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Carcinogenesis and Pathological Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  • Chapter
Liver Malignancies

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

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Abstract

The fact that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has different epidemiological distributions in different parts of the world has facilitated the identification of a series of associated risk factors (Johnson 1996). For instance, a clear association has been shown between HCC and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in areas of the world where HCC has a high incidence (China, Southeast Asia and northern Africa) (Johnson 1996). HCC is also now known to be associated with other risk factors such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), aflatoxins, sex hormones and some metabolic diseases (Johnson 1996; Graham and Alistar 1996). Moreover, there is no doubt that different combinations of risk factors account for the variations in incidence to be found in different geographical areas: for example, exposure to aflatoxin and carriage of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are both significant risk factors, but the combination of the two exposes the individual to a much higher risk (Zeman et al. 1985). Furthermore, new diagnostic methods have been developed that allow direct assessment of risk factors. Thus, in recent years it has been possible to detect the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCC antibodies, and it is now also possible to reveal aflatoxin adducts of DNA in biological fluids as a measure of aflatoxin exposure (Ross et al. 1992).

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  1. Department of Pathology, Histology and Cytology, F. Addari Institute, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Viale Ercolani 4/2, I-40138, Bologna, Italy

    M. Vaccari MD, C. Lattes MD & W. F. Grigioni MD (Professor)

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  1. Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, I-56125, Pisa, Italy

    C. Bartolozzi MD (Professor and Chairman) & R. Lencioni MD (Professor and Chairman) & 

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Vaccari, M., Lattes, C., Grigioni, W.F. (1999). Carcinogenesis and Pathological Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: Bartolozzi, C., Lencioni, R. (eds) Liver Malignancies. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58641-5_3

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