Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Role of the Superior Colliculus and Pretectum in Vision and Visually Guided Behavior

  • Chapter
Visual Centers in the Brain

Part of the book series: Handbook of Sensory Physiology ((1536,volume 7 / 3 / 3 B))

Abstract

One of the primary aims of this chapter is to bring the superior colliculus and pretectum into the main stream of conceptualization about, and experimental approach to, visual mechanisms. Recent surveys have concentrated their attention on the retinal geniculocortical part of the central visual mechanisms to the exclusion or neglect of the midbrain. For example, mention of the superior colliculus in the last edition of a classical textbook of physiology [124] is limited to two lines, and only 6 pages were addressed to this structure in an international symposium on vision in 1961 [85]. This bias is due in part to the fact that new experimental data on the colliculus have only recently become available, and in part to the classical allocation of the pretectum-superior colliculus as a visuomotor center mediating pupillary responses, eye movements and visual grasp reflexes, but uninvolved in “higher level” processing and perception. Therefore an attempt to review and synthesize the role of these structures in vision on the basis of their anatomy and physiology alone has certain difficulties which are obvious. For such a chapter to be most meaningful, it is desirable to take an overview of the entire system and to place the colliculus in proper perspective, not to isolate it. Such a comprehensive approach, however, lies beyond the space limitations of this chapter, and the reader must in large part integrate for himself these data with those contained in other chapters of this volume.

The preparation of this article was aided by Kesearch Grant NB-05506 from the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, to J. M. Sprague, and by funds of the Labo-ratorio di Neurofisiologia del C.N.R., Pisa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Altman, J.: Diurnal activity rhythm of rats with lesions of superior colliculus and visual cortex. Amer. J. Physiol. 202, 1205–1207 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Altman, J.: Effects of lesions in central nervous visual structure on the light aversion of rats. Amer. J. Physiol., 202, 1208–1210 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Altman, J., Carpenter, M.B.: Fiber projections of the superior colliculus in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 116, 157–178 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Altman, J., Malis, L. I.: An electrophysiological study of the superior colliculus and visual cortex. Exp. Neurol. 5, 233–249 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anderson, K. V.: Cortico-tectal and tecto-tectal interactions in the cat. Bull. Georgia Acad. Sci. 28, 41–42 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Anderson, K. V., Symmes, D.: The superior colliculus and higher visual functions in the monkey. Brain Res. 13, 37–52 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Anderson, K. V., Williamson, M.R.: Visual pattern discrimination in cats after removal of the superior colliculus. Psychon. Sci. 24, 125–127 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson, M. E., Yoshida, M., Wilson, V.J.: Influence of superior colliculus on cat neck motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 898–907 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Apter, J.T.: Projection of the retina on superior colliculus of cats. J. Neurophysiol. 8, 123–134(1945).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Apter, J.T.: Eye movements following strychninization of the superior colliculus of cats. J. Neurophysiol. 9, 73–86 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Arduini, A., Goldstein, M. H., Jr.: Enhancement of cortical responses to shocks delivered to lateral geniculate body. Localization and mechanism of the effects. Arch. ital. Biol. 99, 397–412 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ascher, P., Gachelin, G.: Rôle du colliculus supérieur dans l’élaboration des réponses pyramidales à une stimulation visuelle. C. R. Soc. Biol. 157, 1398–1404 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Baden, J.P., Urbaitis, J.C, Meikle, T.H., jr.: Effects of serial bilateral neocortical ablations on a visual discrimination by cats. Exp. Neurol. 13, 233–251 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Barnes, P. J., Smith, L.M., Latto, R.M.: Orientation to visual stimuli and the superior colliculus in the rat. Quart J. exp. Psychol. 22, 239–247 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Barris, R.W.: A pupillo-constrictor area in the cerebral cortex of the cat and its relationship to the pretectal area. J. comp. Neurol. 63, 353–368 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bauer, J. H., Cooper, R.M.: Effects of posterior cortical lesions on performance of a brightness-discrimination task. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 58, 84–92 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bell, C, Sieeea, G., Buendia, N., Segundo, J.P.: Sensory properties of neurons in the mesencephalic reticular formation. J. Neurophysiol. 27, 961–987 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bender, M.B., Shanzer, S.: Oculomotor pathways defined by electric stimulation and lesions in the brainstem of monkey, pp. 81–140. In: Bender, M.B. (Ed.): The oculomotor system. New York-Evanston—London: Harper and Row Publ. 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bergman, F., Costin, A., Gutman, J., Chaimovitz, M.: Nystagmus evoked from the superior colliculus of the rabbit. Exp. Neurol. 9, 386–399 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Berlucchi, G., Sprague, J.M., Levy, J., Diberardino, A.: The pretectum and superior colliculus in visually guided behavior, and in flux and form discrimination in the cat. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. Monogr. 78, 123–172 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bignall, K.E., Imbert, M., Buser, P.: Optic projections to nonvisual cortex of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 396–409 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bishop, G.H., Clare, M.H.: Organization and distribution of fibers in the optic tract of the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 103, 269–304 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bishop, G.H., Clare, M.H., Landau, W. M.: Further analysis of fiber groups in the optic tract of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 24, 386–399 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bishop, G.H., O’Leary, J.L.: The polarity of potentials recorded from the superior colliculus. J. cell, comp. Physiol. 19, 285–300 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bisti, A., Maffei, L., Piccolino, M.: Variations of the visual responses of the superior colliculus in relation to body roll. Science 175, 456–457 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Black, P., Myers, R.E.: Brainstem mediation of a visual preception in a higher primate. Trans. Amer. Neurol. Ass. 93, 191–193 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Blake, L.: The effects of lesions of the superior colliculus on brightness and pattern discriminations in the cat. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 52, 272–278 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bremer, F.: Activités oculomotrices at réactivité sensorielle du cortex visuel. C. R. Acad-Sci. 262, 2484–2487 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Brown, T.S., Marco, L.A.: Effects of stimulation of the superior colliculus and lateral thalamus on visual evoked potentials. EEG clin. Neurophysiol. 