Abstract
During recent decades, large-scale effects of pollution on the entire Baltic Sea have become apparent. The prevalence of anoxic deep basins, decreases in the large populations of grey seals and increased frequency of toxic phytoplankton blooms (Horstmann 1975; Kahru et al. 1994) are examples of phenomena governed by large-scale processes. Marine resources, like fish for consumption, are endangered due to overall high levels of toxic substances and overfishing. Measures must be implemented to reduce the loads of pollutant to such levels that the environmental quality of the Baltic is restored. At the same time, the costs of different measures should be weighted against the results achieved (see HELCOM 1991; Wulff and Niemi 1992; Gren et al.1997). Consequently, demand for strong scientific argument increases when international measures need to be motivated (see e.g. Wikner et al. 1996).
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Wulff, F., Rahm, L., Larsson, P. (2001). Introduction. In: Wulff, F.V., Rahm, L.A., Larsson, P. (eds) A Systems Analysis of the Baltic Sea. Ecological Studies, vol 148. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04453-7_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04453-7_1
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