Skip to main content

Cutaneous Lymphomas: A Heterogeneous Group of Lymphoproliferative Disorders at Least in Part Sensitive to Interferon Treatment

  • Conference paper
Interferons
  • 96 Accesses

Abstract

Cutaneous lymphomas (CL) comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases that are characterized by a clonal accumulation of lymphocytes in the skin. Cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders can present in the skin alone, in the skin and extracutaneous sites, or as extracutaneous disease with secondary skin involvement. In a strict sense, they are lymphoproliferative disorders primarily manifesting in the skin and being confined to the skin for ever or at least for many years [1]. Malignant lymphomas can originate from cells at any level of differentiation between stem cells and the peripheral differentiated B- or T-lymphocytes. There is growing evidence that a clonal disease may have different clinical and histologic features, depending not only on the time-point in the disease process, but also probably on the state of activation [2]. In many cases the histopathologic evaluation of biopsies maybe extended to include immunophenotyping (immunologic analysis of cellular antigen expression using antibodies) or immunogenotyping (molecular analysis of antigen receptor genes).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Burg G, Braun-Falco O (1983) Cutaneous lymphomas, pseudolymphomas and related disorders. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  2. Davis TH, Morton CC, Miller CR, Balk SP, Kadin ME (1992) Hodgkin’s disease, lymphomatoid papulosis, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma derived from a common T-cell clone. N Engl J Med 326: 1115–1122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Edelson RL (1980) Cutaneous T cell lymphoma: mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome, and other variants. J Am Acad Dermatol 2: 89–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Clendenning WE (1977) Mycosis fungoides. History, clinical features, controversies. Bull Cancer (Paris) 64: 167–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Thomsen K (1977) Scandinavian mycosis fungoides study group. Bull Cancer (Paris) 64: 287–290

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Weinstock M, Horm J (1988) Mycosis fungoides in the United States: increasing incidence and descriptive epidemiology. JAMA 1988: 42–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Tycko B, Sklar J (1990) Chromosomal translocations in lymphoid neoplasia: a reappraisal of the recombinase model. Cancer Cells 2: 1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Volkenandt M, Cerroni L, Rieger E et al (1992) Analysis of the 14;18 translocation in cutaneous lymphomas using the polymerase chain reaction. J Cutan Pathol 19: 353–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Shapiro PE, Warburton D, Berger CL, Edelson RL (1987) Clonal Chromosomal Abnormalities in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 28: 267–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. MacKie R, Dick HM, de Sousa MB (1976) HLA and mycosis fungoides. Lancet 1: 7970

    Google Scholar 

  11. Schuppli R (1976) Is mycosis fungoides an “immunoma”? Dermatologica 153: 1–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Greene MH, Dalager NA, Lamberg SI, Argyropoulos CE, Fraumeni JJ (1979) Mycosis fungoides: epidemiologic observations. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 597–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Tuyp E, Burgoyne A, Aitchison T, MacKie R (1987) A case-control study of possible causative factors in mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 123: 196–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Whittemore AS, Holly EA, Lee IM et al (1989) Mycosis fungoides in relation to environmental exposures and immune response: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 81: 1560–1567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Weinstock MA (1991) A registry-based case-control study of mycosis fungoides. Ann Epidemiol 1: 533–539

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kantor AF, Curtis RE, Vonderheid EC, van Scott EJ, Fraumeni JJ (1989) Risk of second malignancy after cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer 63: 1612–1615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dummer R, Nestle F, Wiede J et al (1991) Coincidence of increased soluble interleukin-2 receptors, diminished natural killer cell activity and progressive disease in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Eur J Dermatol 1: 135–138

    Google Scholar 

  18. Whittaker SJ, Luzzatto L (1993) HTLV-1 provirus and mycosis fungoides. Science 259: 1470–1471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ziegler JL (1981) Burkitt’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 305: 735–745

