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Refractory Metals

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Purification Process and Characterization of Ultra High Purity Metals

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Materials Processing ((SSMATERIALSPROC))

Abstract

The definition of “refractory metals” is not unanimous. Often, they are defined as those metals having a melting point in excess of 2200 K; that is, as eomprising the elements Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, Wand Re [1]. Other authors (see, for example, [2]) include all the transition metals of group IVa to group VIa of the Periodie Table (i.e. also eomprising the metals Ti, Zr, V and Cr with melting points between 1941 K and 2180 K) and the group VIIa element Re. This latter definition is followed here. Table 4.1 presents a number of relevant properties of the refractory metals [3]. The group IVa metals Ti, Zr and Hf have a hcp structure with a phase transition to bcc at high temperatures, whereas the group Va and VIa metals are bcc, and the group VIIa metal Re is hcp at all temperatures. The success of purification and the purity level reached until now is different for the various refractory metals. The group IVa metals and vanadium are the most difficult to purify, primarily because of the high reactivity of these metals and their lower melting temperatures in comparison with the other refractory metals. Taking the residual resistivity ratio, RRR = ρ(293к) / ρ(т→0к), as a simple but illustrative indicator of purity, the highest degree of purity has been reached up to now for the refractory metals Nb, Mo and W.

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    Yoshio Waseda  & Minoru Isshiki  & 

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Koethe, A. (2002). Refractory Metals. In: Waseda, Y., Isshiki, M. (eds) Purification Process and Characterization of Ultra High Purity Metals. Springer Series in Materials Processing. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56255-6_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56255-6_4

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