment of melatonin rhythms and the sleep wake cycle in blind subjects. In: Arendt J, Pevet P (eds) Proceedings of the European Pineal Society, Guildford, 1990. Adv Pineal Res 5: 307–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RA, Lincoln GA, Wu FC (1993) Melatonin potentiates testosterone-induced suppression of luteinising hormone secretion in normal men. Hum Reprod 8: 1819–1822

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J (1983) Biological rhythms (review). Int Med 3: 6–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J (1985) Mammalian pineal rhythms. Pineal Res Rev 3P: 161–213

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J (1986) Role of the pineal gland and melatonin in seasonal reproductive function in mammals. Oxford Rev Reprod Biol 8: 266–320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J (1988) Melatonin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 29: 205–229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J (1989) Melatonin — a new probe in psychiatric investigation. Br J Psychiatry 155: 585–590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J (1994) Melatonin and the mammalian pineal gland. Chapman Hall, London Arendt J, Aldhous M (1988) Further evaluation of the treatment of jet-lag by melatonin: a double blind crossover study. Annu Rev Chronopharmacol 5: 53–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J, Broadway J (1986) Phase response of human melatonin rhythms to bright light in Antarctica. J Physiol (Loud) 377: 68

    Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J, Brown WB, Forbes JM, Marston A (1980) Effect of pinealectomy on immunoassayable melatonin in sheep. J Endocrinol 85: 1–2 P

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J, Symons AM, Laud CA, Pryde SJ (1983) Melatonin can induce early onset of the breeding season in ewes. J Endocrinol 97: 395–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J, Borbely AA, Franey C, Wright J (1984) The effect of chronic, small doses of melatonin given in the late afternoon on fatigue in man: a preliminary study. Neurosci Lett 45: 317–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J, Bojkowski C, Folkard S, Franey C, Minors DS, Waterhouse JM, Weyer RA, Wildgruber C, Wright J (1985a) Some effects of melatonin and the control of its secretion in man. In: Evered D, Clark S (eds) Photoperiodism, melatonin and the pineal. Pitman, London, pp 266–283 (Ciba Foundation symposium 117 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J, Bojkowski C, Franey C, Wright J, Marks V (1985b) Immunoassay of 6hydroxymelatonin sulfate in human plasma and urine: abolition of the urinary 24-hour rhythm with atenolol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60: 1166–1173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J, Aldhous M, Marks V (1986) Alleviation of jet-lag by melatonin: preliminary results of controlled double-blind trial. Br Med J 292: 1170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J, Aldhous M, English J, Marks V, Arendt JH, Marks M, Folkard S (1987) Some effects of jet lag and their alleviation by melatonin. Ergonomics 30: 1379–1393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J, Aldhous M, Wright J (1988) Synchronisation of a disturbed sleep-wake cycle in a blind man by melatonin treatment. Lancet i: 772–773

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong SM (1989) Melatonin and circadian control in mammals. Experientia 45: 932–939

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong SM, Redman J (1985) Melatonin administration: effects on rodent circadian rhythms. In: Evered D, Clark S (eds) Photoperiodism, melatonin and the pineal. Pitman, London, pp 188–207 (Ciba Foundation symposium 117 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod J (1974) The pineal gland: a neurochemical transducer. Science 184: 1341–1348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartness TJ, Powers B, Hastings MH, Bittman EL, Goldman BD (1993) The timed infusion paradigm for melatonin delivery: what has it taught us about the melatonin signal, its reception, and the photoperiodic control of seasonal responses. J Pineal Res 15: 161–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck-Friis J, von Rosen D, Kjellman BF, Ljungen JG, Wetterberg L (1984) Melatonin in relation to body measures, sex, age, season and the use of drugs in patients with major affective disorders and healthy subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 9: 261–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beedham C, Smith J, Steele D, Wright J (1987) Chlorpromazine inhibition of melatonin metabolism by normal and induced rat liver microsomes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmokinet 12 (4): 299–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berga SL, Mortola JF, Yen SSC (1988) Amplification of nocturnal melatonin secretion in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 66: 242–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bieck PR, Antonin K, Balon R, Oxenkrug G (1988) Effect of brofaromine and pargyline on human plasma melatonin concentrations. Proc Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 12: 93–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bittman EL (1985) The role of rhythms in the response to melatonin. In: Evered D, Clark S (eds) Photoperiodism, melatonin and the pineal. Pitman, London, pp 149169 (Ciba Foundation symposium 117 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Bittman EL (1993) The sites and consequences of melatonin binding in mammals. Am Zool 33: 200–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bojkowski C, Aldhous M, English J et al (1987a) Suppression of nocturnal plasma melatonin and 6-sulphatoxymelatonin by bright and dim light in man. Horm Metab Res 19: 437–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bojkowski C, Arendt J, Shih M, Markey SP (1987b) Assessment of melatonin secretion in man by measurement of its metabolite: 6-sulphatoxymelatonin. Clin Chem 19: 437–440

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broadway J, Arendt J, Folkard S (1987) Bright light phase shifts the human melatonin rhythm during the Antarctic winter. Neurosci Lett 79: 185–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown GM, Bar-Or A, Grossi D, Kashur S, Johannson E, Yie SM (1991) Urinary 6sulphatoxymelatonin, an index of pineal function in the rat. J Pineal Res 10: 141–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cagnacci A, Elliot JA, Yen SSC (1991) Amplification of pulsatile LH secretion by exogenous melatonin in women. J Clinical Endocrinol Metab 73: 210–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cagnacci A, Elliott JA, Yen SSC (1992) Melatonin: a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75 (2): 447–452

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caignard D-H (1994) Structural activity relationships of melatonin agonists/antagonists. Adv Pineal Res 8: 349–356

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardinali DP, Vacas MI, Boyer EE (1979) Specific binding of melatonin in bovine brain. Endocrinology 105: 437–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter DS, Goldman BD (1983) Antigonadal effects of timed melatonin infusion in pinealectomised male Djungarian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus sungorus); duration is the critical parameter. Endocrinology 113: 1261–1267

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassone V (1990) Effects of melatonin on vertebrate circadian systems. Trends Neurosci 13: 457–463

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassone V (1992) The pineal gland influences rat circadian activity rhythms in constant light. J Biol Rhythms 727–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassone VM, Chesworth MJ, Armstrong SM (1986) Entrainment of rat circadian rhythms by daily injections of melatonin depend upon the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei. Physiol Behav 36: 1111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Checkley SA, Palazidou E (1988) Melatonin and anti-depressant drugs: clinical pharmacology. In: Miles A, Philbrick DRS, Thompson C (eds) Melatonin: clinical perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 190–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemineau PE, Normandt JP, Ravault J, Thimonier (1986) Induction and persistence of pituitary and ovarian activity in the out-of-season lactating dairy goat after a treatment combining a skeleton photoperiod, melatonin and the male effect. J Reprod Fertil 78: 497–594

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claustrat B, Brun J, David M, Sassolas G, Chazot G (1992) Melatonin and jet-lag: confirmatory result using a simplified protocol. Biol Psychiat 32: 8: 705–711

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collin JP (1971) Differentiation and regression of the cells of the sensory line in the epihysis cerebri. In: Wolstenholme GEW, Knight J (eds) The pineal gland. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 79–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin JP, Arendt J, Gern NA (1988) Le ‘troisieme oeil’. Recherche 203:1154–1165 Cowen PJ, Fraser S, Sammons R, Green AR (1983) Atenolol reduces plasma melatonin concentrations in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 15: 579–581

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer H, Rudolph J, Consbruch V (1974) On the effects of melatonin on sleep and behaviour in man. In: Costa E, Gessa GL, Sandler M (eds) Serotonin - new vistas: biochemistry and behavioural and clinical studies. Raven, New York, pp 187–191 (Advances in biochemical psychopharmacology, vol 11 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Czeisler CA, Allan JS, Strogatz JS, Ronda JM, Sandrez R, Rios CD, Freitag WO, Richardson GS, Kronauer RE (1986) Bright light resets the human circadian pace-maker independent of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle. Science 233: 667–671

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Czeisler CA, Johnson PJ, Duffy JF et al (1990) Exposure to bright light and darkness to treat physiologic maladaptation to night-work. N Engl J Med 322: 1253–1259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Czeisler CA, Shanaghan TL, Klerman E, Martens, H, Brotman DJ, Emens JS, Klein T, Rizzo J (1995) Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light. N Engl J Med 332: 6–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlitz M, Alvarez B,Vignau J,English J, Arendt J, Parkes JD (1991) Delayed sleep phase syndrome response to melatonin. Lancet 337: 1121–1124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das Gupta D, Riedel L, Frick JH, Attanasio A, Ranke MB (1983) Circulating melatonin in children: in relation to puberty, endocrine disorders, functional tests and racial origin. Neuroendocrinol Lett 5: 63–78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies D, Vonhoff S, Garratt P, Sugden D (1995) Chicken brain and Xenopus laevis melatonin receptors discriminate between enantiomers of terahydrocarbazoles. Abstracts of the British Chronobiology Meeting, Jan 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis FC, Mannion J (1988) Entrainment of hamster pup circadian rhythms by prenatal melatonin injections. Am J Physiol 255: R439 - R448

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Reviers MM, Ravault JP, Tillet,Y Pelletier J (1989) Melatonin binding sites in the sheep pars tuberalis. Neurosci Lett 100: 89–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Deacon S, Arendt J (1994a) Posture influences melatonin concentrations in plasma and saliva in humans. Neurosci Lett 167: 191–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deacon SJ, Arendt J (1994b) Phase shifts in melatonin, 6-sulphatoxymelatonin and alertness rhythms after treatment with moderately bright light at night. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40: 413–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deacon S, Arendt J (1995a) Melatonin-induced temperature suppression and its acute phase-shifting effects correlate in a dose dependent manner in humans. Brain Res 688: 77–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deacon S, Arendt J (1995b) Adapting to phase-shifts, I. An experimental model for jet lag and shift work. Physiol Behav (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Deacon S Arendt J (1995c) Adapting to phase-shifts, II. Effects of melatonin and conflicting light treatment. Physiol Behav (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Deacon S, English J, Arendt J (1994) Acute phase-shifting effects of melatonin asso- ciated with suppression of core body temperature. Neurosci Lett 1 (78): 32–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demisch K, Demisch L, Bodinik HJ, Nickelson,T, Althoff PH, Schoffling K, Rieth R (1986) Melatonin and cortisol increase after fluvoxamine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 22: 620–622

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deveson S, Arendt J, Forsyth I (1992a) Role of the pineal and melatonin rhythms on reproductive performance in female domestic ungulates. Rev Anim Reprod Sci 30: 113–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deveson S, Forsyth IA, Arendt J (1992b) Retardation of pubertal development by prenatal long days in goat kids born in autumn. J Reprod Fertil 95: 629–637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deveson SL, Arendt J, Forsyth IA (1992) Induced out-of-season breeding in British Saanen dairy goats: use of artificial photoperiods and/or melatonin administration. Anim Reprod Sci 29: 1–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dollins AB, Zhdanova IV, Wurtman RJ, Lynch HJ, Deng MH (1994) Effect of inducing nocturnal serum melatonin concentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, and performance Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 1824–1828

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubocovich M (1988) Pharmacology and function of melatonin receptors. J FASEB 2: 2765–2773

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubocovich M (1985) Characterisation of a retinal melatonin receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 234: 395–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubovich ML, Takahashi JS (1987) Use of 2-[1251]-iodomelatonin to characterize melatonin binding sites in chicken retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 3916–3920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan MJ, Goldman BD (1984) Hormonal regulation of the annual pelage colour cycle in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus. II. Role of prolactin. J Exp Zool 230: 97–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastwood MR, Peacock J (1976) Seasonal patterns of suicide, depression and electroconvulsive therapy. Br J Psychiatry 129: 472–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebadi M, Govitrapong P (1986) Orphan transmitters and their receptor sites in the pineal gland. Pineal Res Rev 4: 1–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebisawa T, Karne S, Lerner M, Reppert SM (1994) Expression cloning of a high affinity melatonin receptor from Xenopus melanophores. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 6133–6137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebling FJP, Foster DL (1989) Pineal melatonin rhythms and the timing of puberty in mammals. Experientia 45: 946–955

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebling F, Maywood E, Humby T, Hastings M (1992) Circadian and photoperiodic time measurement in male Syrian hamsters following lesions of the melatonin-binding sites of the paraventricular thalamus. J Biol Rhyth 73: 241–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • English J, Poulton, AL, Arendt J, Symons, AM (1986) A comparison of the efficiency of melatonin treatments in advancing oestrus in ewes. J Reprod Fertil 77: 321–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • English J, Middleton B, Arendt J, Wirz-Justice (1993) A rapid, direct measurement of melatonin in saliva using an iodinated tracer and solid phase second antibody. Ann Clin Biochem 30: 415–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fevre-Montange M, van Cauter E, Refetoff S, Desir D, Tourniaire J, Copinschi G (1981) Effects of “Jet Lag” on hormonal patterns. II. Adaptation of melatonin circadian periodicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 642–649

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaugh ME, Crowell TA, Clemens JA, Sawyer BD (1979) Synthesis and evaluation of the anti-ovulatory activity of a variety of melatonin analogues. J Med Chem 22: 63–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkard S, Arendt J, Aldhous M, Kennett H (1990) Melatonin stabilises sleep onset time in a blind man without entrainment of cortisol or temperature rhythms. Neurosci Lett 113: 193–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkard S, Arendt J, Clarke M (1993) Can melatonin improve shiftworkers tolerance of the night shift? Some preliminary findings. Chronobiol Internat 10: 315–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Follett BK (1982) Physiology of photoperiodic time measurement. In: Aschoff J, Daan S, Groos G (eds) Vertebrate circadian systems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 268–275

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Foster RG, Provencio I, Hudson D, Fiske S, De Grip W, Menake M (1991) Circadian photoreception in the retinally degenerate mouse (rd/rd). J Comp Physiol 169: 3950

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franey C, Aldhous A, Burton S, Checkley S, Arendt J (1986) Acute treatment with desipramine stimulates melatonin and 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 22: 73–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraschini FO, Mess B, Martini L (1968) Pineal gland, melatonin and the control of luteinizing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 82: 919–924

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gebbie FE (1993) Control of seasonal breeding and coat development in the goat. Thesis, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Gern WA, Kam CM (1983) Evolution of melatonin’s functions and effects. Pineal Res Rev 1: 49–91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass JD, Lynch GR (1982) Evidence for a brain site of melatonin action in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus. Neuroendocrinology 34: 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman BD (1983) The physiology of melatonin in mammals. Pineal Res Rev 1 (145): 182

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths PA, Folkard S, Bojkowski C, English J, Arendt J (1986) Persistent 24th variations of urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulphate and cortisol in Antarctica. Experientia 42: 430–432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guardiola-Lemaitre B (1994) Melatonin agonist/antagonist: from the receptor to therapeutic applications. In: Moller M, Pevet P (eds) Adv Pineal Res 8: 333–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwinner E (1989) Melatonin in the circadian system of birds: model of internal resonance. In: Hiroshige T, Honma K (eds) Circadian clocks and ecology. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, pp 127–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Haimov I, Laudon M, Zisapel N, Souroujon M, N of D, Shlitner A, Herer P, Tzischinsky O, Lavie P (1994) Sleep disorders and melatonin rhythms in elderly people. Br Med J 309: 167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanssen T, Heyden T, Sundberg I, Wetterberg L (1977) Effect of propanolol on serummelatonin. Lancet II: 309

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastings MH, Walker AP, Powers JB et al (1989) Differential effects of photoperiodic history on the responses of gonadotrophins and prolactin to intermediate day-lengths in the male Syrian hamster. J Biol Rhythms 4: 335–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings MH, Maywood ES, Ebling FJP (1991) Sites and mechanism of action of melatonin in the photoperiodic control of reproduction. Adv Pineal Res 5: 147–157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings MH, Mead SM, Vindlacheruvu RR, Ebling FJP, Maywoold ES, Grosse J (1992) Non-photic phase shifting of the circadian activity rhythm of Syrian hamsters: the relative potency of arousal and melatonin. Brain Res 591 (1): 20–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazelrigg DG, Gonzalez-Brito A, Lawson W et al (1993) Prolonged exposure to melatonin leads to time dependent sensitization of adenylate cyclase and down regulates melatonin receptors in pars tuberalis cells from ovine pituitary. Endocrinology 132: 285–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herbert J (1981) The pineal gland and photoperiodic control of the ferret’s reproductive cycle. In: Follett BK, Follett DE (eds) Biological clocks in seasonal reproductive cycles. Wright, Bristol, pp 261–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman K (1981) The role of the pineal gland in the photoperiodic control of seasonal cycles in hamsters. In: Follett BK, Follett DE (eds) Biological clocks in seasonal reproductive cycles. Bristol Scientechnica Pitman Press, Bath, UK, pp 237–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Huether G, Poeggeler B, Reimer A, George A (1992) Effect of tryptophan administration on circulating melatonin levels in chicks and rats: evidence for stimulation of melatonin synthesis and release in the gastrointestinal tract. Life Sci 51 (2): 945943

    Google Scholar 

  • Iguchi H, Kato K, Ibayashi H (1982) Age dependent reduction in serum melatonin concentration in healthy human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55: 27–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Illnerova H, Vanecek J (1979) Response of rat pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase to one minute light pulse at different night times. Brain Res 167: 431–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Illnerova H, Vanecek J (1982) Complex control of the circadian rhythm in N-acetyltransferase activity in the rat pineal gland. In: Aschoff J, Daan S, Groos G (eds) Vertebrate circadian systems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 285–296

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Illnerova H, Zvolsky P, Vanecek J (1985) The circadian rhythm in plasma melatonin concentration of the urbanised man–the effect of summer and winter time. Brain Res 328: 186–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jan JE, Espezel H, Appleton RE (1994) The treatment of sleep disorders with melatonin. Dev Med Child Neurol 36: 97–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jewett M, Kronauer R, Czeisler C (1991) Light-induced suppression of endogenous circadian amplitude in humans. Nature 350: 59–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones R, Garratt P, Sugden D (1995) Design and synthesis of melatonin agonists and antagonists derived from 2-phenyltryptamines. Abstracts of the British Chronobiology Meeting

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanematsu N, Mori Y, Hayashi S, Hoshino K (1989) Presence of a distinct 24-hour melatonin rhythm in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of the goat. J Pineal Res 7: 143–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kappers JA (1960) Innervation of the epiphysis cerebri in the albino rat. Anat Rec 136: 220–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsch FJ, Bittman EL, Foster DL et al (1984) Neuroendocrine basis of seasonal reproduction. Rec Prog Horm Res 40: 185–232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karsch FJ, Malpaux B, Wayne NL, Robinson JE (1988) Characteristics of the melatonin signal that provide the photoperiodic code from timing seasonal reproduction in the ewe. Reprod Nutr Dev 28: 459–472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kauppila A, Kivela A, Pakarinen A, Vakkuri O (1987) Inverse seasonal relationship between melatonin and ovarian activity in humans in a region with a strong seasonal contrast in luminosity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65: 823–828

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennaway DJ, Van Dorp CF (1991) Free running rhythms of melatonin, cortisol, electrolytes and sleep in humans in Antarctica. Am J Physiol 260: R1137–1144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennaway DJ, Gilmore TA, Seamark RF (1982) Effect of melatonin feeding on serum prolactin and gonadotrophin levels and the onset of seasonal oestrous cyclicity in sheep. Endocrinology 110: 1766–1722

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennaway DJ, Dunstan EA, Staples LD (1987) Photoperiodic control of the onset of breeding activity and fecundity in ewes. J Reprod Fertil [Suppl] 34: 187–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennaway DJ, Stamp GE, Goble FC (1992) Development of melatonin production in infants and the impact of prematurity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75: 367–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein DC (1974) Circadian rhythms in indole metabolism in the rat pineal gland. In: Schmitt FO, Worden FG (eds) The neurosciences, third study program. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 509–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein DC (1974) Circadian rhythms in the pineal gland. In: Krieger DT (ed) Endocrine rhythms. Raven Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein DC (1993) The mammalian melatonin rhythm-generating system. In: Wetterberg L (ed) Light and biological rhythms in man. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 55–72 (Wenner-Gren international series, vol 63 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein DC,Weller JL (1970) Indole metabolism in the pineal gland a circadian rhythm in N-acetyltransferase. Science 169: 1093–1095

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knutsson A (1989) Shift work and coronary heart disease. Scand J Soc Med 44: 1–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korf H-W, Moller M (1984) The innervation of the mammalian pineal gland with special reference to central pinealopetal projections. Pineal Res Rev 2: 41–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause DN, Dubocovich ML 1990 ) Regulatory sites in the melatonin system of mammals. Trends Neurosci 13: 464–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laudon M, Zisapel N (1986) Characterization of central melatonin receptors using I125melatonin. FEBS Lett 197: 9–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laudon M, Yaron Z, Zisapel N (1988) N-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-5-methoxytryptamine, a novel melatonin antagonist: effects on sexual maturation of the male and female rat. J Endocrinol 116: 43–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Launay JM, Lemaitre B, Husson HP (1982) Melatonin synthesis by rabbit platelets. Life Sci 31: 1487–1494

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DFV, Arendt J, English J (1990) Quantitative structure-activity relationships within a series of melatonin analogues and related indolealkylamines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 252: 370–373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewy AJ, Newsome DA (1983) Different types of melatonin circadian secretory rhythms in some blind subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56: 1103–1107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK et al (1980) Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 210: 1267–1269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Singer CM (1984) Assessment and treatment of chronobiologie disorders using plasma melatonin levels and bright light exposure, the clock-gate model and the phase response curve. Psychopharmacol Bull 20: 561–565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Miller LS, Hoban TM (1987) Anti-depressant and circadian phase-shifting effects of light. Science 235: 352–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewy AJ, Saeeduddin A, Latham Jackson J, Sack R (1992) Melatonin shifts human circadian rhythms according to a phase-response curve. Chronobiol Int 9 (5): 380–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln G (1979) Photoperiodic control of seasonal breeding in the ram: participation of the cranial sympathetic nervous system. J Endocrinol 82: 135–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln G, Maeda K (1992) Effects of placing micro-implants of melatonin in the mediobasal hypothalamus and preoptic area on the secretion of prolactin and f3-endorphin in rams. J Endocrinol 134 (3): 437–448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln GA (1992) Administration of melatonin into the mediobasal hypothalamus as a continuous or intermittent signal affects the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin in the ram. J Pineal Res 12: 135–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln GA, Clarke IJ (1994) Photoperiodically-induced cycles in the secretion of prolactin in hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected rams: evidence for translation of the melatonin signal in the pituitary gland. J Neuroendocrinol 6: 251–260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln GA, Ebling FJP, Almeida OFX (1985) Generation of melatonin rhythms. In: Evered D, Clark S (eds) Photoperiodism, melatonin and the pineal. Pitman, London, pp 129–141 (CIBA Foundation symposium 117 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin JE, Klein DC (1975) Melatonin inhibition of neonatal pituitary response to luteinising hormone-releasing factor. Science 191: 301–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masson-Pevet M, Gauer F (1994) Differential daily and seasonal regulations of melatonin receptors in the supra chiasmatic nuclei and the pars tuberalis of mammals. Adv Pineal Res 8: 321–332

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurel D, Mas N, Roch G, Boissin J, Arendt J (1992) Diurnal variations of urinary 6sulphatoxymelatonin in male intact or ganglionectomised mink. J Pineal Res 13: 117–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maywood ES, Grosse J, Lindsay JO, Karp JD, Hastings M (1992) The effect of signal frequency on the gonadal response of male Syrian hamsters to programmed melatonin infusions. J Neuroendocrinol 4: 3–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McArthur AJ, Gillette MU, Prosser RA (1991) Melatonin directly resets the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock in vitro. Brain Res 565: 158–161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre IM, Norman TR, Burrows GD, Armstrong SM (1989) Human melatonin suppression by light is intensity dependent. J Pineal Res 6: 149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menaker M, Hudson DJ, Takahashi JS (1981) Neural and endocrine components of circadian clocks in birds. In: Follett BK, Follett DE (eds) Biological clocks in seasonal reproductive cycles. Wright, Bristol, pp 171–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles LE, Raynal DM, Wilson MA (1977) Blind man living in normal society has circadian rhythms of 24.9 hours. Science 198: 421–423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minors DS, Waterhouse JM (1981) Circadian rhythms and the human. Wright, Bristol, pp 143–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Minors DS, Waterhouse J (1992) Investigating the endogenous component of human circadian rhythms: a review of some simple alternatives to constant routines. Chronobiol Int 9 (1): 55–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minors DS, Waterhouse JM, Wirz-Justice A (1991) A human phase response curve to light. Neurosci Lett 133: 36–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moller M, Ravault JP, Cozzi B, Zang ET, Phansuwam-Pujito P, Larsen PJ, Mikkelsen JD (1991) The multineuronal input to the mammalian pineal gland. In: Foldes A, Reiter RJ (eds) Advances in pineal research, vol 6. Libbey, London, pp 3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore RY, Klein DC (1974) Visual pathways and the central neural control of a circadian rhythm in pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase. Brain Res 71: 17–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore-Ede M (1993) The twenty four hour society. Addison Wesley, Massachusetts Moore-Ede MC, Czeisler CA, Richardson GS (1983) Circadian timekeeping in health and disease, part 1. Basic properties of circadian pacemakers. N Engl J Med 309: 469–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan PJ, Williams LM (1989) Central melatonin receptors; implications for a mode of action. Experientia 45: 955–965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan PJ, Williams LM, Davidson G et al (1989a) Melatonin receptors on ovine pars tuberalis: characterisation and autoradiographical localisation. J Neuroendocrinol 1: 1–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan PJ, Lawson W, Davidson G et al (1989b) Guanine nucleotides regulate the affinity of melatonin receptors on the ovine Pars tuberalis. Neuroendocrinology 50: 359–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan PJ, Davidson G, Lawson W, Barrett P (1990) Both pertussis toxin-sensitive and insensitive G-proteins link melatonin receptor to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in the ovione pars tuberalis. J Neuroendocrinol 2: 773–776

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan PJ, Lawson W, Davidson G (1991) Interaction of forskolin and melatonin on cyclic AMP generation in pars tuberalis from ovine pituitary. J Neuroendocrinol 3: 497–501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan PJ, Williams LM, Maclean A, Hazelrigg D (1995) Non G-protein coupled high affinity melatonin receptors are present in the sheep. Abstracts of the British Chronobiology Meeting, Jan 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Mrosovsky N, Salmon PA (1987) A behavioural method for accelerating re-entrainment of rhythms to new light-dark cycles. Nature 330: 372–373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakazawa K, Marubayashi U, McCann SM (1991) Mediation of the short-loop feedback of luteinising hormone ( LH) on LH-releasing hormone release by melatonininduced inhibition of LH release from the pars tuberalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7576–7579

    Google Scholar 

  • Namboodiri MA, Sugden D, Klein CC, Mefford IN (1983) 5-Hydroxytryptophan elevates serum melatonin. Science 221: 659–661

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuwelt EA, Lewy AJ (1983) Disappearance of plasma melatonin after removal of a neoplastic pineal gland N Engl J Med 19: 1132–1135

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowak R, McMillen C, Redman J, Short RV (1987) The correlation between serum and salivary melatonin concentrations and urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulphate: two non invasive techniques for monitoring human circadian rhythmicity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 27: 445–452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Conor RAA (1992) A year in Antarctica: sleep and mood studies on Halley Base, 75S. In: Proceedings of the 8th Meeting of the European Society for Chronobiology, Leiden, The Netherlands, May 1992. J Interdisciplinary Cycle Res 23: 158–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Okudaira N, Kripke DF, Webster JB (1983) Naturalistic studies of human light exposure. Am J Physiol 245: R613–615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palazidou E, Franey C, Arendt J, Stahl S, Checkley S (1989) Evidence for a functional role of alpha-1-adrenoreceptors in the regulation of melatonin secretion in man. Psychoneuroendocrinology 14: 131–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palazidou E, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Everitt B, Checkley SA (1992) The acute and chronic effects of (+) and (-) oxaprotiline upon melatonin secretion in normal subjects. Psychol Med 22: 61–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palm L, Blennow G, Wetterberg L (1991) Correction of a non-24-hour sleep wake cycle by melatonin in a blind retarded boy. Ann Neurol 29: 336–339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang SF, Brown GM, Grota LJ et al (1977) Determination of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin activities in the pineal gland, retina, and Harderian gland, brain and serum of rats and chickens. Neuroendocrinology 23: 1–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parkes AS (1976) Patterns of sexuality and reproduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrie K, Dawson AG, Thompson L, Brook R (1993) A double blind trial of melatonin as a treatment for jet lag in international cabin crew. Biol Psychiatry 33: 526–530

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrie K, Conaglen JV, Thompson L et al (1989) Effect of melatonin on jet-lag after long haul flights. Br Med J 298: 705–707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay WB (1963) Circadian rhythm in rat pineal serotonin and its modifications by estrous cycle and photoperiod. Gen Comp Endocrinol 3: 473–479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay WB (1970) Precocious entrainment and associated characteristics of activity patterns following pinealectomy and reversal of photoperiod. Physiol Behav 5: 1281–1290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raikhlin NT, Kvetnoy IM, Tokachev VN (1975) Melatonin may be synthesized in enterochromaffin cells. Nature 255: 344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redman J, Armstrong S, Ng KT (1983) Free-running activity rhythms in the rat: entrainment by melatonin. Science 219: 1089–1091

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter RJ (1980) The pineal and its hormones in the control of reproduction in mammals. Endocr Rev 1: 109–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter RJ (1985) Action spectra, dose-response relationships and temporal aspects of light’s effects on the pineal gland. In: Wurtman RJ, Baum MJ, Potts JR Jr (eds) The medical and biological effects of light. Ann NY Acad Sci 453: 215–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Rivkees SA et al (1988) Putative melatonin receptors in a human biological clock. Science 242: 78–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Ebisawa T (1994) Cloning and characterisation of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses. Neuron 13: 1177–1185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roenneberg T, Aschoff J (1990) Annual rhythms in human reproduction: I. Biology, sociology or both? J Biol Rhythms 5: 195–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rollag MD, Niswender GD (1976) Radioimmunoassay of serum concentrations of melatonin in sheep exposed to different lighting regimens. Endocrinology 98: 482–489

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rollag MD, Morgan RJ, Niswender GD (1978) Route of melatonin secretion in sheep. Endocrinology 102: 1–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa RR, Bonnet MH, Bootzin RR, Eastman CI, Monk T, Penn PE, Tepas DI, Walsh JK (1990) Intervention factors for promoting adjustment to nightwork and shift-work. Occup Med State Art Rev 5: 391–415

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC et al (1984) Seasonal affective disorder. A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 72–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross JK, Arendt J, Home J, Haston W (1995) Night-shift work during Antarctic winter: sleep characteristics and adaptation with bright light treatment. Physiol Behav 57: 1169–1174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Blood ML, Stevenson J, Keith LD (1991) Melatonin administration to blind people: phase advances and entrainment. J Biol Rhythms 6: 249–261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sack RL, Blood ML, Lewy AJ (1994) Melatonin administration promotes circadian adaptation to shift work. Sleep Res 23: 509

    Google Scholar 

  • Samel A, Wegman HM, Vejvoda M, Maas H (1991) Influence of melatonin treatment on human circadian rhythmicity before and after a simulated 9 hour time shift. J Biol Rhythms 6: 235–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarrafzadeh A, Wirz-Justice A, Arendt J, English J (1990). Melatonin stabilises sleep onset in a blind man. In: Horne JA (ed) Sleep ‘80. Pontenagel, Dortmund, pp 51–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Skene DJ, Masson-Pevet M, Pevet P (1993) Seasonal changes in melatonin binding sites in the pars tuberalis of male European hamsters and the effect of testosterone manipulation. Endocrinology 132: 1682–1686

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skene DJ, Bojkowski CJ, Arendt J (1994) Comparison of the effects of acute fluvoxamine and desipramine administration on melatonin and cortisol production in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 37: 181–186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JA, O’Hara J, Schiff AA (1981) Altered diurnal serum melatonin rhythm in a blind man. Lancet ií: 933

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith L, Folkard S, Poole CJM (1994) Increased injuries on night-shift. Lancet 344: 1137–1139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stankov B, Fraschini F (1994) Distribution of the high affinity melatonin-binding sites in the vertebrate brain. Adv Pineal Res 8: 295–307

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stehle JH, Foulkes NS, Molina CA, Simonneaux V, Pevet P, Sassone-Corsi P (1993) Adrenergic signals direct rhythmic expression of transcriptional repressor CREM in the pineal gland. Nature 365: 314–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinlechner S (1991) In search of a physiological role for retinal melatonin. Adv Pineal Res [Suppl] 5: 123–128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strassman RJ, Qualls CR, Lisansky EJ, Peake GT (1991) Elevated rectal temperature produced by all night bright light is reversed by melatonin infusion in man. J Appl Physiol 71: 2178–2181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugden D, Chong NWS (1991) Pharmacological identity of 2-(1251)iodomelatonin binding sites in chicken brain and sheep pars tuberalis. Brain Res 539: 151–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugden D, Weller JL, Klein DC, Kirk KL, Creveling CR (1984) a-Adrenergic potentiation of 13-adrenergic stimulation of rat pineal N-acetyltransferase: studies using citazoline and fluorine analogs of norepinephrine. Biochem Pharmacol 33: 3947–3950

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugden D, Chong N, Lewis D (1995) Structural requirements at the melatonin receptor. Br J Pharmacol 114: 618–623

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarkin K, Baird CJ, Almeida OFX (1985) Melatonin: a coordinating signal for mammalian reproduction. Science 227: 714–720

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terman M, Boulos Z, Campbell SS, Djik D-J, Eastman C, Lewy AJ (1995) Light treatment for sleep disorders. Joint Task Force Report. J Biol Rhythms 10: 105–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessonneaud A (1994) Thesis, INRA, Centre de Recherche de Tours, France

    Google Scholar 

  • Touitou Y, Haus E (eds) (1992) Biologic rhythms in clinical and laboratory medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzischinsky O, Skene D, Epstein R, Lavie P (1991) Circadian rhythms in 6-sulphatoxymelatonin and nocturnal sleep in blind children. Chronobiol Int 8: 168–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tzischinsky O, Lavie P, Pal I (1992a) Time-dependent effects of 5 mg melatonin on the sleep propensity function. 11th European congress on sleep research, July, Helsinki, Finland. J Sleep Res 1 [Suppl 1]: 234

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzischinsky O, Pal I, Epstein R, Dagan Y, Lavie P (1992b) The importance of timing in melatonin administration in a blind man. J Pineal Res 12: 105–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood H (1977) Circadian organisation in lizards: the role of the pineal organ. Science 195: 587–589

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood H, Goldman BD (1987) Vertebrate circadian and photoperiodic systems: role of the pineal gland and melatonin. J Biol Rhythms 2: 279–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vakkuri O, Leppaluoto J, Vuolteenaho O (1985a) Development and validation of a melatonin radioimmunoassay using radioiodinated melatonin as tracer. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 106: 152–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Vakkuri O, Leppaluoto J, Kauppila A (1985b) Oral administration and distribution of melatonin in human serum, saliva and urine. Life Sci 37: 489–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanecek J, Pavlik A, Illnerova H (1987) Hypothalamic melatonin receptor sites revealed by autoradiography. Brain Res 453: 359–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan GM (1984) Melatonin in humans. Pineal Res Rev 2: 141–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan GM, Reiter RJ (1987) The Syrian hamster pineal gland responds to isoproterenol in vivo at night. Endocrinology 120: 1682–1684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vollrath L, Semm P, Gammel G (1981) Sleep induction by intranasal application of melatonin. Adv Biosci 29: 327–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Voordow BCG, Euser R, Verdonk RER, Alberda BT, DeJong FH, Drogendijk AC, Fauser BCJM, Cohen M (1992) Melatonin and melatonin-progestin combinations alter pituitary-ovarian function in women and can inhibit ovulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74: 108–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldhauser F, Steger H (1986) Changes in melatonin secretion with age and pubescence. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 21: 183–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waldhauser F, Steger H, Vorkapic P (1987) Melatonin secretion in man and the influence of exogenous melatonin on some physiological and behavioural variables. Adv Pineal Res 2: 207–223

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waldhauser F, Boepple P, Schemper M, Crowley WF (1991) Serum melatonin in central precocious puberty is lower than in age matched pre-pubertal children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73: 793–796

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver DR, Reppert SM (1986) Maternal melatonin communicates daylength to the fetus in Djungarian hamsters. Endocrinology 119: 2861–2863

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver DR, Reppert SM (1990) Melatonin receptors are present in the ferret pars tuberalis and pars distalis, but not the brain. Endocrinology 127: 2607–2609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver DR, Stehle JH, Stopa EG et al (1993) Melatonin receptors in human hypothalamus and pituitary: implications for circadian and reproductive responses tomelatonin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76: 295–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webb S, Puig-Domingo M (1995) Melatonin in health and disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42: 221–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wehr TA (1991) The durations of human melatonin secretion and sleep respond to changes in daylength (photoperiod). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73: 1276–1280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wehr TA, Jacobsen FM, Sack DA, Arendt J, Tamarkin L, Rosenthal NE (1986) The efficacy of phototherapy in seasonal affective disorder appears not to depend on its timing or its effect on melatonin secretion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 870–875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weyer RA (1979) The circadian system of man: results of experiments under temporal isolation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Weyer RA (1989) Light effects on human circadian rhythms: a review of recent Andechs experiments. J Biol Rhthms 4: 161–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Weyer RA, Polasek J, Wildgruber CM (1983) Bright light affects human circadian rhythms. Pflugers Arch 396: 85–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White BH, Sekura RD, Rollag MD (1987) Pertussis toxin blocks melatonin-induced aggregation in Xenopus dermal melanophores. J Comp Physiol [B] 157: 153–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson M, Arendt J, Bradtke J, de Ziegler D (1977) Determinatin of dark-induced

    Google Scholar 

  • elevation of pineal N-acetyl-transferase with simultaneous radioimmunoassay of melatonin in pineal, serum and pituitary of the male rat. J Endocrinol 72:243–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams LM, Martinoli MG, Titchener LT, Pelletier G (1991) The ontogeny of central melatonin binding sites in the rat. Endocrinology 128: 2083–2090

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winton F, Checkley SA, Corn T, Huson LW, Franey C, Arendt J (1989) Effects of light treatment upon mood and melatonin in seasonal affective disorder. Psychol Med 15: 19–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodfill CJI, Robinson JE, Malpaux BM, Karsch FJ (1991) Synchronisation of the circannual reproductive rhythm of the ewe by discrete photoperiodic signals. Biol Reprod 45: 110–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodfill CJI, Wayne N, Moenter SM, Karsch F (1994) Photoperiodic synchronisation of a circannual reproductive rhythm in sheep: identification of season-specific time cues. Biol Reprod 50: 965–976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright J, Aldhous M, Franey C, English J, Arendt J (1986) The effects of exogenous melatonin on endocrine function in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 24: 375–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yous S, Antrieux J, Howell HE et al (1992) Novel napthalenic ligands with a high affinity for the melatonin receptor. J Med Chem 35: 1484–1486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuwiler A (1983) Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulation of pineal serotonin-N- acetyltransferase activity: general characteristics. J Neurochem 41: 141–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaidan R, Geoffriau M, Brun J, Taillard J, Bureau C, Chazot G, Claustrat B (1994) Melatonin is able to influence its secretion in humans: description of a phase-response curve. Neuroendocrinology 60: 105–112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zatz M (1978) Sensitivity and cyclic nucleotides in the rat pineal gland. J Neural Transm [Suppl 13]: 97–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Zisapel N, Oaknin S, Anis Y (1991) Melatonin receptors in discrete areas of the rat and Syrian hamster brain: modulation by melatonin, pinealectomy, testosterone and the photoperiod. Adv Pineal Res 5: 175–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. Arendt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA1 7AY, Bath, UK

    Peter H. Redfern BPharm, PhD

  2. Instituts für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Fakultät für klinische Medizin Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Maybachstr. 14-16, 68169, Mannheim, Germany

    B. Lemmer (Direktor) (Direktor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Arendt, J. (1997). The Pineal Gland, Circadian Rhythms and Photoperiodism. In: Redfern, P.H., Lemmer, B. (eds) Physiology and Pharmacology of Biological Rhythms. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 125. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09355-9_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09355-9_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08265-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-09355-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation