Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Giant Magnetoresistance in Exchange-Biased Spin-Valve Layered Structures and its Application in Read Heads

  • Chapter
Magnetic Multilayers and Giant Magnetoresistance

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Surface Sciences ((SSSUR,volume 37))

Abstract

Exchange-biased spin-valve layered structures consist (in their simplest form) of a magnetically soft ferromagnetic layer, separated by a nonferromagnetic layer from a second ferromagnetic layer, which has its magnetization pinned by the exchange biasing interaction with a third magnetic (usually antiferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic) layer. For suitable layer compositions and nanometer-scale layer thicknesses these materials combine a fair Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) effect with a very small field interval close to zero field in which the resistance change takes place. The resulting high sensitivity makes these materials attractive for sensor applications and other magnetoelectronic devices. In this overview, I first review experimental results on GMR of these materials, their theoretical interpretation, and the magnetic interactions which determine the magnetization reversal process. Subsequently, trends in magnetic recording and the potential benefit of exchange-biased spin-valves in yoke-type read heads for high-density digital magnetic recording are discussed. The chapter closes with an overview of unresolved issues, and with a note added in proof on developments that have taken place after the completion of the manuscript.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. G. Binasch, P. Grünberg, F. Saurenbach and W. Zinn, Phys. Rev. B 39, 4828 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. M. N. Baibich, J. M. Brote, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Etienne, G. Creuzet, A. Friederich and J. Chazelas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. D. E. Heim, R. E. Fontana Jr., C. Tsang, V. S. Speriosu, B. A. Gurney, and M. L. Williams, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 316 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. C. Tsang, R. E. Fontana, T. Lin, D. E. Heim, V. S. Speriosu, B. A. Gurney, and M. L. Williams, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 3801 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. W. Folkerts, J. C. S. Kools, T. G. S. M. Rijks, R. Coehoorn, M. C. de Nooijer, G. J. H. Somers, J. J. M. Ruigrok and L. Postma, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 3813 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. W. Folkerts, J. C. S. Kools, M. C. de Nooijer, J. J. M. Ruigrok, L. Postma, K.—M. H. Lenssen, G. H. J. Somers and R. Coehoorn, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 2591 (1995); W. Folkerts and J. C. S. Kools, Sensors and Actuators A64, 237 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Y. Hamakawa, H. Hoshiya, T. Kawabe, Y. Susuki, R. Arai, K. Nakamoto, M. Fuyama and Y. Sugita, IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 149 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. P. ten Berge et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 31 2603 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. H. Kanai, J. Kane, K. Aoshima, M. Kanamine and Y. Uehara, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 2612 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Daugton, J. Brown, E. Chen, R. Beech, A. Pohm and W. Kude, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 4608 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. J. L. Brown, IEEE Trans. Comp. Pack. Manuf. Techn. A17, 373 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  12. A. V. Pohm, R. S. Beech, P. A. Bade, E. Y. Chen and J. M. Daughton, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 4650 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. D. D. Tang, P. K. Wang, V. S. Speriosu, S. Le and K. K. Kung, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 3206 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Irie, H. Sakakima, M. Satomi and Y. Kawawake, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 34, L415 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. In this chapter the term “layered structure” will be used for the general case of a thin film consisting of a stack of different layers, whereas the term “multilayer” will be used for the more specific case of a layered structure within which a sequence of layers is periodically repeated.

    Google Scholar 

  16. P. M. Levy, in Solid State Physics 47, ed. D. Turnbull and H. Ehrenreich, ( Acad. Press, San Diego, 1994 ) p. 367–462.

    Google Scholar 

  17. B. Dieny, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 136, 335 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Fert and P. Bruno in Ultrathin magnetic structures,ed. J. A. C. Bland and B. Heinrich (Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1994), Vol. 2, ch. 2

    Google Scholar 

  19. S. S. P. Parkin in Ultrathin magnetic structures,ed. J. A. C. Bland and B. Heinrich (Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1994), Vol. 2, ch. 2

    Google Scholar 

  20. M. A. M. Gijs and G. E. W. Bauer, Adv. Phys. 46, 285–445 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. B. Dieny, V. S. Speriosu, S. S. P. Parkin, B. A. Gurney, D. R. Wilhoit and D. Mauri, Phys. Rev. B 43, 1297 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. B. Dieny, V.S. Speriosu, B. A. Gurney, S. S. P. Parkin, D. R. Wilhoit, K. P. Roche, S. Metin, D. T. Peterson and S. Nadimi, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 93, 101 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. B. Dieny, V. S. Speriosu, S. Metin, S. S. P. Parkin, B. A. Gurney, P. Baumgart and D. R. Wilhoit, J. Appl. Phys. 69, 4774 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. T. G. S. M. Rijks, W. J. M. de Jonge, W. Folkerts, J. C. S. Kools and R. Coehoorn, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 916 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. T. R. McGuire and R. I. Potter, IEEE Trans. Magn. 11, 1018 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. S. S. P. Parkin, N. More and K. P. Roche, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2304 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. D. H. Mosca, F. Petroff, A. Fert, P. A. Schroeder, W. P. Pratt and R. Loloee, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 94, L1 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Barnas, A. Fuss, R. E. Campley, U. Walz, P. Grünberg and W. Zinn, Vacuum 41, 1241 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. C. Dupas, P. Beauvillain, C. Chappert, J. P. Renard, F. Trigui, P. Veillet, E. Vélu and D. Renard, J. Appl. Phys. 67. 5680 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. V. S. Speriosu, B. Dieny, P. Humbert, B. A. Gurney and H. Lefakis, Phys. Rev. B 44, 5358 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. M. Julliere, Phys. Lett 54 A, 225 (1975); S. Maekawa and U. Gafvert, IEEE Trans. Magn. 18, 707 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. A. Chaiken, G. A. Prinz and J. J. Krebs, J. Appl. Phys. 67, 4892 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. T. Shinjo, H. Yamamoto, T. Anno and T. Okuyama, Appl. Surf. Science 60, 61, 798 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  34. J. L. Duvail et al., J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 151, 324 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  35. N. Mott, Proc. Roy. Soc. 156, 368 (1936)

    Google Scholar 

  36. A. Fert, in Materials Science Forum, 59–60, 439–480 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  37. For systems of the type (FI/NM/F2/NM) an increase of the resistance upon switching the magnetization directions of the ferromagnetic layers F1 and F2 from an antiparallel to a parallel alignment is obtained if, effectively, scattering at the layers F1 and F2 is characterized by opposite spin asymmetry parameters (J. M. George et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 408 (1994); J.—P. Renard et al., Phys. Rev. B 51,12821 (1995))

    Google Scholar 

  38. T. Valet and A. Fert, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 121, 378 (1993); T. Valet and A. Fert, Phys. Rev. B 48, 7099 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. W.P. Pratt, Jr., S. F. Lee, J. M. Slaughter, R. Loloee, P. A. Schroeder and J. Bass, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 3060 (1991); W.P. Pratt, Jr., S.—F. Lee, P. Holody, Q. Yang, R. Loloee, J. Bass and P. A. Schroeder, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 126, 406 (1993); Q. Yang, P. Holody, R. Loloee, L. L. Henry, W. P. Pratt, Jr., P. A. Schroeder and J. Bass, Phys. Rev. B 51, 3226 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  40. M. A. M. Gijs, S. K. J. Lenczowski and J. B. Giesbers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3343 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. Figure partly taken from R. Coehoorn, in Supermagnets, Hard Magnetic Materials, G. J. Long and F. Grandjean (eds.), ( Kluwer, 1991 ), p. 133–170.

    Google Scholar 

  42. S. K. J. Lenczowski, M. A. M. Gijs, R. J. M. van de Veerdonk, J. B. Giesbers and W. J. M. de Jonge, MRS Symp. Proc., to be published (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  43. S. S. P. Parkin, Digest of the 14th Int. Coll. on Magn. Films and Surfaces, p. 27 (Düsseldorf, 1994 )

    Google Scholar 

  44. J. Banhart and H. Ebert, Europhys. Lett. 32, 517 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. J. Inoue, A. Oguri and S. Maekawa, J. Phys. Soc. J.n 60, 376 (1991); J. Inoue, H. Itoh and S. Maekawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 61, 1149 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. R. Schad, C.D. Potter, P. Beliën, G. Verbanck. V.V. Moschalkov and Y. Bruynseraede, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3500 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. S. S. P. Parkin, Z. G. Li and S. J. Smith, Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 2710 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. For Fe/Cr interfaces this is far from trivial; competing antiferromagnetic Fe—Cr and Cr—Cr interactions between atoms at the interface play a crucial role (R. Coehoorn, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 151, 341 (1995))

    Google Scholar 

  49. R. Coehoorn, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 121, 432 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. H. Itoh, J. Inoue and S. Maekawa, Phys. Rev. B 47, 5809 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. D. M. C. Nicholson, W. H. Butler, X.—G..Zhang, J. M. MacLaren, B. A. Gurney and V. S. Speriosu, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 6905 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. M. Kohler, Ann. Physik 6, 18 (1949)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  53. J. P. Jan, in Solid State Physics 5, eds F. Seitz and D. Turnbull, ( Acad. Press, New York, 1957 ) p. 1–96.

    Google Scholar 

  54. J. Smit, Physica 16, 612 (1951)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. The layers are given in the order of deposition.

    Google Scholar 

  56. T. G. S. M. Rijks, R. Coehoorn, J. T. F. Daemen and W. J. M. de Jonge, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 1092 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. V. Speriosu, J. P. Nozières, B. A. Gurney, B. Dieny, T. C. Huang and H. Lefakis, Phys. Rev. B 47, 11579 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. B. Rodmacq, G. Palumbo and P. Gerard, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 118, Lii (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  59. T. L. Hylton, K. R. Coffee, M. A. Parker and J. K. Howard, Science 261, 1021 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. T. G. S. M. Rijks, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  61. B. Dieny, P. Humbert, V. S. Speriosu and B. A. Gurney, Phys. Rev. B 45, 806 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. B. A. Gurney, V. S. Speriosu, J.—P. Nozières, H. Lefakis, D. R. Wilhoit and O. U. Need, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4023 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. T. G. S. M. Rijks, PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  64. B. Dieny, V. S. Speriosu and S. Metin, Europhys. Lett. 15, 227 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. B. Dieny, J. P. Nozières, V. S. Speriosu, B. A. Gurney and D. R. Wilhoit, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 2111 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1641 (1993); S.S.P. Parkin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61 1358 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  67. W. H. Butler, X.—G. Zhang, D. M. Nicholson and J. M. MacLaren, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 151, 354 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. P. P. Freitas, J. L. Leal, T. S. Plaskett, L. V. Melo and J. C. Soares, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 6480 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. J. L. Leal, N. J. Oliviera, L. M. Rodrigues, A. T. Sousa, and P. P. Freitas, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 3831 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. H. Hoshiya, M. Komuro, K. Mitsuoka and Y. Sugita, Nippon Oyo Jiki Gakkaishi 18, 355 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  71. T. C. Anthony, J. A. Brug and S. Zhang, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 3819 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. H. Swagten, G. J. Strijkers, P. J. H. Bloemen, M. M. H. Willekens and W. J. M. de Jonge, Phys. Rev. B 53, 9108 (1996); H. J. M. Swagten, G. Strijkers, R. H.J.N. Bitter, W. J. M. de Jonge and J. C. S. Kools, IEEE Trans. Magn. 34, 948 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  73. W.F. Egelhoff, Jr. et al. J. Appl. Phys. 78, 273 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. P. M. Baumgart, B. Dieny, B. A. Gurney, J.—P. Nozières, V. S. Speriosu and D. R. Wilhoit, U.S. Patent 5287238 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  75. S. Noguchi, R. Nakatani, K. Hoshino and Y. Sugita, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 5734 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. T. G. S. M. Rijks, R. L. H. Sour, D. G. Neerinck, A. E. M. de Veirman, R. Coehoorn, J. C. S. Kools, M. F. Gillies and W. J. M. de Jonge, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 3865 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. J. P. W. B. Duchateau, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  78. R. Jérome, T. Valet and P. Galtier, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 4878 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. R. Nakatani, K. Hoshino, S. Noguchi and Y. Sugita, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 133 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. K.—M. H. Lenssen, J. C. S. Kools, A. E. M. De Veirman, J. J. T. M. Donkers, M. T. Johnson, A. Reinders and R. Coehoorn, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 156, 63 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. K. Nishioka, S. Gangopadhyay, H. Fujiwara and M. Parker, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 3949 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. T. C. Huang, J.—P. Nozières, V. S. Speriosu, H. Lefakis and B. A. Gurney, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 1573 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. J. C. S. Kools, J. Appl. Phys. 77, 2993 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. H. S. Joo and H. A. Atwater, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 3946 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. T. C. Huang, J.—P. Nozières, V. S. Speriosu, B. A. Gurney and H. Lefakis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1478 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. J. C. S. Kools, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Y. Kitada, H. Kikuchi, H. Kishi, M. Otagiri and K. Kobayashi, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 2600 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. R. E. Camley and J. Barnas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 664 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. See, e.g., N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Solid State Physics, (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1976) and J. S. Dugdale, The electrical Properties of Metals and Alloys, ( Edward Arnold, London, 1977 )

    Google Scholar 

  90. K. Fuchs, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 34, 100 (1938); E. H. Sondheimer, Adv. Phys. 1, 1 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  91. M. J. M. de Jong, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  92. A. Vedyayev, B. Dieny, N. Ryzhanova, J. B. Genin and C. Cowache, Europhys. Lett. 25, 465 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. B. Dieny, Europhys. Lett. 17, 261 (1992); (4.15) on the anisotropic mean free path: B. Dieny, private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  94. B. Dieny, V. S. Speriosu, J.—P. Nozières, B. A. Gurney, A. Vedyaev and N. Ryzhanova, in “Magnetism and Structure in Systems of Reduced Dimensions”, eds R. F. C. Farrow et al., Plenum, New York (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  95. B. A. Gurney, V. S. Speriousu, H. Lefakis and D. R. Wilhoit, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 6616 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. T. G. S. M. Rijks and R. van de Kruijs, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  97. T. G. S. M. Rijks, R. Coehoorn and W. J. M. de Jonge, in Magnetic Ultrathin Films, ed. B. T. Jonker et al., MRS Symposia Proceedings No. 313 (MRS, Pittsburg, 1993), p. 283; T. G. S. M. Rijks, R. Coehoorn, M. J. M. de Jong and W. J. M. de Jonge, Phys. Rev. B 51, 283 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  98. A.B. Granovski, A. V. Vedyaev and A. V. Kalitsov, Phys. Sol. State 37, 183 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. B. Dieny, A. Granovsky, A. Vedyaev, N. Ryzhanova, C. Cowache and L. G. Pereira, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 151, 378 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. R. Q. Hood and L. M. Falicov, Phys. Rev. B 46, 8287 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. B. L. Johnson and R. E. Camley, Phys. Rev. B 44, 9997 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. H. E. Camblong and P. M. Levy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2835 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. A. Brataas and G. E. W. Bauer, Europhys. Lett. 26, 117 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. X.—G. Zhang and W. H. Butler, Phys. Rev. B 51, 10085 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. P. Levy, S. Zhang and A. Fert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1643 (1990); Phys. Rev. B 45, 8689 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. A. Vedyayev, B. Dieny and N. Ryzhanova, Europhys. Lett. 19, 329 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. T. Oguchi, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 126, 519 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. K. M. Schep, P. J. Kelly and G. E. W. Bauer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 586 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. P. Zahn, I. Mertig, M. Richter and H. Eshrich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2996 (1995); I. Mertig, P. Zahn, M. Richter, H. Eshrich, R. Zeller and P. H. Dederichs, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 151, 363 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. J. C. S. Kools, T. G. S. M. Rijks, A. E. M. de Veirman and R. Coehoorn, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31 3918 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. See the contributions by K. B. Hathaway, by A. Fert and P. Bruno, by D. T. Pierce, J. Unguris and R. J. Celotta and by S. S. P. Parkin in Ultrathin Magnetic Structures,ed. J. A. C. Bland and B. Heirrich (Springer, Berlin, 1994), Vol. 2, Ch. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  112. See, e.g., M. T. Johnson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2688 (1992); M. T. Johnson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 969 (1992); P. J. H. Bloemen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 764 (1994); J. J. de Vries et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4306 (1995); M. T. Johnson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4686 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  113. K. Hoshino, S. Noguchi, R. Nakatani, H. Hoshiya and Y. Sugita, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 1327 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. L. Néel, C. R. Acad. Sci. 255, 1676 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  115. R. Jungblut, R. Coehoorn, M. T. Johnson, J. aan de Stegge and R. Reinders, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 6659 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. C. Tsang and K. Lee, J. Appl. Phys. 53, 2605 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. R. D. Hempstead, S. Krongelb and D. A. Thompson, IEEE Trans. Magn. 14, 521 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. C. Tsang, N. Heiman and K. Lee, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 2471 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. J. C. Scott, J. Appl. Phys. 57, 3681 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. C. Schlenker, S. S. P. Parkin, J. C. Scott and K. Howard, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 54–57, 801 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. C. Hwang, R. H. Geiss and J. K. Howard, J. Appl. Phys. 64, 6115 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. Y. Endoh and Y. Ishikawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn, 30, 1614 (1971)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. O. Allegranza and M. Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 73, 6218 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  124. S. S. P. Parkin and V. S. Speriosu, in Magnetic Properties of Low-Dimensional Systems II, Springer Proceedings in Physics 50, eds. L. M. Falicov, F. MejiaLira and J. L. Moran-Lopez ( Springer, Berlin, 1990 )

    Google Scholar 

  125. T. Lin, C. Tsang, R. E. Fontana and J. K. Howard, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 2585 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. T. G. S. M. Rijks, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  127. T. Lin, D. Mauri, N. Staud, C. Hwang, J. K. Howard and G. L. Gorman, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1183 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. W. C. Cain, W. H. Meiklejohn and M. H. Kryder, J. Appl. Phys. 61, 4170 (1987); W. C. Cain, J. W. Lee, P. V. Koeppe and M. Kryder, IEEE Trans. Magn. 24, 2609 (1988); W. C. Cain and M. Kryder, IEEE Trans. Magn. 26, 2412 (1990); W. C. Cain and M. H. Kryder, J. Appl. Phys. 67 5722 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  129. N. Smith and W. C. Cain, J. Appl. Phys. 69, 2471 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. P. Hansen, in Landolt-Börnstein, Vol. 19g, ed. H. P. J. Wijn ( Springer, Berlin, 1988 ), p. 57.

    Google Scholar 

  131. M. J. Carey and A. E. Berkowitz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 3060 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. S. Soeya, S. Tadokoro, T. Imagawa, M. Fuyama and S. Narishige, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 6297 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. M. J. Carey and A. E. Berkowitz, J. Appl. Phys. 73, 6892 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. J. Fujikata, K. Ishihara, K. Hayashi, H. Yamamoto and K. Yamada, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 3936 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. M. R. Parker, H. Fujiwara, S. Hossain and W. E. Webb, IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 2618 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. E. Pugh, in Physics of Thin Films, Vol. 1, ed. G. Hass, ( Acad. Press, New York, 1963 ), p. 277–334

    Google Scholar 

  137. C. H. Wilts and F.B. Humphrey, J. Appl. Phys. 19, 1191 (1968)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  138. L. Néel, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 237, 1468, 1613 (1953); J. Phys. Radium 15, 225 (1954)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  139. S. Taniguchi and M. Yamamoto, Sci. Rep. Inst. Tohoku Univ. A6, 330 (1954); S. Taniguchi, Sci. Rep. Inst. Tohoku Univ. A7, 269 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  140. S. Chikazumi, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 11, 551 (1956)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Reviews containing discussions on pair ordering in Ni—Fe alloys have been written by J. C. Slonczewski, in Magnetism, eds G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Vol. I (Acad. Press, New York, 1963), p. 205–242, and by D. O. Smith, in Magnetism, eds G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Vol. III(Acad. Press, New York, 1963 ), p. 465–523.

    Google Scholar 

  142. M. Goto, H. Tange and T. Kamimori, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 62. 251 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  143. T. G. S. M. Rijks, R. F. O. Reneerkens, R. Coehoorn, J. C. S. Kools, M. F. Gillies and J. N. Chapman, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 3442 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. M. F. Gillies, J. N. Chapman and J. C. S. Kools, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 5554 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  145. M. F. Gillies, J. N. Chapman and J. C. S. Kools, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 140–144 721 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. H. Hoffmann, IEEE Trans. Magn. 4, 32 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. M. F. Gillies, thesis, University of Glasgow (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  148. C. H. Bajorek and C. D. Mee, Data Storage 1, (1) 23 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  149. E. Grochowski and D. A. Thompson, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 3797 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  150. W. F. Druyvesteyn, J. A. C. van Ooyen, L. Postma, E. L. M. Raemaekers, J. J. M. Ruigrok and J. de Wilde, IEEE Trans. Magn. 17, 2884 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  151. W. Folkerts, Read/Write 18, 8 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  152. M. G. J. Heijman, J. H. W. Kuntzel and G. H. J. Somers, Philips Technical Review 44, 169 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  153. V. Zieren, G. Somers, J. J. M. Ruigrok, M. de Jongh, A. van Straalen, W. Folkerts, E. Draaisma, F. Pronk and T. Mitchell, IEEE Trans. Magn. 29, 3064 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  154. C. Tsang, M. Chen and T. Yogi, Proc. of the IEEE, 81, 1344 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. E. Y. Chen, A. V. Pohm, J. M. Daughton, J. Brown and W.C. Black, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 3816 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  156. J. J. M. Ruigrok, Philips J. Res. 36, 289 (1981); J. J. M. Ruigrok, J. Appl. Phys. 53, 2599 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  157. J. J. M. Ruigrok, Short- Wavelength Magnetic Recording: New Methods and Analyses, (Elsevier, Oxford, New York, 1990 )

    Google Scholar 

  158. W. Folkerts and J. J. M. Ruigrok, unpublished

    Google Scholar 

  159. W. Folkerts, unpublished

    Google Scholar 

  160. J. C. S. Kools, J. J. M. Ruigrok, L. Postma, M. C. de Nooijer and W. Folkerts, IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 4513 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  161. T. G. S. M. Rijks, unpublished

    Google Scholar 

  162. J. C. S. Kools, IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 3165 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. R. Coehoorn, J. C. S. Kools, T. G. S. M. Rijks and K.—M. H. Lenssen, Philips J. Research 51, 93 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. A. B. Oparin, D. M. C. Nicholson, X. G. Zhang, W. H. Butler, W. A. Shelton, G. M. Stocks and Yang-Wang, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 4548 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  165. W.F. Egelhoff, Jr. et al., J. Appl. Phys. 79, 5277 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  166. W.F. Egelhoff, Jr. et al., J. Appl. Phys. 82, 6142 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  167. Y. Sugita, Y. Kawawake, M. Satomi and H. Sakakima, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 5984 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  168. P. Bayle-Guillemaud, A. K. Petford-Long, T. C. Anthony and J. A. Brug, IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 4627 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  169. X. Portier, A. K. Petford-Long, P. Bayle-Guillemau, T. C. Anthony and J. A. Brug, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 118 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  170. J. Chen and S. Hershfield, Phys. Rev. B 57, 1097 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  171. S. D. Steenwyk, S. Y. Hsu, R. Loloee, J. Bass and W. P. Pratt, Jr., J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 170, L1 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  172. B. Dieny, L. G. Peirera, R. H. Taylor and S. Y. Yamamoto, IEEE Trans. Magn. 34, 942 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  173. W. H. Butler, X. G. Zhang, T. C. Schulthess, D. M. C. Nicholson, J. M. MacLaren, V. S. Speriosu and B. A. Gurney, Phys. Rev. B 56, 14574 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  174. W. H. Butler, X. G. Zhang, J. M. MacLaren, IEEE Trans. Magn. 34, 927 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. R. H. Brown, D. M. Nicholson, W. H. Butler, X. G. Zhang, W. A. Shelton, T. C. Schulthess and J. M. MacLaren, Phys. Rev. B 58, 11146 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  176. W. H. Butler, X. G. Zhang, T. C. Schulthess, D. M. C. Nicholson, A. B. Oparin and J. M. MacLaren, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 5834 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  177. J. N. Chapman, M. F. Gillies and P. P. Freitas, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 6452 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  178. X. Portier, A. K. Petford-Long, R. C. Doole, T. C. Anthony and J. A. Brug, IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 3574 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  179. J. P. King, J. N. Chapman and J. C. S. Kools, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 177–181, 896 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  180. J. N. Chapman, P. R. Aichison, K. J. Kirk, S. McVitie, J. C. S. Kools and M. F. Gillies, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 5321 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  181. A. K. Petford-Long, X. Portier, E. Y. Tsymbal, T. C. Anthony and J. A. Brug, IEEE Trans. Magn. 35, 788 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  182. C. C. Yu and A. K. Petford-Long, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 5753 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  183. J. Nogues and I. K. Schuller, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 192 203 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  184. M. Lederman, IEEE Trans. Magn. 35 794 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. P. A.A. van der Heijden, T. T. M. M. Maas, W. J. M. de Jonge, J. C. S. Kools, F. Roozeboom and P. J. van der Zaag, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 492 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  186. J. Fujikata, K. Hayashi, H. Yamamoto and M. Nakada, J. Appl. Phys. 83 7210 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  187. R. H. Taylor, R. 0—Barr, S. Y. Yamamoto and B. Dieny, J. Appl. Phys. 85 5036 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  188. K.—M. H. Lenssen, A. E. T. Kuiper and F. Roozeboom, J. Appl. Phys. 85 5531 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  189. C. Tsang, M. Pinarbasi, H. Santini, E. Marinero, P. Arnett, R. Olson, R. Hsiao, M. Williams, R. Payne, R. Wange, J. Moore, B. Gurney, T. Lin and R. Fontana, IEEE Trans. Magn. 35, 689 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  190. Y. Shirota, S. Tsunashima, R. Imada, Y. Nomura, S. Iwata and M. Jimbo, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1, 38, 714 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  191. R. J. M. van de Veerdonk, P. J. L. Beliën, K. M. Schep, J. C. S. Kools, M. C. de Nooijer, M. A. M. Gijs, R. Coehoorn, and W. J. M. de Jonge, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 6152 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  192. K. G. Ashar, Magnetic Disk Drive Technology, IEEE Press, New York (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  193. P. V. Schwartz, R. Bubber, A.P. Paranjpe and J. C. S. Kools, J. Vac. Science and Technology A16, 3080 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  194. B. A. Gurney et al., J. Appl. Phys. 81, 3998 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  195. H. Yoda, H. Iwasaki, T. Kobayashi, A. Tsutai and M. Sahashi, IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 3363 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  196. H. Kanai et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 3368 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  197. K. Nanamoto et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 3374 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  198. H. Kanai et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 2872 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  199. H. Tong et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 2884 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  200. A. Veloso, P. P. Freitas, N. J. Oliveira, J. Fernandes and M. Ferreira, IEEE Trans. Magn. 34, 2343 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  201. N. J. Oliveira, P. P. Freitas, S. Li and V. Gehanno, IEEE Trans. Magn. 35, 734 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  202. X. Portier, A. K. Petford-Long, T. C. Anthony and J. A. Brug, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 6840 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  203. X. Portier, A. K. Petford-Long, T. C. Anthony and J. A. Brug, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 4120 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  204. J. C. S. Kools, R. Coehoorn, W. Folkerts, M. C. de Nooijer and G. H. J. Somers, Philips J. Research 51, 93 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. Coehoorn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Saarbrücken, 66041, Saarbrücken, Germany

    Uwe Hartmann

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Coehoorn, R. (2000). Giant Magnetoresistance in Exchange-Biased Spin-Valve Layered Structures and its Application in Read Heads. In: Hartmann, U. (eds) Magnetic Multilayers and Giant Magnetoresistance. Springer Series in Surface Sciences, vol 37. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04121-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04121-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08487-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04121-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation