Abstract
The first thoughts about the LHC were already made in the 1980s, in competition with the US superconducting super collider (SSC) project. After the SSC was cancelled, the way was clear for the construction of the LHC, whose superconducting magnets have to be cooled to a temperature of 1.9 K, colder than the universe, in order to achieve magnetic fields of more than 8 T on a large scale, which had never been achieved before.
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Notes
- 1.
The same applies to the collision of protons with antiprotons.
- 2.
The energy loss \(\Delta {\text{E}}\) due to radiation depends on the bending radius r, but much more on the mass m, and the kinetic energy E of the accelerated particle: \(\Delta {\text{E}}{\mkern 1mu} \, \propto \tfrac{{{\text{E}}^{4} }}{{{\text{r}} \times {\text{m}}^{4} }}\).
- 3.
The later LHC was to accelerate and collide not only protons but also other particles such as heavy lead nuclei. Protons and lead nuclei are subject to the strong interaction and thus belong to the particle class of Hadrons, so the future accelerator was called LHC.
- 4.
The luminosity or “illuminance” is a measure of the collision rate. The more the particles collide with each other per second, the higher the luminosity.
- 5.
This corresponds to a purchasing power of US$ 20 billion in 2020.
- 6.
The boiling point of liquid helium is at \(- 269{\mkern 1mu}^\circ\) C (4.15 K), absolute zero at \(- 273{.}15{\mkern 1mu}^\circ\) C.
- 7.
Status: Early 2016.
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Hauschild, M. (2021). The Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In: Exploring the Large Hadron Collider - CERN and the Accelerators. essentials(). Springer, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32726-2_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32726-2_6
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