22, 150–158 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Brown, S.T., Marco, L.A.: Differential effects of stimulation of the superior colliculus on visual evoked potentials. Brain Res. 3, 302–306 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Burrows, G.R., Hayhow, W.R.: The organization of the thalamo-cortical visual pathways in the cat. An experimental degeneration study. Brain, Behav. Evolut. 4, 220–272 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Campbell, C.B.G., Jane, J.A., Yashon, D.: The retinal projections of the tree shrew and hedgehog. Brain Res. 5, 406–418 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Campos-Ortega, J.A., Glees, P.: The subcortical distribution of optic fibers in Saimiri sciureus (Squirrel monkey). J. comp. Neurol. 131, 131–142 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Casagrande, V.A.: Unpublished observations.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Casagrande, V.A., Harting, J.K., Hall, W.C, Diamond, I. T., Martin, G. F.: Superior colliculus of the tree shrew. Evidence for a structural and functional subdivision into superficial and deep layers. Science 177, 444–447 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cavaggioni, A., Madarasz, L, Zampollo, A.: Photic reflex and pretectal region. Arch, ital. Biol. 106, 227–242 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Chang, H.T.: Cortical responses to stimulation of lateral geniculate body and the potentiation thereof by continuous illumination of the retina. J. Neurophysiol. 15, 5–26 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chang, H.T.: Fibre groups in primary optic pathway of cat. J. Neurophysiol. 19, 224–231 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chow, K.L.: A retrograde cell degeneration study of the cortical projection field of the pulvinar in the monkey. J. comp. Neurol. 93, 313–340 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chow, K.L.: Visual discrimination after extensive ablation of the optic tract and visual cortex in cats. Brain Res. 9, 363–366 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Clare, M.H., Landau, W.M., Bishop, G.H.: The relationship of optic nerve fiber groups activated by electrical stimulation to the consequent central postsynaptic events. Exp. Neurol. 24, 400–420 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cooper, R.M., Freeman, I., Pinel, J.P. J.: Absolute threshold of vision in the rat after removal of striate cortex. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 64, 36–39 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cooper, S., Daniel, P.M., Whitteridge, D.: Nerve impulses in the brainstem of the goat. Short latency responses obtained by stretching the extrinsic eye muscles and the jaw muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 120, 471–490 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cooper, S., Daniel, P.M., Whitteridge, D.: Nerve impulses in the brainstem of the goat. Responses with long latencies obtained by stretching the extrinsic eye muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 120, 491–513 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cooper, S., Daniel, P.M., Whitteridge, D.: Nerve impulses in the brainstem and cortex of the goat, spontaneous discharges and responses to visual and other afferent stimuli. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 120, 514–527 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Denny-Brown, D.: The midbrain and motor integration. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 55, 527–538 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Diamond, I.T., Hall, W.C: Evolution of neocortex. Science 164, 251–262 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Doty, R.W.: Remarks on the optic tectum, pp. 215–217. In: Jung, R., Kornhuber, H. (Eds.): The Visual System: Neurophysiology and Psychophysics. Berlin-Göttingen -Heidelberg: Springer 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Doty, R.W.: Functional significance of the topographical aspects of the retino-cortical projection, pp. 228–247. In: Jung, R., Kornhuber, H. (Eds.): The Visual System: Neurophysiology and Psychophysics. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Doty, R.W.: Survival of pattern vision after removal of striate cortex in the adult cat. J. comp. Neurol. 143, 341–369 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Doty, R.W., Kimura, D.S., Mogenson, G.J.: Photically and electrically elicited responses in the central visual system of the squirrel monkey. Exp. Neurol. 10, 19–51 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Dreher, B., Marchiafava, P.L., Zernicki, B.: Studies on the visual fixation reflex. II. The neural mechanism of the fixation reflex in normal and pretrigeminal cats. Acta Biol. Exp. (Warsaw) 25, 207–217 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Edwards, S.B., Rosenquist, A.C, Palmer, L.A.: Unpublished observations.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ettlinger, G., Iwai, E., Mishkin, M., Rosvold, H.E.: Visual discrimination in the monkey following serial ablation of inferotemporal and preoccipital cortex. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 65, 110–117 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Feldon, S., Feldon, P., Kruger, L.: Topography of the retinal projection upon the superior colliculus of the cat. Vision Res. 10, 135–143 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ferrier, D.: The Functions of the Brain. London: Smith, Elder Co. 1876.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Fischman, M.W., Meikle, T.H., jr.: Visual intensity discrimination in cats after serial tectal and cortical lesions. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 59, 193–201 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Forrester, J. M., Lal, S.K.: The projection of the rat’s visual field upon the superior colliculus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 189, 25–26 P (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Freeman, G.L., Papez, J.W.: The effect of subcortical lesions on the visual discrimination of rats. J. comp. Psychol. 11, 185–192 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Galambos, R., Norton, T.T., Frommer, G.P.: Optic tract lesions sparing pattern vision in cats. Exp. Neurol. 18, 8–25 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Garey, L.J., Jones, E.G., Powell, T.P.S.: Interrelationships of striate and extra-striate cortex with the primary relay sites of the visual pathway. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 31, 135–157 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Garey, L.J., Powell, T.P.S.: The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus upon the cortex in the cat. Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. B 169, 107–126 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Garey, L.J., Powell, T.P.S.: The projection of the retina in the cat. J. Anat. 102, 189–222 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ghiselli, E.E.: The superior colliculus in vision. J. comp. Neurol. 67, 451–469 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Ghiselli, E.E., Brown, C.W.: Subcortical mechanisms in learning. III. Brightness discrimination. J. comp. Psychol. 26, 95–107 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Giolli, R.A., Guthrie, M.D.: Organization of projections of visual areas I and II upon the superior colliculus and pretectal nuclei in the rabbit. Brain Res. 6, 388–390 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Giolli, R.A., Guthrie, M.D.: The primary optic projections in the rabbit. An experimental degeneration study. J. comp. Neurol. 136, 99–126 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Glendenning, R. L.: Effects of training between two unilateral lesions of visual cortex upon ultimate retention of black-white discrimination habits by rats. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 80, 216–219 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Glickstein, M., King, R.A., Miller, J., Berkley, M.: Cortical projections from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of cats. J. comp. Neurol. 130, 55–76 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Godfraind, J.M., Meulders, M., Veraart, C: Visual receptive fields of neurons in pulvinar, nucleus lateralis posterior and nucleus suprageniculatus thalami of the cat. Brain Res. 15, 552–555 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Goodale, M.A.: Cortico-collicular and colliculo-collicular modulation of the functioning of the superior colliculus in the rat. Thesis, Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Goodwin, H.E., Hill, R.M.: Receptive fields of a marsupial visual system. I. The superior colliculus. Amer. J. Optom. 45, 358–363 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Granit, R.: Centrifugal and antidromic effects on ganglion cells of retina. J. Neuro-physiol. 18, 388–411 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Granit, R.: The visual pathway. Retina and optic nerve, pp. 541–574. In: Davson, H. (Ed.): The Eye, Vol. II. New York-London: Academic Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Graybiel, A. M.: Some thalamocortical projections of the pulvinar-posterior system of the thalamus of the cat. Brain Res. 22, 131–136 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Graybiel, A. M., Nauta, W.J.H.: Some projections of the superior colliculus and visual cortex upon the posterior thalamus in the cat. Anat. Rec. 169, 328 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Graybiel, A. M., Nauta, W.J.H.: Some projections of the superior colliculus and visual cortex upon the posterior thalamus in the cat. Anat. Rec. 169, 328 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Guillery, R. W.: The laminar distribution of retinal fibers in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: A new interpretation. J. comp. Neurol. 138, 339–368 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Hamdi, F. A., Whitteridge, D.: The representation of the retina on the optic lobe of the pigeon and the superior colliculus of the rabbit and goat. J. Physiol. 121, 44–45 P (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  80. Hamilton, CR., Lund, J.S.: Visual discrimination of movement: Midbrain or fore-brain? Science 170, 1428–1430, (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hare, W.K., Magoun, H. W., Ranson, S. W.: Pathways for pupillary constriction: Location of synapses in the path for the pupillary light reflex and of constrictor fibers of cortical origin. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 34, 1188 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  82. Harutiunian-Kozak, B., Kozak, W., Dec, K.: Single unit activity in the pretectal region of the cat. Acta Biol. Exp. (Warsaw) 28, 333–343 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Harutiunian-Kozak, B., Kozak, W., Dec, K.: Visually evoked potentials and single unit activity in the superior colliculus of the cat. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 30, 211–232 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Harutiunian-Kozak, B., Kozak, W., Dec, K.: Analysis of visually evoked activity in the pretectal region of the cat. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 30, 233–262 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Harutiunian-Kozak, B., Kozak, W., Dec, K., Balcer, E.: Responses of single cells in the superior colliculus of the cat to diffuse light and moving stimuli. Acta Biol. Exp. (Warsaw) 28, 317–331 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Harting, J.K., Hall, W.C., Diamond, I.T.: Evolution of the pluvinar. Brain, Behav. Evol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  87. Hayashi, Y.: Recurrent collateral inhibition of visual cortical cells projecting to superior colliculus in cats. Vision Res. 9, 1367–1380 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hayashi, Y., Sumitomo, I., Iwama, K.: Activation of lateral geniculate neurons by electrical stimulation of superior colliculus in cats. Jap. J. Physiol. 17, 638–651 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hayhow, W. R.: The lateral geniculate nucleus of the Marsupial Phalanger, Trichosurus vulpecula. An experimental study of cytoarchitecture in relation to the intranuclear optic nerve projection fields. J. comp. Neurol. 131, 571–604 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hayhow, W. R., Sefton, A., Webb, C.: Primary optic centers of the rat in relation to the terminal distribution of the crossed and uncrossed optic nerve fibers. J. comp. Neurol. 118, 295–308 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Heath, C. J., Jones, E.G.: Connections of area 19 and the lateral suprasylvian area of the visual cortex of the cat. Brain Res. 19, 302–305 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Heath, C. J., Jones, E.G.: An experimental study of ascending connections from the posterior group of thalamic nuclei in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 141, 397–426 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Heath, C. J., Jones, E.G.: The anatomical organization of the suprasylvian gyrus of the cat. Ergebn. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 45, Heft 3 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  94. Hedreen, J.: Patterns of axon terminal degeneration seen after optic nerve section in cats. Anat. Rec. 163, 198 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hess, W.R., Bürgi, S., Bucher, V.: Motorische Funktion des Tektal- und Tegmental -gebietes. Mschr. Psychiat. Neurol. 112, 1–52 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hill, R.M.: Receptive field properties of the superior colliculus of the rabbit. Nature (Lond.) 211, 1407–1409 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hill, R.M., Goodwin, H.: Visual receptive fields of a marsupial superior colliculus. Experientia (Basel) 24, 559–560 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Hieata, Y., Fuse, S., Koikegami, H.: Studies on the paralimbic brain structures. II Experiments on the pulvinar nucleus of the cat. Acta Med. Biol. 15, 113–129 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  99. Hobbelen, J.F., Collewijn, H.: Effect of cerebro/cortical and collicular ablations upon the optokinetic reactions in the rabbit. Docum. opthal. (Den Haag) 30, 227–236 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hoffmann, K. P.: Retinotopische Beziehungen und Struktur receptiver Felder im Tectum opticum und Praetectum der Katze. Z. vergl. Physiol. 67, 26–57 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  101. Hoffmann, K. P., Steaschill, M.: Influences of cortico-tectal and intertectal connections on visual responses in the cat’s superior colliculus. Exp. Brain Res. 12, 120–131 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Horel, J. A.: Effects of subcortical lesions on brightness discrimination acquired by rats without visual cortex. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 65, 103–109 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Horel, J. A., Bettinger, L.A., Royce, J. G., Meyer, D.R.: Role of neocortex in the learning and relearning of two visual habits by the rat. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 61, 66–78 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Horn, G., Hill, R.M.: Effect of removing the neocortex on the response to repeated sensory stimulation of neurones in the midbrain. Nature (Lond.) 211, 754–755 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hoen, G., Hill, R.M.: Responsiveness to sensory stimulation of units in the superior colliculus and subjacent tectotegmental regions of the rabbit. Exp. Neurol. 14, 199–223 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  106. Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.N.: Receptive fields and functional architecture in two non-striate visual areas (18 and 19) of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 229–289 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Hubel, D.H.: Visual area of the lateral suprasylvian gyrus (Clare-Bishop area) of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 202, 251–260 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hughes, A.: Topographical relationships between the anatomy and physiology of the rabbit visual system. Docum. Ophthal. 30, 33–159 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Humphrey, N. K.: Responses to visual stimuli of units in the superior colliculus of rats and monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 20, 312–340 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Humphrey, N. K.: What the frog’s eye tells the monkey’s brain. Brain Behav. Evol. 3, 324–337 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Humphrey, N. K., Weiskeantz, L.: Vision in monkeys after removal of the striate cortex. Nature (Lond.) 215, 595–597 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Huttenlocher, P.R.: Evoked and spontaneous activity in single units of medial brain stem during natural sleep and waking. J. Neurophysiol. 24, 451–468 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  113. Hyde, J. E.: Interrelationship of brainstem and cortical areas for conjugate ocular movements in cats, pp. 141–150. In: Bender, M.B. (Ed.). The Oculomotor System. New York-Evanston-London: Harper and Row 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hyde, J. E., Eliasson, S. G.: Brainstem induced eye movements in cats. J. comp. Neurol. 108, 139–172(1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Ingeam, W.R., Ranson, S.W., Hannett, F.J., Zeiss, F.R., Terwilliger, E.H.: Results of stimulation of the tegmentum with the Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic apparatus. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 28, 513–541 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  116. Ingvae, D.M., Hunter, J.: Influence of visual cortex on light impulses in the brain stem of the unanesthetized cat. Acta physiol. scand. 33, 194–218 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  117. Jane, J. A., Carlson, N.J., Levey, N.: A comparison of the effects of lesions of striate cortex and superior colliculus on vision in the Malayan Tree Shrew (Tupaia glis). Anat. Rec. 163, 306–307 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  118. Jassik-Gerschenfeld, D.: Somesthetic and visual responses of superior colliculus neurones. Nature (Lond.) 208, 898–900 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Jassik-Gerschenfeld, D.: Activity of somatic origin evoked in the superior colliculus of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 16, 104–118 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Jassik-Gerschenfeld, D., Ascher, P., Guevara, J.A.: Influence of the geniculo-cortical system on visual responses of the superior colliculus. Arch. ital. Biol. 104, 30–49 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Jung, R., Koenhubee, H. (Eds.): The Visual System: Neurophysiology and Psychophysics. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Kadoya, S., Wolin, L.R., Massopust, L.C, Jr.: Differential visually responding units in the superior colliculus of the squirrel monkey. Physiologist 12, 264 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  123. Kadoya, S., Wolin, L.R., Massopust, L.C, Jr.: Photically evoked unit activity in the tectum opticum of the squirrel monkey. J. comp. Neurol. 142, 495–508 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Kadoya, S., Massopust, L.C, Jr., Wolin, L. R.: Striate cortex-superior colliculus projection in squirrel monkey. Exp. Neurol. 32, 98–110 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kadoya, S., Wolin, L.R., Massopust, L.C., Jr.: Collicular unit responses to monochromatic stimulation in squirrel monkey. Brain Res. 32, 251–254 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Kaelber, W.W., Mitchell, C.L.: The centrum medianum- central tegmental fasciculus complex. A stimulation, lesion and degeneration study in the cat. Brain 90, 83–100 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kerr, D.I.B., Seventratne, K.N.: The projection of the visual field on the superior colliculus of the rabbit. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 168, 43P (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  128. Kinston, W.J., Vadas, M.A., Bishop, P.O.: Multiple projection of the visual field onto the medial portion of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the adjacent nuclei of the lateral thalamus. J. comp. Neurol. 136, 295–315 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Klüver, H.: Functional significance of the geniculo-striate system. Biol. Symp. 7, 253–299 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  130. Koenig, J. Q., Frazier, D.T.: Light sensitive neurons in the pulvinar nucleus of the cat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (Wash.) 130, 399–403 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Kotolenko, L. M.: Functional influences of giant-pyramid field on the anterior colliculi of the midbrain (Russian). Zh. vyssh. nerv. Deyat. (Pavlov) 17, 161–163 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  132. Kovar, C.W.: Development of visually evoked responses and visually guided behavior in kittens following lesions of the superior colliculus or lateral geniculate body. Thesis, U.C.L.A., Los Angeles, Calif., 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Krieg, W. J. S.: Connections of the cerebral cortex. I. The albino rat. Extrinsic connections. J. comp. Neurol. 86, 267–394 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Kuypers, H.G.J.M., Lawrence, D. G.: Cortical projections to the red nucleus and the brainstem in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 4, 151–188 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Kuypers, H.G.J.M., Szwarcbart, M.K., Mishkin, M., Rosvold, H.E.: Occipitotemporal cortico-cortical connections in the rhesus monkey. Exp. Neurol. 11, 245–262 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Lane, R.H., Allman, J.M., Kaas, J.H.: Representation of the visual field in the superior colliculus of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and the tree shrew (Tupaia glis). Brain Res. 26, 277–292 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Lane, R.H., Allman, J.M., Kaas, J.H., Miezin, F.M., Woolsey, C.N.: The representation of the visual field in the superior colliculus of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). Fed. Proc. 30, 615 Abs. (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  138. Lashley, K.S.: The mechanism of vision. XII. Nervous structures concerned in the acquisition and retention of habits based on reactions to light. Comp. Psychol. Monogr. 11, 43–79 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  139. Laties, A.M., Sprague, J. M.: The projection of optic fibers to the visual centers in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 127, 35–70 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Latto, R., Cowey, A.: Visual field defects after frontal eyefield lesions in monkeys. Brain Res. 30, 1–24 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Latto, R., Cowey, A.: Fixation changes after frontal eyefield lesions in monkeys. Brain Res. 30, 25–36 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  142. Layman, J. D.: Functions of the superior colliculus in vision. J. genet. Psychol. 49, 33–47 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  143. Lukaszewska, I., Thompson, R.: Retention of an overtrained pattern discrimination following pretectal lesions in rats. Psychon. Sci. 8, 121–122 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  144. Lund, R.D.: The occipitotectal pathway of the rat. J. Anat. 100, 51–62 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Lyubimov, N.N.: Relay of visual information at midbrain level. Fed. Proc. 24,T1011–T1014 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  146. Magoun, N.W.: Maintenance of the light reflex after destruction of the superior colliculus in the cat. Amer. J. Physiol. 111, 91 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  147. Magoun, N.W., Atlas, D., Hare, W.K., Ranson, S.W.: The afferent pathways of the pupillary light reflex in the monkey. Brain 59, 234–249 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  148. Marchiafava, P.L., Pepeu, G.C.: Electrophysiological study of tectal responses to optic nerve volley. Arch. ital. Biol. 104, 406–420 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  149. Marchiafava, P.L., Pepeu, G.C: The responses of units in the superior colliculus of the cat to a moving visual stimulus. Experientia (Basel) 22, 51–55 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Marchiafava, P.L., Rizzolatti, G., Sprague, J.M.: Studies on corticotectal activity in the unanestheti-zed mid-pontine cat. Effects of cortical cooling and ablation. Arch. ital. Biol. 106, 21–40 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Marquis, D. G.: Effects of the removal of the visual cortex in mammals, with observations on the retention of light discrimination in dogs. Res. Publ. Ass. nerv. ment. Dis. 13, 558–592 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  152. Marquis, D. G., Hilgard, E.R.: Conditioned leg responses to light in dogs after removal of the visual cortex. J. comp. Psychol. 22, 157–178 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  153. Marquis, D. G., Hilgard, E.R.: Conditioned responses to light in monkeys after removal of the occipital lobes. Brain 60, 1–12 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  154. Martin, G.F.: Efferent tectal pathways of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). J. comp. Neurol. 135, 209–224 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Martin, G.F., Harting, J.K., Hall, W.C, Diamond, I. T.: Efferent projections of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis): An analysis of the projections of individual strata. Anat. Rec. 172, 374 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  156. Marty, R., Benoit, O., Larguier, M.M.: Etude topographique et stratigraphique des projections du corps genouillé latéral sur le cortex cérébral. Arch. ital. Biol. 107, 723–742 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  157. Masland, R. H., Chow, K. L., Stewart, D. L.: Receptive-field characteristics of superior colliculus neurons in the rabbit. J. Neurophysiol., 34, 148–156 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. McIlwain, J.T.: Cortical origin of collicular directional selectivity in the cat. A review of the evidence. Brain Behav. Evol. 3, 219–221 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. McIlwain, J.T., Buser, P.: Receptive fields of single cells in the cat’s superior colliculus. Exp. Brain Res. 5, 314–325 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. McIlwain, J.T., Fields, H.L.: Superior colliculus; single unit responses to stimulation of visual cortex in the cat. Science 170, 1426–1428 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. McIlwain, J.T., Fields, H.L.: Interactions of cortical and retinal projections on single neurons on the cat’s superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 763–772 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. McNew, J. J.: Role of the red nucleus in visually guided behavior in the rat. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 65, 282–289 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Meikle, T.H., Jr., Sprague, J.M.: The neural organization of the visual pathways in the cat. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 6, 148–189 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  164. Meulders, M., Bergmanns, J., Colle, J.: Etude des potential précoces évoqués dans le tubercule quadrijumeau antérieur par la stimulation optique. Arch. int. Physiol. 71, 831–834 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Meulders, M., Bergmanns, J., Colle, J.: Effects de la potentiation posttétanique sur la transmission synaptique dans les voies visuelle centrales. Arch. ital. Biol. 104, 163–180 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Meyer, P.M.: Analysis of visual behavior in cats with extensive neocortical ablations. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 56, 397–401 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Meyer, P.M., Horel, J.A., Meyer, D.R.: Effects of DL-amphetamine upon placing responses in neodecorticate cats. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 56, 402–404 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Michael, C.R.: Integration of visual information in the superior colliculus. J. gen. Physiol. 50, 2584–2586 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  169. Michael, C.R.: Receptive fields of single optic nerve fibers in a mammal with an all-cone retina. I: Contrast-sensitive units. II. Directional selective units. III: Opponent color units. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 249–282 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Michael, C.R.: Integration of retinal and cortical informations in the superior colliculus of the ground squirrel. Brain, Behav. Evol. 3, 205–209 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Mishkin, M.: Visual mechanisms beyond the striate cortex, pp.93–119.In: Russel, L.R. W. (Ed.). Frontiers in Physiological Psychology. New York-London, Academic Press 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Moore, R.Y.: Pineal response to light: mediation by the accessory optic system in the monkey. Nature (Lond.) 222, 781–782 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Moore, R.Y., Goldberg, J. M.: Ascending projections of the inferior colliculus in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 121, 109–136 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  174. Moore, R.Y., Goldberg, J. M.: Projections of the inferior colliculus in the monkey. Exp. Neurol. 14, 429–438(1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Moore, R.Y., Heller, A., Bhatnager, R.K., Wurtman, R.J., Axelrod, J.: Central control of the pineal gland: visual pathways. Arch. Neurol. 18, 208–218 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Moore, R.Y., Karapas, F., Lenn, N.J.: A retinohypothalamic projection in the rat. Anat. Rec. 169, 382–383 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  177. Mountcastle, V. (Ed.): Medical Physiology, Vol. 2. St. Louis; C. V. Mosby Co. 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Munson, J.B., Graham, R.B.: Lateral geniculate spikes in sleeping, awake and reserpine-treated cats: correlated excitability changes in superior colliculus and related structures. Exp. Neurol. 31, 326–335 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Myers, R.E.: Projections of superior colliculus in monkey. Anat. Rec. 145, 264 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  180. Myers, R.E.: Visual deficits after lesions of brain stem tegmentum in cats. Arch. Neurol. 11, 73–90 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Nauta, W. J.H.: Hippocampal projections and related neural pathways to the mid-brain in the cat. Brain 81, 319–340 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Nauta, W. J.H., Bucher, V.M.: Efferent connections of the striate cortex in the albino rat. J. comp. Neurol. 100, 257–286 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Niemer, W.T., Jimenez-Castellanos, J.: Cortico-thalamic connections in the cat as revealed by “physiological neuronography”. J. comp. Neurol. 93, 101–123 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Niimi, K., Miki, M., Kawamura, S.: Ascending projections of the superior colliculus in the cat. Folia Anat. Japonica 47, 269–287 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Niimi, K., Sprague, J. M.: Thalamo-cortical organization of the visual system in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 138, 219–250 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  186. Nisida, I., Okada, H., Nakano, O.: Electrical activity of pretectal region of the cat to visual stimulus. Yonago Acta med. 4, 7–19 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  187. Norton, A.C., Clark, G.: Effects of cortical and collicular lesions on brightness and flicker discrimination in the cat. Vision Res. 3, 29–44 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  188. Norton, T.T., Lindsley, D.B.: Visual behavior after bilateral superior colliculus lesions in kittens and cats. Fed. Proc. 30, 615 Abs. (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  189. Otsuka, R., Hassler, R.: Über Aufbau und Gliederung der corticalen Sehsphäre bei der Katze. Arch. Psychiat. Z. ges. Neurol. 203, 212–234 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Palmer, L., Rosenquist, A.C., Sprague, J.M.: Corticotectal systems in the cat: their structure and function. In: Frigyesi, T.L., Rinvich, E. and Yahr, M.D. (Eds.): Corticothalamic projections and sensorimotor activities. Raven Press 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Papez, J.W., Freeman, G. L.: Superior colliculi and their fiber connections in the rat. J. comp. Neurol. 51, 409–439 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  192. Pasik, P., Pasik, T.: Oculomotor functions in monkeys with lesions of the cerebrum and the superior colliculi, pp. 40–80. In: Bender, M.B. (Ed.): The 136. Oculomotor System. New York-Evanston-London: Harper and Row 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Pasik, P., Pasik, T.: Visual behavior of monkeys with occipital lobe lesions. Proc. VIII Int. Congr. Neur. Vienna 9, 127–130 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  194. Pasik, P., Pasik, T.: Further studies on extrageniculostriate vision in the monkey. Amer. Neurol. Ass. 93, 262–264 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Pasik, P., Pasik, T., Bender, M.B.: The pretectal syndrome in monkeys. I. Disturbances of gaze and body posture. Brain 92, 521–534 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Pasik, P., Pasik, T., Bender, M.B.: The pretectal syndrome in monkeys. II. Spontaneous and induced nystagmus and “lightning eye” movements. Brain 92, 671–888 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  197. Pasik, T., Pasik, P., Schilder, P.: Extrageniculostriate vision inthe monkey: discrimination of luminous flux-equated figures. Exp. Neurol. 24, 421–437 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Pasik, P., Pasik, T.: The visual world of monkeys deprived of striate cortex: effective stimulus parameters and the importance of the accessory optic system. Vision Res. Supplement No. 3, 419–435 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  199. Pasik, P., Pasik, T., Bender, M.B.: The superior colliculi and eye movements. Arch. Neurol. 15, 420–436 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Pasik, T., Pasik, P., Bender, M. B.: The pretectal syndrome in monkeys. II. Spontaneous and induced nystagmus, and “lightning” eye movements. Brain 92, 871–884 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Peterson, B.W., Anderson, M.E., Filion, M., Wilson, V.J.: Kesponses of reticulospinal neurons to stimulation of the superior colliculus. Brain Res. 32, 495–498 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  202. Pickering, S. G., Freeman, W. J.: Variation of the superior colliculus-evoked response in cats. Exp. Neurol. 19, 127–139 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Pickering, S. G., Freeman, W. J.: Superior colliculus-evoked response in anaesthetized cats: space-time characteristics. Amer. J. Physiol. 214, 152–157 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Powell, E.W., Hatton, J.B.: Projections of the inferior colliculus in cat. J. comp. Neurol. 136, 183–192 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Randall, W.L.: The behavior of cats (Felis catus L.) with lesions in the caudal midbrain region. Behaviour 23, 107–139 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  206. Ranson, S.W., Magoun, H.W.: The central path of the pupilloconstrictor reflex in response to light. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 30, 1193–1202 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  207. Richter, C. P.: Behavioral and physiological changes in rats by removal of the superior colliculus of the brain. Science 146, 429–430 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  208. Rizzolatti, G., Tradardi, V., Camarda, R.: Unit response to visual stimuli in the cat’s superior colliculus after removal of visual cortex. Brain Res. 24, 336–339 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Robinson, D. A.: Eye movements by collicular stimulation in the alert monkey. Vision Res. 12, 1795–1808 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Rose, G.M., Lindsley, D.B.: Visually evoked electrocortical responses in kittens: development of specific and non specific systems. Science 148, 1244–1246 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Rosenquist, A.G., Palmer, L. A.: Visual receptive field properties of cells of the superior colliculus after cortical lesions in the cat. Exp. Neurol. 33, 629–652 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Rosvold, H. E., Mishkin, M., Szwarcbart, M. K.: Effects of subcortical lesions in monkeys on visual-discrimination and single-alternation performance. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 51, 437–444 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Roucoux, A., Crommelinck, M.: Influence of nystagmic and spontaneous oculomotor activity on superior colliculus neurons in curarized cats. Experientia (Basel) 27, 1181–1182 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Sanides, E., Hoffmann, J.: Cyto- and myeloarchitecture of the visual cortex of the cat and of the surrounding integration cortices. J. Hirnforsch. 11, 79–104 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Schaefer, K.P.: Mikroableitungen in Tectum opticum des frei beweglichen Kaninchens. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 208, 120–146 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Schaefer, K.P.: Neuronale Entladungsmuster in Tectum opticum des Kaninchens bei passiven und aktiven Eigenbewegungen. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 209, 101–126 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Schaefer, K.P.: Unit analysis and electrical stimulation in the optic tectum of rabbits and cat. Brain, Behav. Evolut. 3, 222–240 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Schilder, P.: Loss of a brightness discrimination in the cat following removal of the striate area. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 888–897 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Schilder, P., Pasik, P., Pasik, T.: Total luminous flux: A possible response determinant for the normal monkey. Science 158, 806–809 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Schilder, P., Pasik, T., Pasik, P.: Extrageniculostriate vision in the monkey. II. Demonstration of brightness discrimination. Brain Res. 32, 383–398 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Schiller, P. H., Koerner, F: Discharge characteristics of single units in superior colliculus of the alert Rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 920–936 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Schneider, G.E.: Contrasting visuomotor functions of tectum and cortex in the golden hamster. Psychol. Forsch. 31, 52–62 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Schneider, G.E.: Retinal projections characterized by differential rate of degeneration revealed by silver impregnation. Anat. Rec. 160, 423 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  224. Schneider, G.E.: Two visual systems. Science 163, 895–902 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Schwartz, A. S., Clark, G.: Discrimination of intermittent photic stimulation in the rat without its striate cortex. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 50, 468–471 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Sefton, A. J.: The innervation of the lateral geniculate nucleus and anterior colliculus in the rat. Vision Res. 3, 867–881 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  227. Sefton, A. J.: The electrical activity of the anterior colliculus in the rat. Vision Res. 9, 207–222 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Shanzer, S., Dumont-Tyč, S.: Etude électrophysiologique des projections du cortex visual sur le tronc cérébral. J. Physiol. (Paris) 53, 473–474 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  229. Sillito, A. M.: The pretectal light input to the pupilloconstrictor neurones. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 204, 369–378 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  230. Siminoff, R., Schwassmann, H.O., Kruger, L.: An electrophysiological study of the visual projection to the superior colliculus of the rat. J. comp. Neurol. 127, 435–444 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Siminoff, R., Schwassmann, H.O., Kruger, L.: Unit analysis of the pretectal nuclear group in the rat. J. comp. Neurol. 130, 329–342 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  232. Skultety, F.M.: Circus movements in cats following midbrain stimulation through chronically implanted electrodes. J. Neurophysiol. 25, 152–164 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Skultety, F.M.: Stimulation of periaqueductal gray and hypothalamus. Arch. Neurol. 8, 608–620 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  234. Smith, J.D., Ichinose, L.Y., Masek, G.A., Watanabe, T., Stark, L.: Midbrain single units correlating with pupil response to light. Science 162, 1302–1303 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Smith, K.U.: The postoperative effects of removal of the striate cortex upon certain unlearned visually controlled reactions in the cat. J. genet. Psychol. 50, 137–156 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  236. Smith, K.U.: Visual discrimination in the cat: V. The postoperative effects of removal of the striate cortex upon intensity discrimination. J. genet. Psychol. 51, 329–370 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  237. Smith, K.U.: Visual discrimination in the cat: VI. The relation between pattern vision and visual acuity and the optic projection centers on the nervous system. J. genet. Psychol. 53, 251–272 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  238. Smith, K.U.: The role of the superior colliculi in the mediation of optic nystagmus. Psychol. Rev. 36, 510–511 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  239. Snyder, M., Diamond, I. T.: The organization and function of the visual cortex in the three shrew. Brain, Behav. Evol. 1, 244–288 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  240. Snyder, M., Killackey, H., Diamond, I.T.: Color vision in the tree shrew after removal of posterior neocortex. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 554–563 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Spear, P.D., Braun, J. J.: Pattern discrimination following removal of visual neocortex in the cat. Exp. Neurol. 25, 331–348 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Sperry, R.W., Miner, M., Myers, R.E.: Visual pattern perception following subpial slicing and tantalum wire implantations in the visual cortex. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 48, 50–58 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Sperry, R.W., Myers, R.E., Schrier, A.M.: Perceptual capacity of the isolated visual cortex in the cat. Quart. J. exp. Psychol. 7, 65–71 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  244. Spiegel, E. A., Scala, N.P.: Ocular disturbances associated with experimental lesions of the mesencephalic central gray matter. Arch. Ophthal. 18, 614–630 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  245. Spiegel, E. A., Scala, N.P.: Effects of quadrigeminal lesions upon labyrinthine nystagmus. Conf. Neurol. 7, 68–76 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Sprague, J.M.: Visual, acoustic and somesthetic deficits in the cat after cortical and midbrain lesions, pp. 391–417. In: Purpura, D.P., Yahr, M.D. (Eds.): The Thalamus. New York: Columbia University Press 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Sprague, J.M.: Interaction of cortex and superior colliculus in mediation of visually guided behavior in the cat. Science 153, 1544–1547 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Sprague, J.M.: The effects of chronic brainstem lesions on wakefulness, sleep and behavior. Res. Publ. Ass. nerv. ment. Dis. 45, 148–188 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Sprague, J.M.: Berlucchi, G.: Role of the cortex and tectum in visual discrimination. Proc. Inter. Union Physiol. Sci. VII, 414, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Sprague, J.M., Berlucchi, G., di Berardino, A.: The superior colliculus and pretectum in visually guided behavior and visual discrimination in the cat. Brain, Behav. Evol. 3, 285–294 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Sprague, J.M., Chambers, W. W., Stellar, E.: Attentive, affective and adaptive behavior in the cat. Science 133, 165–173 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Sprague, J.M., Levitt, M., Robson, K., Liu, C.N., Stellar, E., Charles, W.W.: A neuroanatomical behavioral analysis of the syndromes resulting from midbrain lemniscal and reticular lesions in the cat. Arch. ital. Biol. 101, 225–295 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Sprague, J.M., Marchiafava, P.L., Rizzolatti, G.: Unit responses to visual stimuli in the superior colliculus of the unanesthetized, mid-pontine cat. Arch. ital. Biol. 106, 169–193 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Sprague, J.M., Meikle, T.H., Jr.: The role of the superior colliculus in visually guided behavior. Exp. Neurol. 11, 115–146 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Sterling, P., Wickelgren, B.G.: Visual receptive fields in the superior colliculus of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 1–15 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Sterling, P., Wickelgren, B.G.: Function of the projection from the visual cortex to the superior colliculus. Brain, Behav. Evol. 3, 210–218 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Straschill, M., Hoffmann, K. P.: Relationship between localization and functional properties of movement-sensitive neuron of the cat’s tectum opticum. Brain Res. 8, 382–385 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Straschill, M., Hoffmann, K. P.: Functional aspects of localization in the cat’s tectum opticum. Brain Res. 13, 274–283 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Straschill, M., Hoffmann, K. P.: Response characteristics of movement-detecting neurons in the cat’s pretectal region. Exp. Neurol. 25, 165–176 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Straschill, M., Hoffmann, K. P.: Activity of movement sensitive neurons of the cat’s tectum opticum during spontaneous eye movements. Exp. Brain Res. 11, 318–326 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Straschill, M., Taghavy, A.: Neuronale Reaktionen in Tectum opticum der Katze auf bewegte und stationäre Lichtreize. Exp. Brain Res. 3, 353–367 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Sumitomo, I., Hayashi, Y.: Electrical responses of cat superior colliculus in reticular formation activation and during natural sleep-wakefulness cycle. Tohoku J. exp. Med. 91, 13–30 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Suzuki, H., Kato, H.: Neurons with visual properties in the posterior group of the thalamic nuclei. Exp. Neurol. 23, 353–365 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Syka, J., Radil-Weiss, T.: Electrical stimulation of the tectum in freely moving cats. Brain Res. 28, 567–572 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Tarlov, C.E., Moore, R.Y.: The tecto-thalamic connections in the brain of the rabbit. J. comp. Neurol. 126, 403–422 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Taravella, C. L., Clark, G.: Discrimination of intermittent photic stimulation in normal and brain-damaged cats. Exp. Neurol. 7, 282–293 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Teng, P., Shanzer, S., Bender, M.B.: Effects of brainstem lesions on optokinetic nystagmus in monkeys. Neurology 8, 22–26 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  268. Thompson, R.: Cortical and subcortical structures mediating visual discrimination habits in the rat. Bol. Inst. Est. Med. Biol. 21, 451–466 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Thompson, R.: Thalamic structures critical for retention of an avoidance conditioned response in rats. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 56, 261–267 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Thompson, R.: Centrencephalic theory and interhemispheric transfer of habits. Psychol. Rev. 72, 385–398 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Thompson, R.: Localization of the “Visual Memory System” in the White Rat. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. Monogr. 69, no. 4, part. 2, pp. 1–29 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  272. Thompson, R., Lesse, H., Rich, I.: Dissociation of visual and auditory habits following prectectal lesions in rats and cats. J. comp. Neurol. 121, 161–172 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Thompson, R., Lukaszewska, L., Schweigerdt, A., McNew, J.J.: Retention of visual and kinesthetic discriminations in rats following pretecto-diesencephalic and ventral mesencephalic damage. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 63, 458–468 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Thompson, R., Myers, R.E.: Brainstem mechanisms underlying visually guided responses in the rhesus monkey. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 74, 479–512 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Thompson, R., Rich, I.: Differential effects of posterior thalamic lesions on the retention of various visual habits. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 56, 60–65 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  276. Thompson, R., Rich, I., Langer, S.K.: Lesion studies on the functional significance of the posterior thalamo-mesencephalic tract. J. comp. Neurol. 123, 29–44 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Tigges, M., Tigges, J.: The retinofugal fibers and their terminal nuclei in Galago crassicaudatus (Primates). J. comp. Neurol. 138, 87–102 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Toyama, K., Matsunami, K., Ohmo, T.: Antidromic identification of association, commissural and corticofugal efferent cells in cat visual cortex. Brain Res. 14, 513–517 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Trevarthen, C. B.: Two mechanisms of vision in primates. Psychol. Forsch. 31, 299–337 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Trevarthen, C. B.:Experimental evidence for a brain-stem contribution to visual perception in man. Brain, Behav. Evol. 3, 338–352 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Urbaitis, J.C, Meikle, T.H., Jr.: Relearning a dark-light discrimination by cats after cortical and collicular lesions. Exp. Neurol. 20, 295–311 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Weiskrantz, L., Cowey, A.: Filling in the scotoma: A study of residual vision after striate cortex lesions in monkeys. In: Progress in physiol. Psychol. Vol. 3, New York-London: Academic Press 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Weiss, T., Fifkova, E.: The effect of spreading depression on activity of subcortical relay nuclei of specific afferent pathways. Arch. int. Physiol. 69, 69–78 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Whitlock, D.G., Nauta, W.J.H.: Subcortical projections from the temporal neocortex in Macaca mulatta. J. comp. Neurol. 106, 183–212 (1956).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Wickelgren, B.G.: Superior colliculus: some receptive field properties of bimodally responsive cells. Science 173, 69–72 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Wickelgren, B.G., Sterling, P.: Influence of visual cortex on receptive fields in the superior colliculus of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 16–23 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Wickelgren, B.G., Sterling, P.: Effects of the superior colliculus of cortical removal in visually deprived cats. Nature (Lond.) 224, 1032–1033 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Wiesel, T.N., Hubel, D.H.: Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 1003–1017 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Wilson, M.E., Cragg, B.G.: Projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat and monkey. J. Anat. 101, 677–692 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Wilson, M.E., Toyne, M.J.: Retino-tectal and corticotectal projections in Macaca Mulatta. Brain Res. 24, 395–406 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Winans, S.S.: Visual form discrimination after removal of the visual cortex in cats. Science 158, 944–946 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Winans, S.S.: Visual cues used by normal and visual decorticate cats to discriminate figures of equal luminous flux. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 74, 167–178 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Wing, K.G., Smith, K.U.: The role of the optic cortex in the dog in the determination of the functional properties of conditioned reactions to light. J. exp. Psychol. 31, 478–496 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  294. Wolin, L. R., Massopust, P., Jr., Meder, J.: Differential color responses from the superior colliculi of squirrel monkeys. Vision Res. 6, 637–644 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Woolsey, C.N., Carlton, T.G., Kaas, J.H., Earls, F.: The projection of the visual field upon the superior colliculus of the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus). Vision Res. 11, 115–127 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Wurtz, R.H., Goldberg, M.E.: Superior colliculus cell responses related to eye movements in awake monkeys. Science 171, 82–84 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Wurtz, R.H., Goldberg, M.E.: The primate superior colliculus and the shift of visual attention. Invest. Ophthal. 11, 441–450 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Philadelphia, USA

    James M. Sprague

  2. Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Berlucchi

  3. Parma, Italy

    Giacomo Rizzolatti

Authors
  1. James M. Sprague
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Giovanni Berlucchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Giacomo Rizzolatti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Richard Jung

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1973 Springer-Verlag, Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sprague, J.M., Berlucchi, G., Rizzolatti, G. (1973). The Role of the Superior Colliculus and Pretectum in Vision and Visually Guided Behavior. In: Jung, R. (eds) Visual Centers in the Brain. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 7 / 3 / 3 B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65495-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65495-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65497-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65495-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation