Abstract
The renewal of synapses in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals, particularly after traumatic deafferentation, has been studied extensively for many decades (reviewed Clemente 1964; Bernstein et al. 1978a,b; Cotman and Nadler 1978). Due to the limited regenerative capacity in the CNS of the adult mammal, it was surprising to find that morphological synaptic renewal could occur and that the new synaptic complexes were physiologically efficacious. While it is clear that the regrowth and subsequent synapse formation demonstrated in such studies is subtended by basic biochemical processes, understanding of these events is very limited. This paper will examine some of the neurochemical data which seem correlated to synaptic renewal in the CNS of adult mammals.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bernstein ME, Bernstein JJ (1977) Dendritic growth cone and filopodia formation as a mechanism of spinal cord regeneration. Exp Neurol 57: 419–425
Bernstein JJ, Ganchrow D (1981) The relationship of afferentation and soma size of nucleus gracilis neurons after bilateral dorsal column lesion in the rat. Exp Neurol 71: 452–463
Bernstein JJ, Standler N (1979) Cyclic dendritic degeneration and regeneration of rat motoneurons after ventral root section. Soc Neurosci Abstr 5: 621
Bernstein JJ, Gelderd J, Bernstein ME (1974) Alteration of neuronal synaptic complement during regeneration and axonal sprouting of rat spinal cord. Exp Neurol 44: 470–483
Bernstein JJ, Wells MR, Bernstein ME (1975) Dendrites and neuroglia following hemisection of rat spinal cord: Effects of puromycin. Adv Neurol 12: 439–451
Bernstein JJ, Bernstein ME, Wells MR (1978a) Spinal cord regeneration in mammals: Neuroanatomical and neurochemical correlates of axonal sprouting. In: Waxman SG (ed) Physiology and pathobiology of axons. Raven Press, New York, pp 407–420
Bernstein JJ, Wells MR, Bernstein ME (1978b) Mammalian spinal cord regeneration: Synaptic renewal and neurochemistry. In: Cotman C (ed) Neuronal Plasticity. Raven Press, New York, pp 49–71
Björklund A, Stenevi U (1971) Growth of central catecholamine neurons into smooth muscle grafts in the rat mesencephalon. Brain Res 31: 1–20
Björklund A, Stenevi U (1977) Reformation of the severed septohippocampal cholinergie pathway in the adult rat by transplanted septal neurons. Cell Tissue Res 185: 289–302
Björklund A, Stenevi U (1979) Reconstruction of brain circuitries by neural transplants. In: Trends in neurosciences. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, pp 301–306
Björklund A, Johnasson B, Stenevi U, Avendgaard NE (1975) Re-establishment of functional con nections by regenerating central adrenergic and cholinergie axons. Nature (London) 253: 446–448
Blinzinger K, Kreutzberg G (1968) Displacement of synaptic terminals from regenerating moto-neurons by microglial cells. Z Zellforsch 85: 145–157
Clemente CD (1964) Regeneration in the vertebrate central nervous system. Rev Neurobiol 6: 257–301
Cook RA, Kiernan JA (1976) Effects of trüodothyrorine on protein synthesis in regenerating peripheral neurons. Exp Neurol 52: 514–524
Cotman CW (ed) (1978) Neuronal plasticity. Raven Press, New York, 335 p
Cotman CW, Nadler JV (1978) Reactive synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. In: Cotman CW (ed) Neuronal plasticity. Raven Press, New York, pp 227–271
Diamond J, Cooper E, Turner C, Macintyre L (1976) Trophic regulation of nerve sprouting. Science 193: 371–377
Egar M, Singer M (1972) The role of ependyma in spinal cord regeneration in the urodele, Triturus. Exp Neurol 37: 422–430
Field PM, Coldham D, Raisman G (1980) Synapse formation after injury in the adult rat brain: Preferential reinnervation of dennervated fimbrial sites by axons of the contralateral fimbria. Brain Res 189: 103–113
Ganchrow D, Bernstein J (1981) Patterns of reafferentation in rat ventroposterolateral nucleus after thoracic dorsal column lesions. Exp Neurol 71: 464–472
Ganchrow D, Margolin JK, Bernstein JJ (1981) Patterns of reafferentation in rat nucleus gracilis after thoracic dorsal columns lesion. Exp Neurol 71: 437–451
Goldberger ME, Murray M (1978) Recovery of movement and axonal sprouting may obey some of the same laws. In: Cotman CW (ed) Neuronal plasticity. Raven Press, New York, pp 73–96
Goldowitz D, Cotman CW (1977) Does neurotrophic material control synapse formation in the adult rat brain? Neurosci Abstr 3: 534
Grafstein B (1975) The nerve cell body response to axotomy. Exp Neurol 48: 32–51
Grafstein B, McQuarrie IG (1978) Role of the nerve cell body in axonal regeneration. In: Cotman CW (ed) Neuronal plasticity. Raven Press, New York, pp 155–196
Hamburger V (1962) Specificity in neurogenesis. J Cell Comp Physiol Suppl 160: 81–92
Hamburger V (1975) Changing concepts in developmental biology. Perspect Biol Med 18: 162–178
Hoffman H, Springell PH (1951) An attempt at the chemical identification of neurocletin (the substance evoking axon-sprouting). Aust J Exp Biol 29: 417–424
Hoffman PN, Lasek RJ (1975) The slow component of axonal transport: Identification of major structural polypeptides of the axon and their generality among mammalian neurons. J Cell Biol 66: 351–366
Kerr FWL (1972) The potential of cervical primary afferents to sprout in the spinal nucleus of V following long term trigeminal dennervation. Brain Res 43: 547–560
Koechlin BA (1955) The neurogenerative factor “NR”. In: Windle WF (ed) Regeneration in the central nervous system. CC Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, pp 127–130
Lajtha A (1971) Protein turnover. In: Lajtha A (ed) Handbook of neurochemistry. Plenum Press, New York, pp 551–629
Lasek RJ (1970) Protein transport in neurons. Int Rev Neurobiol 13: 289–324
Lasek RJ, Black MM (1977) How do axons stop growing? Some clues from the metabolism of the proteins in the slow component of axonal transport. In: Roberts et al. (ed) Mechanisms, regulation and special functions of protein synthesis in the brain. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, pp 161–169
Lasek RJ, Hoffman PN (1976) The neuronal cytoskeleton, axonal transport and axonal growth. Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation, Cell Motil 3: 1021–1049
LeGros-Clark WE (1940) Neuronal differentiation in implanted foetal cortical tissue. J Neurol Psychiatr 3: 263–272
LeGros-Clark WE (1942) The problem of neuronal regeneration in the central nervous system. I. The influence of spinal ganglia and nerve fragments grafted in the brain. J Anat 77: 20–48
Lieberman AR (1971) The axon reaction; A review of the principal features of perikaryal responses to axotomy. Int Rev Neurobiol 14: 49–124
Liu HM, Balkovic ES, Sheff MF, Zacks SI (1979) Production in vitro of a neurotropic substance from proliferative neurolemma-like cells. Exp Neurol 64: 271–283
Lund RD, Lund JS (1971) Synaptic adjustment after deafferentation of the superior colliculus of the rat. Science 171: 804–807
Lynch G, Cotman CW (1975) The hippocampus as a model for studying anatomical plasticity in the adult brain. In: Isaacson RL (ed) The hippocampus: Structure and development, vol I. Plenum Press, New York, pp 123–154
Lynch G, Stanfield B, Cotman CW (1973) Developmental differences in postlesion axonal growth in the hippocampus. Brain Res 59: 155–168
Lynch G, Stanfield B, Parks T, Cotman CW (1974) Evidence for selective post-lesion axonal growth in the dentate gyrus of the rat. Brain Res 69: 1–11
Marchase RB (1977) Biochemical investigations of retinotectal adhesive specificity. J Cell Biol 75: 237–257
Mena EE, Cotman CW (1979) Lesion-induced changes of complex carbohydrates in the rat dentate gyrus. Soc Neurosci Abstr 5: 632
Merrel R (1976) Membranes as a tool for the study of cell surface recognition. In: Barondes S (ed) Neuronal recognition. Plenum Press, New York, pp 249–273
Norlander RH, Singer M (1978) The role of ependyma in regeneration of the spinal cord in the urodele amphibian tail. J Comp Neurol 180: 349–374
Parnavelas JG, Lynch G, Brecha N, Cotman CW, Globus A (1974) Spine loss and regrowth in the hippocampus following deafferentation. Nature (London) 248: 71–73
Puchala E, Windle WF (1977) The possibility of structural and functional restitution after spinal cord injury. A review. Exp Neurol 55: 1–42
Ramóny Cajal S (1928) Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system. Translated by May RM, vol I. Hafner Publ Co, New York, pp 47–51
Scheff SW, Benado LS, Cotman CW (1978) Effect of serial lesions on sprouting in the dentate gyrus: Onset and decline of the catalytic effect. Brain Res 150: 45–53
Schlaepfer WW, Micko S (1978) Chemical and structural changes of neurofilaments in transected rat sciatic nerve. J Cell Bio1 78: 369–378
Schlaepfer WW, Micko S (1979) Calcium-dependent alterations of neurofilament proteins of rat peripheral nerve. J Neurochem 32: 211–219
Schubert P, Kreutzberg GW (1975) [3H] adenosine, a tracer for neuronal connectivity. Brain Res 85: 317–319
Singer M, Norlander RH, Egar M (1980) Axonal guidance during embryogenesis and regeneration in the spinal cord of the newt. The blueprint hypothesis of neuronal pathway patterning. J Comp Neurol 185: 1–22
Sperry R (1963) Chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 50: 703–710
Stenevi U, Björklund A, Svendgaard NA (1976) Transplantation of central and peripheral monoamine neurons to the adult rat brain: Techniques and conditions for survival. Brain Res 114: 1–20
Storm Mathisen J (1974) Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in facia dentata following lesion of the entorhinal afferents. Brain Res 80: 181–197
Sumner BEH (1975) A quantitative analysis of the response of presynaptic boutons to postsynaptic motor neuron axotomy. Exp Neurol 46: 605–615
Watson WE (1974) Cellular responses to axotomy and related procedures. Br Med Bull 30: 112–115
Weiss P (1939) Principles of development. Holt Pub. Co, New York, 126 p
Weiss P, Hiscoe HB (1948) Experiments on the mechanism of nerve growth. J Exp Zool 107: 315–395
Wells MR, Bernstein JJ (1977) Amino acid incorporation into rat spinal cord and brain after simultaneous transection and crush or transection followed by crush of sciatic nerve. Brain Res 139: 249–262
Wells MR, Bernstein JJ (1980) Amino acid uptake in the spinal cord and brain of the rat with longterm spinal hemisection. Exp Neurol 68: 122–135
Wells MR, Lofton SA, Bernstein JJ (1979) Effect of triiodothyronine on the amino acid uptake of the brain and spinal cord after spinal hemisection in adult rats. Soc Neurosci Abstr 5: 685
Windle WF (1955) Comments on regeneration in the human central nervous system. In: Windle WF (ed) Regeneration in the central nervous system. CC Thomas, Springfield Illinois, pp 265–272
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bernstein, J.J., Ganchrow, D., Wells, M.R. (1981). Neurochemistry of Synaptic Renewal. In: Flohr, H., Precht, W. (eds) Lesion-Induced Neuronal Plasticity in Sensorimotor Systems. Proceedings in Life Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68074-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68074-8_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68076-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68074-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive