Abstract
High-rate pacing is a valid stress test to be used in conjunction with echocardiography; it is independent of physical exercise and does not require drug administration. Its evolution in the last 20 years started from an invasive (intravenous) right atrial pacing modality, combined with a ionizing imaging technique such as radionuclide ventriculography [1]; it moved to a semi-invasive modality combined with 2-D echo, using transnasal [2] or transoral [3] catheter for transesophageal left atrial pacing; and finally evolved to a totally noninvasive modality with external programming in patients with a permanent pacemaker for right atrial or ventricular pacing [4].
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Picano, E. (2003). Pacing Stress Echocardiography. In: Stress Echocardiography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05096-5_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05096-5_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
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