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Hazards of Large Volcanic Debris Avalanches and Associated Eruptive Phenomena

  • Chapter
Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards

Abstract

Slope failures resulting from structural instability of volcanoes produce extremely mobile debris avalanches that can travel long distances beyond the flanks of volcanoes at high velocities. Large mass movements occur at volcanic constructs ranging from lava dome complexes to massive shield volcanoes, creating horseshoe-shaped reentrants into the edifice that can attain caldera-sized dimensions. More than 20 major slope failures have occurred globally during the past 500 years, a rate exceeding that of caldera collapse. Debris-avalanche deposits are the dominant volcaniclastic component at some volcanoes. Their widespread occurrence in a variety of tectonic settings suggests that slope failure may be the dominant catastrophic edifice- modifying process.

Debris avalanches typically form hummocky deposits of largely unsorted and unstratified angular-to-subangular debris, although deposit surface morphologies and internal structures vary. Partial preservation of primary edifice stratigraphy indicates dominantly laminar, nonturbulent flow. Pervasive shear is restricted to the base of avalanches, although deformation and shear can occur throughout. Flow mechanisms and deposit morphologies vary with water content. Debris avalanches range from largely dry mass movements in which air is the dominant interstitial component to flows that, with increasing water content, partially transform into lahars.

Hazards derive from the avalanches themselves, from associated eruptive activity ranging from phreatic explosions to catastrophic lateral blasts, as well as from associated lahars and tsunamis that extend damage well beyond the avalanche deposit. The lateral blasts are related to the slope failures, which truncate hydrothermal-magmatic systems and deflect resultant explosions; their occurrence appears related to the relative timing of collapse and explosions. Hazard maps may be constructed by using empirical ratios of emplacement parameters or by theoretical dynamic modeling. Precursors to edifice failure vary widely, and slope failure may occur in the absence of eruptive activity. Patterns of deformation that typically precede nonvolcanic slope failures may be short-circuited by volcanic explosions or earthquakes, making prediction difficult.

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    L. Siebert

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Siebert, L. (1996). Hazards of Large Volcanic Debris Avalanches and Associated Eruptive Phenomena. In: Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80087-0_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80087-0_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-80089-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-80087-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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