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Peris K, Niedermeyer H, Cerroni L, Radaskiewicz T, Chimenti S, Höfler H (1994) Detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome in primary cutaneous T and B cell lymphomas and pseudolymphomas. Arch Dermatol Res 286: 364–368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Garbe C, Stein H, Dienemann D, Orfanos CE (1991) Borrelia burgdorferi-associated cutaneous B cell lymphoma: clinical and immunohistologic characterization of four cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 24: 584–590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Romagnani S (1992) Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: regulation of differentiation and role in protection and immunopathology. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 98: 279–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Vowels B, Cassin M, Vonderheid E, Rook A (1992) Aberrant cytokine production by Sezary syndrome patients: cytokine secretion pattern resembles murine Th2 cells. J Invest Dermatol 99: 90–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dummer R, Kohl O, Gillisson J, Kägi M, Burg G (1993) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells in non-leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients: reduced proliferation and preferential secretion of a T helper 2 like cytokine pattern on stimulation. Arch Dermatol 129: 433–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gordon RA, Lookingbill DP, Abt AB (1980) Skin infiltration in Hodgkin’s disease. Arch Dermatol 116: 1038–1040

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. White RM, Patterson JW (1985) Cutaneous involvement in Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer 55: 1136–1145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ratnam KV, Khor CJ, Su WP (1994) Leukemia cutis. Dermatol Clin 12: 419–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Burg G, Dummer R, Kerl H (1994) Classification of cutaneous lymphomas. Dermatol Clin 12: 213–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Stansfeld A, Diebold J, Kapanci Y (1988) Updated Kiel classification for lymphomas. Lancet 372: 292–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. National Cancer Institute sponsored study of classifications of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: summary and description of a working formulation for clinical usage. Cancer 49 (10): 2112–2135

    Google Scholar 

  31. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H et al (1994) A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the international lymphoma study group. Blood 84: 1361–1392

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wood GS, Tung RM, Haeffner AC et al (1994) Detection of clonal T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements in early mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR/DGGE). J Invest Dermatol 103: 34–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Burg G, Dummer R (1995) Small plaque (digitate) parapsoriasis is an abortive T-cell lymphoma and is not mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 131: 336–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Macaulay WL (1989) Lymphomatoid papulosis update. A historical perspective. Arch Dermatol 125: 1387–1389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Burg G, Hess M, Küng E, Dommann S, Dummer R (1994) Semimalignant (pseudolymphomatous) cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. Derm Clinics 12: 399–407

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Giannotti B, Santucci M (1993) Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)-related B-cell lymphoma (primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma). A concept and a clinicopathologic entity. Arch Dermatol 129: 353–355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Santucci M, Pimpinelli N, Arganini L (1991) Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: a unique type of low-grade lymphoma. Clinicopathologic and immunologic study of 83 cases. Cancer 67: 2311–2326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Slater D (1994) MALT and SALT: the clue to cutaneous B-cell lymphoproliferative disease. Br J Dermatol 131: 557–561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Abel EA, Wood GS, Hoppe RT (1993) Mycosis fungoides: clinical and histologic features, staging, evaluation, and approach to treatment. CA Cancer J Clin 43: 93–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kaye FJ, Bunn PJ, Steinberg SM et al (1989) A randomized trial comparing combination electron-beam radiation and chemotherapy with topical therapy in the initial treatment of mycosis fungoides. N Engl J Med 321: 1784–1790

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kalinke DU, Dummer R, Burg G (1996) Mangement of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Curr Opinion Dermatol 3: 71–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Jörg B, Kerl H, BH T, Bröcker E-B, Burg G (1994) Therapeutic approaches in cutaneous lymphoma. Dermatol Clin 12: 433–441

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Vonderheid EC, Tan ET, Kantor AF, Shrager L, Micaily B, Van Scott EJ (1989) Long-term efficacy, curative potential, and carcinogenicity of topical mechlorethamine chemotherapy in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 20: 416–428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Zackheim HS, Epstein EJ, Crain WR (1990) Topical carmustine (BCNU) for cutaneous T cell lymphoma: a 15-year experience in 143 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 22: 802–810

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Roenigk H, Kuzel TM, Skoutelis AP et al (1990) Photochemotherapy alone or combined with interferon alpha-2a in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 95: 198S-205S

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Honigsmann H, Brenner W, Rauschmeier W, Konrad K, Wolff K (1984) Photochemotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma. A follow-up study. J Am Acad Dermatol 10: 238–245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bunn PA, Jr., Norris DA (1990) The therapeutic role of interferons and monoclonal antibodies in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol 95 [Suppl 6]: 209–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Vonderheid EC, Thompson R, Smiles KA, Lattanand A (1987) Recombinant interferon alfa-2b in plaque-phase mycosis fungoides. Intralesional and low-dose intramuscular therapy. Arch Dermatol 123: 757–763

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dreno B, Claudy A, Meynadier J et al (1991) The treatment of 45 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with low doses of interferon-alpha 2a and etretinate. Br J Dermatol 125: 456–459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Knobler RM, Trautinger F, Radaszkiewicz T, Kokoschka EM, Micksche M (1991) Treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma with a combination of low-dose interferon alfa-2b and retinoids. J Am Acad Dermatol 24: 247–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Dummer R, Müller W, Nestle F et al (1991) Formation of neutralizing antibodies against natural interferon-β, but not against interferon-γ during adjuvant therapy for high-risk malignant melanoma patients. Cancer 67: 2300–2304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kuzel TM, Roenigk HJ, Samuelson E, Rosen ST (1992) Suppression of anti-interferon alpha-2a antibody formation in patients with mycosis fungoides by exposure to long-wave UV radiation in the A range and methoxsalen ingestion. J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 119–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kaplan EH, Rosen ST, Norris DB, Roenigk HH Jr, Saks SR, Bunn PA Jr (1990) Phase II study of recombinant human interferon gamma for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 208–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kessler JF, Jones SE, Levine N, Lynch PJ, Booth AR, Meyskens FL Jr (1987) Isotretinoin and cutaneous helper T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides). Arch Dermatol 123: 201–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Molin L, Thomsen K, Volden G et al (1987) Oral retinoids in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a comparison of isotretinoin and etretinate. A study from the Scandinavian Mycosis Fungoides Group. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 67: 232–236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Bauch B, Barraud-Klenowssek M, Burg G, Dummer R (1995) Eindrucksvolle Remission einer Mycosis fungoides im Tumorstadium unter low-dose Interferon-α und Acitretin nach erfolgloser Chemotherapie. H & G 70: 200–203

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kuzel TM, Roenigk HJ, Rosen ST (1991) Mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome: a review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. J Clin Oncol 9: 1298–1313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Jones GW, Tadros A, Hodson DL, Rosenthal D, Roberts J, Thorson B (1994) Prognosis with newly diagnosed mycosis fungoides after total skin electron radiation of 30 or 35 GY. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 28: 839–845

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Holloway KB, Flowers FP, Ramos CF (1992) Therapeutic alternatives in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 27: 367–378

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Foss FM, Borkowski TA, Gilliom M et al (1994) Chimeric fusion protein toxin DAB486IL-2 in advanced mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome: correlation of activity and interleukin-2 receptor expression in a phase II study. Blood 84: 1765–1774

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Woodworth TG, Nichols JC (1993) Recombinant fusion toxins - a new class of targeted biologic therapeutics. Cancer Treat Res 68: 145–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Heald P, Rook A, Perez M et al (1992) Treatment of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 27: 427–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Vonderheid EC, Bigler RD, Greenberg AS, Neukum SJ, Micaily B (1994) Extracorporeal photopheresis and recombinant interferon alfa 2b in Sezary syndrome. Use of dual marker labeling to monitor therapeutic response. Am J Clin Oncol 17: 255–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Bunn PJ, Hoffman SJ, Norris D, Golitz LE, Aeling JL (1994) Systemic therapy of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome). Ann Intern Med 121: 592–602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Geilen CC, Haase R, Buchner K, Wieder T, Hucho F, Reutter W (1991) The phospholipid analogue, hexadecylphosphocholine, inhibits protein kinase C in vitro and antagonises phorbol ester-stimulated cell proliferation. Eur J Cancer 27: 1650–1653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hochhuth CH, Vehmeyer K, Eibl H, Unger C (1992) Hexadecylphosphocholine induces interferon-gamma secretion and expression of GM-CSF mRNA in human mononuclear cells. Cell Immunol 141: 161–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Unger C, Peukert M, Sindermann H, Hilpard P, Nagel G, Eibl H (1990) Hexadecylphosphocholine in the topical treatment of skin metastases in breast cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rev 17: 243–246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Dummer R, Krasovec M, Röger J, Sindermann H, Burg G (1993) Topical application of hexadecylphosphocholine in patients with cutaneous lymphomas: Results of a phase I/II study. J Am Acad Dermatol 29: 963–970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Cooper DL, Braverman IM, Sarris AH et al (1993) Cyclosporine treatment of refractory T-cell lymphomas. Cancer 71: 2335–2341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Thomsen K, Wantzin G (1987) Extracutaneous spreading with fatal outcome of mycosis fungoides in a patient treated with cyclosporin A: a word of caution. Dermatologica 174: 236–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Von Hoff DD, Dahlberg S, Hartstock RJ, Eyre HJ (1990) Activity of fludarabine monophosphate in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 1353–1355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Bigler RD, Crilley P, Micaily B et al (1991) Autologous bone marrow transplantation for advanced stage mycosis fungoides. Bone Marrow Transplant 7: 133–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Morgan DA, Ruscetti FW, Gallo R (1976) Selective in vitro growth of T-lymphocytes from normal human bone marrow. Science 193: 1007–1008

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Smith KA (1989) The interleukin 2 receptor. Ann Rev Biol 5: 397–425

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Dummer R, Welters H, Keilholz U, Tilgen W, Burg G (1990) Interleukin 2: immunologischer Hintergrund und klinische Anwendung in der Tumortherapie. Hautarzt 41: 53–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Dummer R, Burg G, Wiede J et al (1989) Expression of T-cell receptor (TCR) delta and alpha chains in T-lineage cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. J Cutan Pathol 16: 301

    Google Scholar 

  77. Dummer R, Schwarz T (1994) Cytokines as regulatory proteins in cutaneous lymphoproliferation. Dermatol Clin 12: 283–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Dummer R, Häffner A, Burg G (1994) Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL): new aspects in PCR-based diagnostic tools, immunology and treatment. Eur J Dermatol 4: 281–286

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dalloul A, Laroche L, Bagot M et al (1992) Interleukin-7 is a growth factor for Sezary lymphoma cells. J Clin Invest 90: 1054–1060

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Rook AH, Kubin M, Cassin M et al (1995) IL-12 reverses cytokine and immune abnormalities in Sezary syndrome. J Immunol 154: 1491–1498

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gisselbrecht C, Maraninchi D, Pico JL et al (1994) Interleukin-2 treatment in lymphoma: a phase II multicenter study. Blood 83: 2081–2085

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Watsky KL, Longley BJ, Dvoretzky I (1992) Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 18: 951–954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Goldschmidt H (1991) Radiation therapy of other cutaneous tumors. In: Goldschmidt H, Panizzon R (eds) Modern dermatologic radiation therapy. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 123–132

    Google Scholar 

  84. Joly P, Charlotte F, Leibowitch M et al (1991) Cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides: follow-up study of 52 patients. J Clin Oncol 9: 1994–2001

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. LeBoit PE (1991) Variants of mycosis fungoides and related cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Semin Diagn Pathol 8: 73–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Sepp N, Schuler G, Romani N et al (1990)“Intravascular lymphomatosis”(angioendotheliomatosis): evidence for a T-cell origin in two cases. Hum Pathol 21: 1051–1058

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Burg G, Schmockel C (1992) Syringolymphoid hyperplasia with alopecia—a syringotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma? Dermatology 184: 306–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Burg G, Dummer R, Wilhelm M et al (1991) A subcutaneous delta-positive T-cell lymphoma that produces interferon gamma. N Engl J Med 325: 1078–1081

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Domman S, Dommann-Scherer C, Zimmermann D et al (1996) Cutaneous T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma. Am J Cutan Pathol (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Berti E, Cerri A, Cavicchini S et al (1991) Primary cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma presenting as disseminated pagetoid reticulosis. J Invest Dermatol 96: 718–723

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Dummer R, Potoczna N, Gilardi F, Zimmermann D, Burg G (1996) A CD4+, CD56+ primary cutaneous lymphoma with an undetermined phenotype. Arch Dermatol 132: 550–553

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kerl K, Sterry W (1987) Classification and staging. In: Burg G, Sterry W (eds) EORTC/BMFT Cutaneous Lymphoma Project Group: recommendations for staging and therapy of cutaneous lymphomas.EORTC, Brussels, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Dummer, R. (1997). Cutaneous Lymphomas: A Heterogeneous Group of Lymphoproliferative Disorders at Least in Part Sensitive to Interferon Treatment. In: Aul, C., Schneider, W. (eds) Interferons. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60411-9_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60411-9_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-61051-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60411-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics