Abstract
Predicting the entrainment and transport rates of sediment grains making up an erodible bed underlying an arbitrary flow field requires a mechanistic understanding of the coupling between the flow and the forces on sediment grains. To help develop such an understanding, a suite of flow and sediment-transport experiments are described; these may be loosely divided into two categories. First, measurements of near-bed flow structure and sediment motion in a variety of spatially or temporally accelerating flows are used to show the manner in which changes in flow structure can impact sediment entrainment and transport. Second, direct high-frequency measurements of lift and drag on sediment particles in various turbulent flows are used to make a more direct connection between nearbed flow structure and sediment dynamics. Taken together, these experiments show how even changes in turbulence structure due to spatial and/or temporal accelerations can have a significant effect on the sediment-transport field. Finally, a method is briefly outlined for predicting sediment motion under arbitrary flows using either measured nearbed velocity time series or flow information predicted from direct numerical simulations or large-eddy simulations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Apperley, L.W., and Raudkivi, A.J. (1989) The entrainment of sediments by the turbulent flow of water: Hydrobiologia, 176/177, 39–49.
Bennett, S.J., and Best, J.L. (1995): Mean flow and turbulence structure over fixed, two-dimensional dunes: implications for sediment transport and bedform stability, 42, 491–513.
Bradshaw, P., and Wong, F.V.F. (1972) The reattachment and relaxation of a turbulent shear layer, J. Fluid Mech., 53, 113–135.
Durst, F., Melling, A., and Whitelaw,J.H. (1981) Principles and Practices of Laser-Doppler Anemometry, Academic, San Diego.
Eaton, J.K. and Johnston, J.P. (1980) Turbulent flow reattachment: An experimental study of flow and structure downstream of a backward-facing step, Dept. of Mech. Eng. Rep. MD-39, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
Fernandez Luque, R., and van Beek, R. (1976) Erosion and transport of bed-load sediment, J. Hydraulic Research, 14, 127–144.
Jensen,B.L. (1989) Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Oscillatory Boundary Layers, Institute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engineering Series Paper 45, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 157 pp.
McLean, S.R., Nelson, J.M., and Wolfe, S.R. (1994) Turbulence structure over two-dimensional bedforms: Implications for sediment transport, J. Geophys. Res., 99(12), 12729–12747.
Meyer-Peter, E., Favre, H., and Einstein, A. (1934) Neuere versuchsresultate uber den geschiebtrieb, Schweizerische Bauzeitung, 103.
Meyer-Peter, E., and Muller, R. (1948) Formulas for bedload transport, in 2nd Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, 39–64.
Nelson, J.M., and Smith, J.D. (1989) Mechanics of flow over ripples and dunes, J. Geophysical Res., 94, 8146–8162.
Nelson, J.M., McLean, S.R., and Wolfe, S.R. (1993) Mean flow and turbulence fields over two-dimensional bed forms, Water Resources Res., 29, 3935–3953.
Nelson, J.M., Shreve, R.L., McLean, S.R., and Drake, T.G. (1995) Role of near-bed turbulence in bed load transport and bed form mechanics, Water Resources Research, 31 (8), 2071–2086.
Raudkivi, A.J. (1963) Study of sediment ripple formation, J. Hydraul. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 69, 15–33.
Raudkivi, A.J. (1966) Bed forms in alluvial channels, J. Fluid Mech., 26, 507514.
Roberson, J.A., and Chen, C.K. (1970) Flow in conduits with. low roughness concentration: J. Hyd. Div. ASCE, 96, 941–957.
Rubin, D.M., Nelson, J.M., and Shreve, R.L. (1998a) Exploring the limits of predictability of instantaneous sediment flux, Eos Transactions, 79 (45), p. 329.
Rubin, D.M., Nelson, J.M., and Shreve, R.L., (1998b) Predicting time-varying bedload flux under waves, Proceedings of the 15th International Sedimento-logical Congress, International Association of Sedimentologists, University of Alicante Press, p. 677.
Schlichting, H. (1979) Boundary Layer Theory, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 817 pp.
Schmeeckle, M.W. (1998), The Mechanics of Bedload Sediment Transport, Ph.D dissertation, Dep’t of Geography, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, 150 pp.
Simpson, R.L. (1989) Turbulent boundary-layer separation, Annual Rev. Fluid Mech., 21, 205–234.
Spalart, P.R. and Baldwin, B.S. (1987) Direct simulation of a turbulent oscillatory boundary layer, NASA Technical Memorandum 89460, Ames Research Center, Moffat Field, CA.
Tennekes, H. and Lumley, J.L. (1972) A First Course in Turbulence, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Williams, J.J., and Kemp, P.H. (1971) Initiation of ripples on flat sediment beds, J. Hydraul. Div. ASCE, 97, 505–522.
Williams, J.J., Thorne, P.D., and Heathershaw, A.D. (1989) Measurements of turbulence in the benthic boundary layer over a gravel bed, Sedimentology, 36, 959–971.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nelson, J.M., Schmeeckle, M.W., Shreve, R.L., McLean, S.R. (2001). Sediment Entrainment and Transport in Complex Flows. In: Seminara, G., Blondeaux, P. (eds) River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04571-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04571-8_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07530-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04571-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive