Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ovarian Infertility — Reasons and Treatment Paradigms

  • Conference paper
The Future of the Oocyte

Part of the book series: Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop ((SCHERING FOUND,volume 41))

  • 118 Accesses

Abstract

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive a child after one to two years of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Interestingly, the prevalence of infertility has not changed over the past 100 years. Reports from Australia a century ago show a prevalence of about 12% women who cannot conceive, and this is still true for industrialized countries (Snick et al. 1997).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aittomaki K, Herva R, Stenman UH, Juntunen K, Ylostalo P, Hovatta O, de la Chapelle A (1996) Clinical features of primary ovarian failure caused by a point mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 3722–3726

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allingham-Hawkins DJ, Babul-Hirji R, Chitayat D, Holden JJ, Yang KT, Lee C, Hudson R, Gorwill H, Nolin SL, Glicksman A, Jenkins EC, Brown WT, Howard-Peebles PN, Becchi C, Cummings E, Fallon L, Seitz S, Black SH, Vianna-Morgante AM, Costa SS, Otto PA, Mingroni-Netto RC, Murray A, Webb J, Vieri F (1999) Fragile X premutation is a significant risk factor for premature ovarian failure: the International Collaborative POF in Fragile X study—preliminary data. Am J Med Genet 83: 322–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alper MM, Garner PR (1985) Premature ovarian failure: its relationship to autoimmune disease. Obstet Gynecol 66: 27–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amati P, Gasparini P, Zlotogora J, Zelante L, Chomel JC, Kitzis A, Kaplan J, Bonneau D (1996) A gene for premature ovarian failure associated with eyelid malformation maps to chromosome 3q22-q23. Am J Hum Genet 58: 1089–1092

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anasti JN (1998) Premature ovarian failure: an update. Fertil Steril 70: 1–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anasti JN, Kimzey LM, Defensor RA, White B, Nelson LM (1994) A control-led study of danazol for the treatment of karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 62: 726–730

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anasti JN, Kalantaridou SN, Kimzey LM, Defensor RA, Nelson LM (1998) Bone loss in young women with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 91: 12–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arif S, Vallian S, Farzaneh F, Zanone MM, James SL, Pietropaolo M, Hettiarachchi S, Vergani D, Conway GS, Peakman M (1996) Identification of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as a novel target of steroid cell autoantibodies: association of autoantibodies with endocrine autoimmune disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 4439–4445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beau I, Touraine P, Meduri G, Gougeon A, Desroches A, Matuchansky C, Milgrom E, Kuttenn F, Misrahi M (1998) A novel phenotype related to partial loss of function mutations of the follicle stimulating hormone receptor. J Clin Invest 102: 1352–1359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belvisi L, Bombelli F, Sironi L, Doldi N (1993) Organ-specific autoimmunity in patients with premature ovarian failure. J Endocrinol Invest 16: 889–892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Betterle C, Rossi A, Dalla PS, Artifoni A, Pedini B, Gavasso S, Caretto A (1993) Premature ovarian failure: autoimmunity and natural history. Clin Endocrinol (Ox0 39: 35–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenfeld Z, Avivi I (1999) Trying to preserve ovarian function in the face of chemotherapy? [letter; comment]. Fertil Steril 71: 773–775

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenfeld Z, Avivi I, Linn S, Epelbaum R, Ben-Shahar M, Haim N (1996) Prevention of irreversible chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage in young women with lymphoma by a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in parallel to chemotherapy. Hum Reprod 11: 1620–1626

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenfeld Z, Haim N (1997) Prevention of gonadal damage during cytotoxic therapy. Ann Med 29: 199–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckler HM, Healy DL, Burger HG (1993) Does gonadotropin suppression result in follicular development in premature ovarian failure? Gynecol Endocrinol 7: 123–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busacca M, Fusi FM, Brigante C, Doldi N, Vignali M (1996) Success in inducing ovulation in a case of premature ovarian failure using growth hormone-releasing hormone. Gynecol Endocrinol 10: 277–279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Check JH, Chase JS, Spence M (1989) Pregnancy in premature ovarian failure after therapy with oral contraceptives despite resistance to previous human menopausal gonadotropin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160: 114–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Check JH, Nowroozi K, Nazari A (1991) Viable pregnancy in a woman with premature ovarian failure treated with gonadotropin suppression and human menopausal gonadotropin stimulation. A case report. J Reprod Med 36: 195–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen FP, Chang SY (1997) Spontaneous pregnancy in patients with premature ovarian failure. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76: 81–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung TK, Haines CJ, Yip SK (1993) Case report: spontaneous pregnancy following thymectomy for myasthenia gravis associated with premature ovarian failure. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 19: 253–255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway GS, Hettiarachchi S, Murray A, Jacobs PA (1995) Fragile X premutations in familial premature ovarian failure. Lancet 346: 309–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway GS, Kaltsas G, Patel A, Davies MC, Jacobs HS (1996) Charac- terization of idiopathic premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 65: 337–341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway GS, Payne NN, Webb J, Murray A, Jacobs PA (1998) Fragile X pre-mutation screening in women with premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod 13: 1184–1187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulam CB, Adamson SC, Annegers JF (1986) Incidence of premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 67: 604–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis OK, Ravnikar VA (1988) Ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate in a women with premature ovarian failure. A case report. J Reprod Med 33: 559–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison RM, Quilter CR, Webb J, Murray A, Fisher AM, Valentine A, Serhal P, Conway GS (1998) A familial case of X chromosome deletion ascertained by cytogenetic screening of women with premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod 13: 3039–3041

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Moraes RM, Blizzard RM, Garcia-Bunuel R, Jones GS (1972) Autoimmunity and ovarian failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 112: 693–703

    Google Scholar 

  • Devi AS, Metzger DA, Luciano AA, Benn PA (1998) 45,X/46,XX mosaicism in patients with idiopathic premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 70: 89–93

    Google Scholar 

  • English V, Sommerville A, Brinsden P (1997) Surrogacy. In: Shenfield F, Sureau C (eds) Ethical dilemmas in assisted reproduction. Parthenon Publishing Group, New York, pp 31–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenichel P, Sosset C, Barbarino-Monnier P, Gobert B, Hieronimus S, Bene MC, Harter M (1997) Prevalence, specificity and significance of ovarian antibodies during spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod 12: 2623–2628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fonte Kohek MB, Batista MC, Russell AJ, Vass K, Giacaglia LR, Mendonca BB, Latronico AC (1998) No evidence of the inactivating mutation (C566T) in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene in Brazilian women with premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 70: 565–567

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franco JG Jr, Baruffi RL, Mauri AL, Pertersen CG, Campos MS, Oliveira JB (1994) Donation of oocytes as treatment for infertility in patients with premature ovarian failure. Awarded the “Nicolau de Moraes Banos” prize for gynecology. Rev Paul Med 112: 510–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobert B, Barabarino-Monnier P, Guillet-Rosso F, Bene MC, Faure GC (1990) Ovary antibodies after IVF. Lancet 335: 723

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golonka JE, Goodman AD (1968) Coexistence of primary ovarian insufficiency, primary adrenocortical insufficiency and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28: 79–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gucer F, Urdl W, Pieber D, Arikan MG, Giuliani A, Auner H (1997) Pregnancies in patients with premature ovarian failure. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 24: 130–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero NV, Singh RH, Manatunga A, Berry GT, Steiner RD, Elsas LJ (2000) Risk factors for premature ovarian failure in females with galactosemia. J Pediatr 137: 833–841

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hundscheid RD, Sistermans EA, Thomas CM, Braat DD, Straatman H, Kiemeney LA, Oostra BA, Smits AP (2000) Imprinting effect in premature ovarian failure confined to paternally inherited fragile X premutations. Am J Hum Genet 66: 413–418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irvine WJ, Chan MM, Scarth L, Kolb FO, Hartog M, Bayliss RI, Drury MI (1968) Immunological aspects of premature ovarian failure associated with idiopathic Addison’s disease. Lancet 2: 883–887

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalantaridou SN, Braddock DT, Patronas NJ, Nelson LM (1999) Treatment of autoimmune premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod 14: 1777–1782

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim TJ, Anasti JN, Flack MR, Kimzey LM, Defensor RA, Nelson LM (1997) Routine endocrine screening for patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 89: 777–779

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krauss CM, Turksoy RN, Atkins L, McLaughlin C, Brown LG, Page DC (1987) Familial premature ovarian failure due to an interstitial deletion of the long arm of the X chromosome. N Engl J Med 317: 125–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuki S, Morgan RL, Tucci JR (1981) Myasthenia gravis and premature ovarian failure. Arch Intern Med 141: 1230–1232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ledger WL, Thomas EJ, Browning D, Lenton EA, Cooke ID (1989) Suppression of gonadotrophin secretion does not reverse premature ovarian failure. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96: 196–199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leeton J, Rogers P, Cameron I, Caro C, Healy D (1989) Pregnancy results following embryo transfer in women receiving low-dosage variable-length estrogen replacement therapy for premature ovarian failure. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 6: 232–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letterie G, Miyazawa K (1989) A combination of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and human menopausal gonadotropins for ovulation induction in premature ovarian failure. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 68: 571–573

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luborsky JL, Visintin I, Boyers S, Asari T, Caldwell B, DeCherney A (1990) Ovarian antibodies detected by immobilized antigen immunoassay in patients with premature ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70: 69–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig M, Diedrich K (1999) Regulation of assisted reproductive technology: the German experience. In: Brinsden PR (ed) A textbook of in vitro fertilization and assisted reproduction. Parthenon Publishing Group, New York, pp 431–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig M, Diedrich K (2000) Ethical problems of the German embryo protection law. Ref Gynecol Obstet 7: 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutjen PJ, Findlay JK, Trounson AO, Leeton JF, Chan LK (1986) Effect on plasma gonadotropins of cyclic steroid replacement in women with premature ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62: 419–423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lydic ML, Liu JH, Rebar RW, Thomas MA, Cedars MI (1996) Success of donor oocyte in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in recipients with and without premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 65: 98–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus SF, Brinsden PR (1999) Oocyte donation. In: Brinsden PR (ed) A textbook of in vitro fertilization and assisted reproduction. Parthenon Publishing Group, New York, pp 343–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Marozzi A, Vegetti W, Manfredini E, Tibiletti MG, Testa G, Crosignani PG, Ginelli E, Meneveri R, Dalpra L (2000) Association between idiopathic premature ovarian failure and fragile X premutation. Hum Reprod 15: 197–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menashe Y, Pearlstone AC, Surrey ES (1996) Spontaneous pregnancies despite failed attempts at ovulation induction in a woman with latrogenic premature ovarian failure. J Reprod Med 41: 207–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray A, Ennis S, Morton N (2000) No evidence for parent of origin influencing premature ovarian failure in fragile X premutation carriers. Am J Hum Genet 67: 253–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakai M, Tatsumi H, Arai M (1984) Case report. Successive pregnancies in a patient with premature ovarian failure. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 18: 217–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohsawa M, Wu MC, Masahashi T, Asai M, Narita 0 (1985) Cyclic therapy resulted in pregnancy in premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 66: 64S - 67S

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivar AC (1996) The role of laparoscopic ovarian biopsy in the management of premature gonadal failure. Conn Med 60: 707–708

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pados G, Camus M, Van Waesberghe L, Liebaers I, Van Steirteghem A, Devroey P (1992) Oocyte and embryo donation: evaluation of 412 consecutive trials. Hum Reprod 7: 1111–1117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paulson RJ, Hatch IE, Lobo RA, Sauer MV (1997) Cumulative conception and live birth rates after oocyte donation: implications regarding endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod 12: 835–839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell CM, Taggart RT, Drumheller TC, Wangsa D, Qian C, Nelson LM, White BJ (1994) Molecular and cytogenetic studies of an X; autosome translocation in a patient with premature ovarian failure and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 52: 19–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sala C, Arrigo G, Toni G, Martinazzi F, Riva P, Larizza L, Philippe C, Jon-veaux P, Sloan F, Labella T, Toniolo D (1997) Eleven X chromosome breakpoints associated with premature ovarian failure (POF) map to a 15-Mb YAC contig spanning Xq21. Genomics 40: 123–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shelling AN, Burton KA, Chand AL, van Ee CC, France JT, Farquhar CM, Milsom SR, Love DR, Gersak K, Aittomaki K, Winship IM (2000) Inhibin: a candidate gene for premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod 15: 2644–2649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman SL (2000) Premature ovarian failure among fragile X premutation carriers: parent-of-origin effect? Am J Hum Genet 67: 11–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheu BC, Ho HN, Yang YS (1996) Spontaneous pregnancy after previous pregnancy by oocyte donation due to premature ovarian failure. Hum Re-prod 11: 1359–1360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith HC, Seale JP, Posen S (1974) Premature ovarian failure in a triple X female. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 81: 405–409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snick HK, Snick TS, Evers JL, Collins JA (1997) The spontaneous pregnancy prognosis in untreated subfertile couples: the Walcheren primary care study. Hum Reprod 12: 1582–1588

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung L, Bustillo M, Mukherjee T, Booth G, Karstaedt A, Copperman AB (1997) Sisters of women with premature ovarian failure may not be ideal ovum donors. Fertil Steril 67: 912–916

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takakura K, Takebayashi K, Wang HQ, Kimura F, Kasahara K, Noda Y (2001) Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene mutations are rare in Japanese women with premature ovarian failure and polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 75: 207–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takebayashi K, Takakura K, Wang H, Kimura F, Kasahara K, Noda Y (2000) Mutation analysis of the growth differentiation factor-9 and —9B genes in patients with premature ovarian failure and polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 74: 976–979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang L, Sawers RS (1989) Twin pregnancy in premature ovarian failure after estrogen treatment: a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161: 172–173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tharapel AT, Anderson KR Simpson JL, Martens PR, Wilroy RS Jr, Llerena JC Jr, Schwartz CE (1993) Deletion (X) (q26.1—q28) in a proband and her mother: molecular characterization and phenotypic-karyotypic deductions. Am J Hum Genet 52: 463–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tong Y, Liao WX, Roy AC, Ng SC (2001) Absence of mutations in the coding regions of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene in Singapore Chinese women with premature ovarian failure and polycystic ovary syndrome. Horm Metab Res 33: 221–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Touraine P, Beau I, Gougeon A, Meduri G, Desroches A, Pichard C, Detoeuf M, Paniel B, Prieur M, Zorn JR, Milgrom E, Kuttenn F, Misrahi M (1999) New natural inactivating mutations of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: correlations between receptor function and phenotype. Mol Endocrinol 13: 1844–1854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turkington RW, Lebovitz HE (1967) Extra-adrenal endocrine deficiencies in Addison’s disease. Am J Med 43: 499–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uzielli ML, Guarducci S, Lapi E, Cecconi A, Ricci U, Ricotti G, Biondi C, Scarselli B, Vieri F, Scarnato P, Gori F, Sereni A (1999) Premature ovarian failure (POF) and fragile X premutation females: from POF to fragile X carrier identification, from fragile X carrier diagnosis to POF association data. Am J Med Genet 84: 300–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Kasteren YM, Schoemaker J (1999) Premature ovarian failure: a systematic review on therapeutic interventions to restore ovarian function and achieve pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 5: 483–492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kasteren YM, Hoek A, Schoemaker J (1995) Ovulation induction in premature ovarian failure: a placebo-controlled randomized trial combining pituitary suppression with gonadotropin stimulation. Fertil Steril 64: 273–278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kasteren YM, Braat DD, Hemrika DJ, Lambalk CB, Rekers-Mombarg LT, von Blomberg BM, Schoemaker J (1999a) Corticosteroids do not influence ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropins in patients with premature ovarian failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 71: 90–95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kasteren YM, Hundscheid RD, Smits AP, Cremers FP, van Zonneveld P, Braat DD (1999b) Familial idiopathic premature ovarian failure: an overrated and underestimated genetic disease? Hum Reprod 14: 2455–2459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez AM, Kenny FM (1973) Ovarian failure and antiovarian antibodies in association with hypoparathyroidism, moniliasis, and Addison’s and Hashimoto’s diseases. Obstet Gynecol 41: 414–418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vegetti W, Grazia TM, Testa G, de Lauretis Y, Alagna F, Castoldi E, Taborelli M, Motta T, Bolis PF, Dalpra L, Crosignani PG (1998) Inheritance in idiopathic premature ovarian failure: analysis of 71 cases. Hum Reprod 13: 1796–1800

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vianna-Morgante AM, Costa SS (2000) Premature ovarian failure is associated with maternally and paternally inherited premutation in Brazilian families with fragile X. Am J Hum Genet 67: 254–255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva AL, Rebar RW (1983) Triple-X syndrome and premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 62: 70s - 73s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitney EA, Layman LC, Chan PJ, Lee A, Peak DB, McDonough PG (1995) The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene is polymorphic in premature ovarian failure and normal controls. Fertil Steril 64: 518–524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams RS, Littell RD, Mendenhall NP (1999) Laparoscopie oophoropexy and ovarian function in the treatment of Hodgkin disease. Cancer 86: 2138–2142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zargar AH, Salahuddin M, Wani AI, Bashir MI, Masoodi SR, Laway BA (2000) Pregnancy in premature ovarian failure: a possible role of estrogen plus progesterone treatment. J Assoc Physicians India 48: 213–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. M. Ludwig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Diedrich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, 04609, Bar Harbor, ME, USA

    J. Eppig

  2. Safety Pharm. Mgmt., Schering AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13342, Berlin, Germany

    Ch. Hegele-Hartung

  3. Female Health Care, Schering AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13342, Berlin, Germany

    M. Lessl

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Ludwig, M., Diedrich, K. (2002). Ovarian Infertility — Reasons and Treatment Paradigms. In: Eppig, J., Hegele-Hartung, C., Lessl, M. (eds) The Future of the Oocyte. Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop, vol 41. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04960-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04960-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-04962-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04960-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation