Abstract
This chapter explains how waves (and particles) are scattered by individual atoms. The emphasis is on elastic scattering — inelastic scattering is the topic of Chap. 4. Diffraction, as shown with Bragg’s Law in Fig. 1.1 and developed further in Chap. 5, is a type of cooperative elastic scattering by a group of atoms. Diffraction requires “coherent scattering,” characterized by a precise relationship between the phases of the incident and scattered waves. The scattered wave is the sum of component waves, “wavelets” as we call them, emanating from the different atoms in the sample. In diffraction, phase differences between these outgoing wavelets cause constructive or destructive interferences at different angles around the sample. These interferences cause the total scattered wave to have maxima and minima, depending on the distances and angles between the atoms in the material.
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Further Reading
The contents of the following are described in the Bibliography.
R. F. Egerton: Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, 2nd Ed. (Plenum Press, New York 1969).
P. B. Hirsch, A. Howie, R. B. Nicholson, D. W. Pashley, and M. J. Whelan: Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals (R. E. Krieger, Malabar, Florida 1977).
L. Reimer: Transmission Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis, 4th Ed. (Springer—Verlag, New York 1997).
G. L. Squires: Introduction to the Theory of Thermal Neutron Scattering (Dover, Mineola, New York 1996).
J. C. H. Spence and J. M. Zuo: Electron Microdiffraction (Plenum, New York 1992).
B. E. Warren: X-Ray Diffraction (Dover, Mineola, New York 1990).
Chapter 3 title image conveys the important concept of Fig. 3.5
Figure reproduced with the courtesy of the Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens, San Marino, CA.
J. C. H. Spence: Acta Cryst. A49, 231 (1993).
J. M. Zuo, M. Kim, M. O’Keefe, and J. C. H. Spence: Nature 401, 49 (1999). Figure reproduced with the courtesy of Nature and J. C. H. Spence.
U. Kriplani: Kinematical Mössbauer Diffraction from Polycrystalline 57Fe. Ph.D. Thesis, California lnstitute of Technology, California (2000).
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Fultz, B., Howe, J.M. (2002). Scattering. In: Transmission Electron Microscopy and Diffractometry of Materials. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04901-3_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04901-3_3
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