Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The DQ Loci

  • Chapter
Molecular Biology and Evolution of Blood Group and MHC Antigens in Primates

Abstract

The MHC class II DQ molecule is composed of an α-chain, encoded by the DQA1 locus and a β-chain, encoded by the DQB1 locus. In contrast to the DR and DP molecules, both the α-chain and the β-chain are polymorphic among individuals, resulting in a vast combinatorial diversity at the antigen level. As is the case for other class II MHC molecules, the DQ antigen is displayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Begovich AB, McClure GR, Suraj VC, Helmuth RC, Fildes N, Bugawan TL, Erlich HA et al. Polymorphism, recombination, and linkage disequilibrium within the HLA class II region. J Immunol 148: 249–258, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergström T, Gyllensten U. Evolution of Mhc class II polymorphism: the rise and fall of class II gene function in primates. Immunol Rev 143: 13–31, 1995

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bontrop RE. Nonhuman primate Mhc-DQA and -DQB second exon nucleotide sequences: a compilation. Immunogenetics 39: 81–92, 1994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JH, Jardetzky TS, Benirschke K, Andersson JM, Brownhill LC, Saper MA, Samaraoui B, Bjorkman PJ, Wiley DC. A hypothetical model of the foreign antigen binding site of class II histocompatibility molecules. Nature 332: 845–850, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JH, Jardetzky TS, Gorga JC, Stern LJ, Urban RG, Strominger JL, Wiley DC. Three-dimensional structure of the human class II histocompability antigen HLA- DRl. Nature 364: 33–39, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erlich HA, Gyllenstern UB. Shared epitopes among HLA class II alleles: gene conversion common ancestry and balancing selection. Immunol Today 12 (11): 411–414, 1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewens WI. The sampling theory of selectively neutral alleles. Theor Popul Biol 3: 87–112, 1972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaur LK, Heise ER, Thurtle PS, Nepom GT. Is DQB2 functional among nonhuman primates? In: Klein J, Klein D (eds) Molecular evolution of the major histocompatibility complex. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 221–230 (NATO ASI series, vol 59), 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaur LK, Heise ER, Thurtle PS, Nepom GT. Conservation of the HLA-DQB2 locus in nonhuman primates. J Immunol 148: 943–948, 1992a

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaur LK, Heise ER, Thurtle PS, Nepom GT. Conservation of the HLA-DQB2 locus in nonhuman primates (published erratum). J Immunol 149: 2530–2531, 1992b

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaur LK, Hughes AL, Heise ER, Gutknecht J. Maintenance of DQB1 polymorphisms in primates. Mol Biol Evol 9: 599–609, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorski J, Mach B. Polymorphism of human Ia antigens: gene conversion between two DRb loci results in a HLA-D/DR specificity. Nature 322: 67–70, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gyllensten U, Erlich HA. Generation of single-stranded DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and its application to direct sequencing of the HLA-DQA locus. Proc Nat] Acad Sci USA 85: 7652–7656, 1988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gyllensten U, Erlich HA. Ancient roots for polymorphism at the DQA locus of primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 9956–9990, 1989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gyllensten U, Erlich HA. Evolution of HLA class II polymorphism in primates: the DQA locus. Immunol Res 9: 223–233, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gyllensten U, Lashkari D, Erlich HA. Allelic diversification at the class II DQB locus of the mammalian major histocompability complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 1835–1839, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gyllensten U, Bergström T, Josefsson A, Sundvall M, Savage A, Blumer ES, Humberto Giraldo L, Soto LH, Watkins DI. The cotton-top tamarin revisited: Mhc class I polymorphism of wild tamarins and polymorphism and allelic diversity of the class II DQA1 DQB1 and DRB loci. Immunogenetics 40: 167–176, 1994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedrick P. Evolutionary genetics of the major histocompatibility complex. Am Natural 143: 945, 1994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn GT, Bugawan TL, Long CM, Erlich HA. Allelic sequence variation of the HLA-DQ loci: relationship to serology aand to insulin-dependent diabetes susceptibility. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 855:6012–6016

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes AL, Nei M. Pattern of nucleotide substitution at major histocompatibility complex class I loci reveals overdominant selection. Nature 335: 167–170, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes A, Nei M. Nucleotide substitution at major histocompability complex class II loci: evidence for overdominance selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 958–962, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes AL, Nei M. Evolutionary relationships of class II major-histocompatibility-complex genes in mammals. Mol Biol Evol 7 (6): 491–514, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kappes D, Strominger JL. Human class II major histocompatibility complex genes and proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 57:991–1028, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenter M, Anholts J, Ruff G, Otting N, Bontrop RE. Selective inactivation of the primate Mhc-DQA2 locus. In: Klein J, Klein D (eds) Molecular evolution of the major histocompatibility complex. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 213–220 (NATO ASI series, vol 59), 1991

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kenter M, Otting N, Anholts J, Leunissen J, Jonker M, Bontrop RE. Evolutionary relationships among the primate Mhc-DQA1 and DQA2 alleles. Immunogenetics 36: 71–78, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura M. Preponderance of synonymous changes as evidence for the neutral theory of molecular evolution. Nature 267: 275–276, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura M. The neutral theory of molecular evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Klein J, Figueroa F Evolution of the major histocompatibility complex. CRC Crit Rev Immunol 6: 295–389, 1986

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, version l0. Pennsylvania State University University Park. Comput Appl Biosci 10: 189–191, 1994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok WW, Thurtle P, Nepom GT. A genetically controlled pairing anomaly between HLA-DQa and HLA-DQ13 chains. J Immunol 143: 3598–3601, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok WW, Kovats S, Thurtle P, Nepom GT. HLA-DQ allelic polymorphisms constrain patters of class II heterodimer formation. J Immunol 150: 2263–2272, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li W-H, Graur D. Fundamentals in molecular evolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Markow TP, Hendrick PW, Zuerlein K, Danilovs J, Martin J, Vyvial T, Armstrong C. HLA polymorphism in the Havasupai: evidence for balancing selection. Am J Hum Genet 53: 943–952, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh SG, Bodmer JG. HLA class II region nucleotide sequences. Tissue Antigens 46: 258280, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama T, Nei M. Genetic variability maintained by mutations and overdominant selection in finite populations. Genetics 98: 441–459, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis MD, Lebo RV, Quinn DL, Simons MJ. Ancient, highly polymorphic human major histocompatibility complex DQA1 intron sequences. Am J Med Genet 52: 438–444, 1994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nei M, Gojobori T. Simple methods for estimating the number of synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol Biol Evol 3: 418–426, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otting N, Kenter M, van Weeren P, Jonker M, Bontrop RE. Mhc-DQB repertoire variation in hominoid and Old World primate species. J Immunol 149: 461–470, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rzhetsky A, Nei M. Unbiased estimates of the number of nucleotide substitutions when substitution rate varies among different sites. J Mol Evol 38: 295–299, 1994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satta Y. How the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous pseudogene substitutions can be less than one. Immunogenetics 38: 450–454, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern LJ, Brown JH, Jardetzky TS, Gorga JC, Urban RG, Strominger JL, Wiley DC. Crystal structure of the human class II MHC protein HLA-DR! complexed with an influenza virus peptide. Nature 368: 215–221, 1994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Titus-Trachtenberg EA, Rickards O, DeStefano GF, Erlich HA. Analysis of HLA class II haplotypes in the Cayapa Indians of Ecuador: a novel DRB1 allele reveals evidence for convergent evolution and balancing selection at position 86. Am J Hum Genet 5: 160–167, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  • Titus-Trachtenberg EA, Erlich HA, Rickards O, DeStefano GF, Klitz W. HLA class II linkage disequilibrium and haplotype evolution in the Cayapa Indians of Ecuador. Am J Hum Genet 57: 415–424, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd JA, Bell JI. HLa-DQβ gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature

    Google Scholar 

  • Trowsdale J, Young JAT, Kelly AP, Austin PJ, Carson S, Meunier H, So A, Erlich HA, Spielman R, Bodmer J, Bodmer WE Stucture sequence and polymorphism in the HLA-D region. Immunol Rev 85: 5–43, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watterson GA. The homozygosity test of neutrality. Genetics 88: 405–417, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu S, Saunders T, Bach F. Polymorphism of human la antigens generated by reciprocal exchange between two DRb loci. Nature 324: 676–679, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. U. Gyllensten
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. Bergström
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. A. Erlich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire d’Immunogénétique moléculaire, Université Paul Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse Hôpital Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, 31059, Toulouse cedex, France

    Antoine Blancher MD, PhD

  2. Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie Abteilung Immungenetik, Correnstr. 42, 72076, Tübingen, Germany

    Jan Klein PhD

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Fl, 33101, USA

    Jan Klein PhD

  4. Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates (LEMSIP), New York University Medical Center, 10 Townsend Avenue, Upper Grandview, NY, 10960-4830, USA

    Wladyslaw Socha MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gyllensten, U., Bergström, T., Erlich, H.A. (1997). The DQ Loci. In: Blancher, A., Klein, J., Socha, W. (eds) Molecular Biology and Evolution of Blood Group and MHC Antigens in Primates. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59086-3_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59086-3_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63843-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59086-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation