Abstract
In all cases, emergence created a project arena formed by founders that were either themselves part of the community energy project (in Schönau, Oldenburg, Fintry and on Mull), or interested in creating a community energy project (on Samsø). Across projects, this arena during emergence was characterized by negotiations on which energy system actions should be pursued and how these would be embedded in organizational structures locally, as well as on campaigning.
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Notes
- 1.
Five turbines were realized by the municipality, three by a collective investment of citizen investors, two by individual investments of farmers on the island, and one by a locally established cooperative (Hermansen 2007: 21–22).
- 2.
The Kanhave canal, dug 500 meters across the island’s most narrow part, dates back to the years 726–729 AD, and proves the relevance of Samsø for controlling trade and warfare in the Kattegat waters (Danske Fortidsminder, n.d.). An art installation of a life-sized, stylized Viking longboat crossing the island in view of the main road to the island’s north keeps this memory alive to date (Visit Samsö 2019).
- 3.
The number of electricity providers has since grown to 1.300, BDEW 2019.
- 4.
Eligibility for grant funding is often tied to non-commercial structures. In the UK, this changed with the establishment of associative funding such as the Community Shares Booster Programme (https://www.communitysharesbooster.org.uk/).
- 5.
Regulatory reform for community empowerment continued I the community development arena after project initiation with the Community Empowerment (Scotland) Act of 2015 and the Land Reform (Scotland) Act of 2016, which both further extended community rights to own and manage natural resources and community infrastructures (see section 1.3.3).
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Colell, A. (2021). Emergence and Establishment: Harnessing Organizational and Symbolic Resources. In: Alternating Current – Social Innovation in Community Energy. Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz. Energy Policy and Climate Protection. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32307-3_8
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