Abstract
The group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) cause a wide variety of clinical manifestations in children. Some disease syndromes are identical to, or share many common features with, diseases caused by other enteroviruses. Indeed, most clinical virology laboratories no longer identify isolated enteroviruses by group or by serotype, since this information is rarely of immediate importance to physicians and their patients. Nonetheless, there are several clinical syndromes which are uniquely associated with CVB infection, such as myopericarditis and pleurodynia (Bornholm disease). This chapter covers several important CVB-related diseases in childhood including CNS infection, respiratory tract infections, pleurodynia, and vertically transmitted infections. A complete discussion of myopericarditis, which is also an important pediatric disease, can be found in Chap. 3.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abzug MJ (1995) Perinatal enterovirus infections. In: Rotbart HA (ed), Human enterovirus infections. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC pp 221–238
Abzug MJ, Keyserling HL, Lee ML, Levin MJ, Rotbart HA (1995) Neonatal enterovirus infection: virology, serology, and effects of intravenous immune globulin. Clin Infect Dis 20:1201–1206
Abzug MJ, Levin MJ, Rotbart HA (1993) Profile of enterovirus disease in the first two weeks of life. Pediatr Infect Dis J 12:820–824
Abzug MJ, Rotbart H, Levin M (1989) Demonstration of a barrier to transplacental passage of murine enteroviruses in late gestation. J Infect Dis 159:761–765
Artenstein MS, Cadigan FC, Buescher EL (1964) Epidemic coxsackie virus infection with mixed clinical manifestations. Ann Int Med 60:196–203
Bain HW, McLean DM, Walker SJ (1961) Epidemic pleurodynia (Bornholm disease) due to coxsackie B-5 virus: The interrelationship of pleurodynia, benign pericarditis, and aseptic meningitis. Pediatr 27:889–903
Bates HR (1970) Coxsackie virus B3 calcific pancarditis and hydrops fetalis. Am J Obstet Gyn 106:629–630
Bell EJ, McCartney RA, Basquill D, Chaudhuri AKR (1986) Antibody capture ELIZA for the rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infections in patients with aseptic meningitis. J Med Virol 19:213–217
Bergman I, Painter MJ, Wald ER, Chiponis D, Holland AL, Tayor HG (1987) Outcome in children with enteroviral meningitis during the first year of life. J Pediatr 110:705–709
Berlin LE, Rorabaugh ML, Heldrich F, Roberts K, Doran T, Modlin JF (1993) Aseptic meningitis in infants less than two years of age: diagnosis and etiology. J Infect Dis 168:888–892
Beny PJ, Nagington J (1982) Fatal infection with echovirus 11. Arch Dis Child 57:22–29
Bowles NE, Dubowitz V, Sewry CA, Archard LC (1987) Dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and coxsackie-B-virus infection. Lancet i: 1004–1007
Burch GE, Sun SC, Chu KC, Sohal RS, Colcolough HL (1968) Interstitial and coxsackie B myocarditis in infants and children. J Am Med Assn 203:1–8
Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (1965) Case 20-1965. N Eng J Med 272:907–914
Chapman NM, Tracy S, Gauntt CJ, Fortmueller U (1990) Molecular detection and identification of enteroviruses using enzymatic amplification and nucleic acid hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 28:843–850
Cherry JD (1990) Enteroviruses. In: Remington JS, Klein JO (eds) Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, 3rd edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 325–366
Cherry JD (1992) Enteroviruses: Polioviruses (poliomyelitis), coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enteroviruses.In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD (eds) Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 3rd edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia pp 1705–1753
Cherry JD, Jahn CL (1965) Herpangina: The etiologic spectrum. Pediatr 36:632–634
Cherry JL, Soriano F, Jahn CL (1968) Search for perinatal enterovirus infection. Am J Dis Child 116:245–250
Chonmaitree T, Mann L (1995) Respiratory infections. In: Rotbart HA (ed) Human enterovirus infections. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC pp 255–270
Chonmaitree T, Menegus MA, Powell KR (1982) The clinical relevance of CSF viral culture. A twoyear experience with aseptic meningitis in Rochester, New York. J Am Med Assn 247:1843–1847
Chou SM, Gutmann L (1970) Picornavirus-like crystals in subacute polymyositis. Neurol 20:205–213
Curnen EC, Shaw EW, Melnick JL (1949) Disease resembling nonparalytic poliomyelitis associated with virus pathogenic for infant mice. J Am Med Assn 141:894–901
Dagan R, Hall CB, Powell KR, Menegus MA (1989) Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of infection with viral and bacterial pathogens in infants hospitalized with suspected sepsis. J Pediatr 115:351–356
Dagan R, Jenista J, Menegus MA (1988) Association of clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and virus serotypes with the presence of meningitis in hospitalized infants with enterovirus infection. J Pediatr 113:975–978
Dagan R, Powell KR, Hall CB, Menegus MA (1985) Identification of infants unlikely to have serious bacterial infection although hospitalized for suspected sepsis. J Pediatr 107:855–860
Dai-ming W, Guo-chang Z, Shi-mei Z, Yu-cai Z (1993) An epidemic of encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in children caused by echovirus type 30 in Shanghai. Chin Med J 106:767–769
Dalldorf G, Gifford R (1954) Susceptibility of gravid mice to coxsackie virus infection. J Exp Med 99:21–27
Dalldorf G, Sickles G (1948) An unidentified, filtrable agent isolated from the feces of children with paralysis. Science 108:61–63
DeAngelis C, Joffe A, Wilson M, Willis E (1983) Iatrogenic risks and financial costs of hospitalizing febrile infants. Am J Dis Child 137:1146–1149
Delaney TB, Fukunga FH (1958) Myocarditis in a newborn infant with encephalomeningitis due to coxsackie virus group B, type 3. N Eng J Med 259:234–236
Disney ME, Howard EM, Wood BSB (1953) Bornholm disease in children. Br Med J 1:1351–1354
Dorries R, TerMeulen V (1983) Specificity of IgM antibodies in acute human coxsackievirus B infec tions, analyzed by direct solid phase enzyme immunoassay and immunoblot technique. J Gen Virol 64:159–167
Eglin RP, Swann RA, Isaacs D, Moxon ER (1984) Simultaneous bacterial and viral meningitis. Lancet 2:984
Eichenwald HF, Kotsevalov O (1960) Immunologic responses of premature and full-term infants to infection with certain viruses. Pediatr 25:829–839
Enders JF, Weller TH, Robbins FC (1949) Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in culture of various human embryonic tissues. Science 109:85–99
Etter CG, Wedgwood J, Schaad UB (1991) Aseptische meningitiden in der padiatrie. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Journal Suisse de Medecine (Basel) 121:1120–1126
Farber PA, Glasgow LA (1970) Viral myocarditis during pregnancy: encephalomyocarditis virus infection in mice. Am Heart J 80:96–102
Farmer K, MacArthur BA, Clay MM (1975) A follow-up study of 15 cases of neonatal meningoencephalitis due to coxsackie virus B5. J Pediatr 87:568–571
Faulkner RS, MacLeod AJ, VanRooyen CE (1957) Virus meningitis-seven cases in one family. Can Med Assn J 77:439–144
Gear JHS, Measroch V (1973) Coxsackievirus infection of the newborn. Prog Med Virol 15:42–62
Gonzalez-del-Rey JA, Baker RC, Kummer AW, Schultz JR, Ho M (1991) Neurodevelopmental outcome of infants with enteroviral meningitis in the first three months of life. Pediatr Res 29(2) 172A
Gordon RB, Lennette EH, Sandrock RS (1959) The varied clinical manifestations of coxsackie viral infections. Arch Int Med 103:63–73
Grist NR, Bell EJ, Assad F (1978) Enteroviruses in human disease. Prog Med Virol 24:114–157
Hall CB, Miller DG (1969) The detection of silent Coxsackie B-5 virus perinatal infection. J Pediatr 75:124–127
Holland J (1961) Receptor affinities as major determinants of enterovirus tissue tropisms in humans. Virol 15:312–326
Horstmann DM, Yamada N (1968) Enterovirus infections of the central nervous system. Research Publications-Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease 44:236–253
Howden CW, Lang WR, Laws J (1966) An epidemic of ECHO 9 virus meningitis in Auckland. NZ Med J 65:763–684
Hsu KHL, Lonberg-Holm K, Alstein B, Crowell RL (1988) A monoclonal antibody specific for the cellular receptor for the group B coxsackieviruses. J Virol 62:1647–1652
Huber SA, Job LP, Woodruff JF (1984) In vitro culture of coxsackievirus group B, type 3 immune spleen cells on infected endothelial cells and biological activity of the cultured cells in vivo. Infect Immun 43:567–573
Hyypia T, Auvinen P, Maaronen M (1969) Polymerase chain reaction for human picornaviruses. J Gen Virol 70:3261–3268
Hyypia T, Stalhardsk R, Vainionpaa R, Pettersson U (1984) Detection of enteroviruses by spot hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 19:436–138
Jaffe M, Srugo I, Tirosh E, Colin AA, Tal Y (1989) The ameliorating effect of lumbar puncture in viral meningitis. Am J Dis Child 143:682–685
Jantausch BA, Luban NLC, Duffy L, Rodriguez WJ (1995) Maternal plasma transfusion in the treatment of disseminated neonatal echovirus 11 infection. Ped Infect Dis J 14:154–155
Jarvis WR, Tucker G (1981) Echovirus type 7 meningitis in young children. Am J Dis Child 135:1009–1012
Jenista JA, Dalzell LE, Davidson PW, Menegus M (1984) Outcome studies of neonatal enterovirus infection. Pediatr Res 18(2)230A
Jenista JA, Powell KA, Menegus MA (1984) Epidemiology of neonatal enterovirus infection. J Pediatr 104:685–690
Johnson GM, McAbee GA, Seaton ED, Lipson SM (1992) Suspect value of non-CSF viral cultures in the diagnosis of enteroviral CNS infection in young infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 34:876–884
Johnston JM, Overall JC (1989) Intravenous immunoglobulin in disseminated neonatal echovirus 11 infection. Ped Infect Dis J 8:254–256
Jones MJU, Kolb M, Votava HJ, Johnson RL, Smith TF (1980) Intrauterine echovirus type 11 infection. Mayo Clin Proc 55:509–512
Kaplan AS, Melnick JL (1951) Oral administration of coxsacie viruses to newborn and adult mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 76:312–315
Kaplan MH, Klein SW, McPhee J, Harper RG (1983) Group B coxsackievirus infections in infants younger than three months of age: A serious childhood illness. Rev Infec Dis 5:1019–1032
Kibrick S (1961) Viral infections of the fetus and newborn. Perspect Virol 2:140–159
King DL, Karzon DT (1975) An epidemic of aseptic meningitis syndrome due to EHCO virus type 6. Pediatr 29:432–437
Kinney JS, McCray E, Kaplan JE, Low DE, Hammond GW, Harding G, Pinsky PF, Davi MJ, KovnatsSF, Riben P, Nartone WJ, Schonberger LB, Anderson LJ (1986) Risk factors associated with echovirus 11 infection in a newborn nursery. Ped Infect Dis J 5:192–197
Kinnunen E, Hovi T, Stenvik M, Hellstrom O, Porras J, Kleemola M, Kantanen ML (1987) Localized outbreak of enteroviral meningitis in adults. Acta Neurol Scand 75:346–351
Knox AW (1950) Influence of pregnancy in mice on the course of infection with murine poliomyelitis virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 73:520–523
Krajden S, Middleton PJ (1983) Enterovirus infections in the neonate. Clin Pediatr 22:87–92
Krober MS, Bass JW, Powell JM, Smith FR, Seto DSY (1985) Bacterial and viral pathogens causing fever in infants less than 3 months old. Am J Dis Child 139:889–892
Leff RL, Love LA, Miller FW, Greenberg SJ, Klein EA, Dalakas MC, Plotz PH (1992) Viruses in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: absence of candidate viral genomes in muscle. Lancet 339:1192–1195.
Leggiadro RJ, Darras BT (1983) Viral and bacterial pathogens of suspected sepsis in young infants. Ped Infect Dis J 2:287–289
Leon-Monzon M, Dalakas MC (1992) Absence of persistent infection with enterovirus in muscle of patients with inflammatory myopathies. Ann Neurol 32:219–222
Lepow ML, Carver DH, Wright HT, Woods WA, Robbins RC (1962) A clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory investigation of aseptic meningitis during the four-year period, 1955-1958.1. Observations concerning etiology and epidemiology. N Eng J Med 266:1181–1187
McKinlay MA, Steinberg BA (1986) Oral efficacy of WIN 51711 in mice infected with human poliovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29:30–32
McKinney RE, Katz SL, Wilfert CM (1987) Chronic enteroviral meningoencephalitis in agammaglobulinemic patients. Rev Infect Dis 9:334–356
McLean DM, Donohue WL, Snelling CE (1961) Coxsackie B5 virus as a cause of neonatal encephalitis and myocarditis. Can Med Assn J 85:1046–1048
Melnick JL, Rennic KV, Hampil B, Schmidt NJ, HoHH (1973) Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 42enteroviruses. Bull World Health Organ 48:263–268
Melnick JL, Schmidt NJ, Hampil B, Ho HH (1977) Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 19 group A coxsackievirus serotypes. Intervirol 8:172–181
Mills EL (1983) Mononuclear phagocytes in the newborn: their relation to the state of relative immunodeficiency. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 5:189–198
Mintz L, Drew WL (1980) Relation of culture site to the recovery of nonpolio enteroviruses. Amer Soc Microbiol 74:324–326
Modlin JF (1980) Fatal echovirus 11 disease in premature neonates. Pediatr 66:775–780
Modlin JF (1986) Perinatal echovirus infection: Insights from a literature of 61 cases of serious infection and 16 outbreaks in nurseries. Rev Infect Dis 8:918–926
Modlin JF (1994) Neonatal enterovirus infections. In: Baker CFeigIn R (eds) Neonatal infections. Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases, vol 5. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 70–77
Modlin JF, Bowman M (1987) Perinatal transmission of coxsackie B3 virus in a murine model. J Infect Dis 156:21–25
Modlin JF, Bowman M (1988) Localization of coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) antigen in the mouse placenta. Presented to the Society for Pediatric Research. Washington, DC
Modlin JF, Crumpacker CS (1982) Coxsackie B1 virus infection in the pregnant mouse and transmission to the fetus. Infect Immun 37:222–226
Modlin JF, Dagan R, Berlin LE, Virshup DM, Yolken RH, Menegus M (1991) Focal encephalitis with enterovirus infections. Pediatr 88:841–845
Modlin JF, Polk BF, Horton P, Etkind P, Crane E, Spiliotes A (1981) Perinatal echovirus 11 infection: risk of transmission during a community outbreak. N Eng J Med 305:368–371
Moore M (1982) Enteroviral disease in the United States. J Infect Dis 146:103–108
Moses EB, Dean AG, Hatch MH, Burron AL (1977) An outbreak of aseptic meningitis in the area of FortSmith, Arkansas, 1975, due to echovirus type 4. J Arkansas Med Soc 74:121–125
Muir P, Nicholson F, Jhetam M, Neogi S, Banatvala JE (1993) Rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infection by magnetic bead extraction and polymerase chain reaction detection of enterovirus RNA in clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 31:31–38
Nagington J, Wreghitt TG, Gandy G (1978) Fatal echovirus 11 infections in outbreak in special-care baby unit. Lancet ii:725–728.
Nogan AG, Lepow ML (1967) Enteroviral meningitis in very young infants. Pediatr 40:617–626
O’Connell J, Albin R, Blum D, Grint P, Schwartz J (1995) Development of antiviral agents for picornavirus infections. In: Rotbart HA (ed) Human enterovirus infections. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC pp 419–134
O’Neil KM, Pallansch MA, Winkelstein JA, Lock TM, Modlin JF (1988) Chronic group A coxsackievirus infection in agammaglobulinemia: Demonstration of genomic variation of serotypically identical isolates persistently excreted from the same patient. J Infect Dis 157:183–186
Olive DM, Al-Mufti S, Al-Mulla W, Khan MA, Pasca A, Stanway G, Al-NakibW (1990) Detection and differentiation of picornaviruses in clinical samples following genomic amplification. J Gen Virol 71:2141–2147
Parrott RH, Ross S, Burke FG, Rice EC (1951) Herpangina: clinical studies of a specific infectious disease. N Eng J Med 245:275–280
Pozzetto B, Gaudin OG, Aouni M, Ros A (1989) Comparative evaluation of immunoglobulin M neutralizing antibody response in acute-phase sera and virus isolation for the routine diagnosis of enterovirus infection. J Clin Microbiol 27:705–708
Rager-Zisman B, Allison AC (1973) The role of antibody and host cells in the resistance of mice against infection by coxsackie B-3 virus. J Gen Virol 19:329–338
Rapmund G, Gauld JR, Rogers NG, Holmes GE (1959) Neonatal myocarditis and meningoencephalitis due to coxsackie virus group B, type 4. N Eng J Med 260:819–821
Ray CG, McCollough RH, Doto IL, Todd JC, Glezen WP, Chin TDY (1966) Echo 4 ilnness: epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies of an outbreak in a rural community. Am J Epidemiol 84:253–267
Ray CG, McCollough RH, Doto IL, Todd JC, Glexen WP, Chin TDY (1987) Echo 4 illness Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies of an outbreak in a rural community. Am J Epidemiol 84:253–267
Reyes MP, Ostrea EM, Roskamp J, Lerner AM (1983) Disseminated neonatal echovirus 11 disease following antenatal maternal infection with a virus-positive cervix and virus negative gastrointestinal tract. J Med Virol 12:155–159
Rice SK, Heinl RE, Thornton LL, Opal SM (1995) Clinical characteristics, management strategies, and cost implications of a statewide outbreak of enterovirus meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 20:931–937
Robino G, Perlman A, Togo Y, Reback J (1962) Fatal neonatal infection due to coxsackie B2 virus. J Pediatr 61:911–918
Romero J, Putnak JR, Wimmer E (1986) Use of poliovirus proteins VP3 and 2C as group antigens for the detection of enterovirus infections by indirect immunofluorescence. Abstract number 967. Pediatr Res 20:319
Rorabaugh ML, Berlin LE, Heldrich F, Roberts K, Rosenberg LA, Doran T, Modlin JF (1993) Aseptic meningitis among infants less than two years of age: acute illness and neurologic complications. Pediatr 92:206–211
Rorabaugh ML, Berlin LE, Rosenberg L, Rossman M, Allen M, Modlin JF (1992) Absence of neurodevelopmental sequelae from aseptic meningitis. Abstract presented at APS/SPR. Pediatric Research 31(4), Part 2:1047, p 177A Baltimore, MD
Rosenberg NL, Rotbart HA, Abzug MJ, Ringel SP, Levin MJ (1989) Evidence for a novel picornavirus in human dermatomyositis. Ann Neurol 26:204–209
Rotbart HA (1990) Diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis with the polymerase chain reaction. J Pediatr 117:85–89
Rotbart HA (1990) Enzymatic RNA amplification of the enteroviruses. J Clin Microbiol 28:438–442
Rotbart HA (1991) Nucleic acid detection systems for enteroviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 4:156–168
Rotbart HA (1995) Enteroviruses. In: Murray PRBaron EJPfaller MATenover FCYolken RH (eds)Manual of clinical microbiology, 6th edn. American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 1004–1011
Rotbart HA (1995) Enteroviral infections of the central nervous system. Clin Infect Dis 20:971–981
Rotbart HA (ed) (1995) Meningitis and encephalitis. In: Human enterovirus infections. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC pp 271–289
Rotbart HA (1991) Viral meningitis and the aseptic meningitis syndrome. In: Scheld WMWhitley RJDurack DT (eds) Infections of the central nervous system. Raven, New York pp 19–40
Rotbart HA, Kinsella JP, Wasserman RL (1990) Persistent enterovirus infection in culture-negative meningoencephalitis: demonstration by enzymatic amplification. J Infect Dis 161:787–791
Rotbart HA, Levin MJ, Villarreal LP (1985) Use of subgenomic poliovirus DNA hybridization probes to detect the major subgroups of enteroviruses. J Clin Microbiol 20:1105–1108
Rotbart HA, Sawyer MH, Fast S, Lewinski C, Murphy N, Keyser EF, Spadoro J., Kao SY, Loeffelholz M (1994) Diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis by using PCR with a colorimetric microwell detection assay. J Clin Microbiol 32:2590–2592
Shafren DR, Bates RC, Agrez MV, Herd RL, Burns GF, Barry RD (1995) Coxsackieviruses Bl, B3, and B5 use decay accelerating factor as a receptor for cell attachment. J Virol 69:3873–3877
Sawyer M, Holland D, Aintablian N, Connor J, Keyser EF, Waecker NJ (1994) Diagnosis of enteroviral central nervous system infection by polymerase chain reaction during a large community outbreak. Ped Infect Dis J 13:177–182
Sells CJ, Carpenter RL, Ray CG (1975) Sequelae of central-nervous-system enterovirus infections. N Eng J Med 293:1–4
Selzer G (1969) Transplacental infection of the mouse fetus by coxsackie virus. Israel J Med Sci 5:125–127
Sever JL, Huebner RJ, Castellano GA, Bell JA (1963) Serologic diagnosis “en masse” with multiple antigens. Am Rev Resp Dis 88(2)342–349
Siegel M, Greenberg M (1956) Poliomyelitis in pregnancy: effect on fetus and newborn infant. J Pediatr 49:280–288
Singer JI, Mauer PR, Riley JP, Smith PB (1980) Management of central nervous system infections during an epidemic of enteroviral aseptic meningitis. J Pediatr 96:559–563
Soike K (1967) Coxsackie B-3 infection in the pregnant mouse. J Infect Dis 117:203–208
Stevens KM (1959) Estimate of molecular equivalent of antibody required for prophylaxis and therapy of poliomyelitis. J Hyg (Lond) 57:198–201
Sumaya CV, Corman LI (1982) Enteroviral meningitis in early infancy: significance in community outbreaks. Pediatr Infect Dis 3:151–154
Sylvest E (1934) Epidemic myalgia: Bornholm disease. Oxford University, London
Thivierge B, Delage G (1982) Infections du systeme nerveux central a enterovirus: 223 cas vus a un hopital pediatrique entre 1973 et 1981. Can Med Assn J 127:1097–1102
Travers RL, Hughes GRV, Cambridge G, Sewell G Jr (1977) Coxsackie B neutralisation titres in polymyositis/ dermatomyositis. Lancet 1:1268
Warin JF, Davies JBM, Sanders FK, Vizoso AD (1953) Oxford epidemic of Bornholm disease, 1951. Brit Med J i:1345–1354
Warren RJ, Lepow ML, Bartsch GE, Robbins FC (1964) The relationship of maternal antibody, breast feeding, and age to the susceptibility of newborn infants to infection with attenuated poliovirus. Pediatr 34:4–13
Webster ADB, Rotbart HA, Warner T, Rudge P, Hyman N (1993) Diagnosis of enterovirus brain disease in hypogammaglobulinemic patients by polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 17:657–661
Weinstein L, Aycock WL, Feemster RF (1951) Relation of sex, pregnancy, and menstruation to susceptibility in poliomyelitis. N Eng J Med 245:54–58
Weller TH, Enders JF, Buckingham M, Finn JJ Jr (1950) Etiology of epidemic pleurodynia: Study of two viruses isolated from typical outbreak. J Immunol 65:337–346
Whitley RJ, Cobbs CG, Alford CA, Soong SJ, Hirsch MS, Connor JD, Corey L, Hanley DF, Levin M, Powell DA (1989) Diseases that mimic herpes simplex encephalitis. J Am Med Assn 262:234–239
Whitley RJ, Soong S-J, Hirsch MS, Karchmer AW, Dolin R, Galasso G, Dumick JK, Alford CA (1981) Herpes simplex encephalitis: vidarabine therapy and diagnostic problems. N Eng J Med 304:313–318
Wilfert CM, Lehrman SN, Katz SL (1983) Enteroviruses and meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis 2:333–341
Wilfert CM, Thompson RJ, Sunder TR, O’Quinn AO, Zellee J, Blacharsh J (1981) Longitudinal assessment of children with enteroviral meningitis during the first three months of life. Pediatr 67:811–815
Wilfert CM, Zeller J (1985) Enterovirus diagnosis. In: de la Maza LMPeterson EM (eds) Medical virology IV. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 85–107
Wong SN, Tam AYC, Ng THK, Ng WF, Tong CY, Tang TS (1989) Fatal coxsackie B1 virus infection in neonates. Ped Infect Dis J 8:638–641
Woodruff JF, Woodruff JJ (1974) Involvement of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of coxsackievirus B3 heart disease. J Immunol 113:1726–1734
Wright HT, McAllister RM, Ward R (1962) Mixed meningitis: reports of a case with isolation of Haemophilus influenzae type b and echovirus type 9 from the cerebrospinal fluid. N Eng J Med 267:142–144
Yagi S, Schnurr D, Lin J (1992) Spectrum of monoclonal antibodies to coxsackievirus B-3 includes typeand group-specific antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 30:2498–2501
Yolken RH, Torsch VM (1980) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection and identification of coxsackie B antigen in tissue cultures and clinical specimens. J Med Virol 6:45–52
Yousef GE, Brown IN, Mowbray JF (1987) Derivation and biochemical characterization of an enterovirus group-specific monoclonal antibody. Intervirol 28:163–170
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Modlin, J.F., Rotbart, H.A. (1997). Group B Coxsackie Disease in Children. In: Tracy, S., Chapman, N.M., Mahy, B.W.J. (eds) The Coxsackie B Viruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 223. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60687-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60687-8_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64507-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60687-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive