Abstract
Injuries to the lower extremities play a major role in sports (soccer, skiing, etc.). They have furthermore emerged as the most frequent non-minor injury resulting from frontal vehicle crashes since restraint systems (belts, airbag in frontal impacts) are not particularly designed for the protection of the legs (and arms). Yet, injuries of the extremities are often the reason for long-term impairment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
AAAM (2005) AIS 2005: The injury scale (Eds. Gennarelli T and Wodzin E), Association of Advancement of Automotive Medicine
Anderson K, Strickland S, Warren R (2001) Hip and groin injuries in athletes. Am J Sports Med 29(4):521–533
Arnoux P, Thollon L, Behr M, Brunet C, Cesari D (2006) Knee joint injury mechanisms and injury criteria in full scale tests according to impact position. Proceedings IRCOBI Conference, pp 319–330
Autoliv (2003) Autoliv. http://www.autoliv.com. Accessed Mar 14 2010
Beiner J, Jokl P (2002) Muscle contusion injury and myositis ossificans traumatica. Clin Orthop Relat Res 403S:S110–S119
Begeman P, Prasad P (1990) Human ankle impact response in dorsiflexion. Proceedings of 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp 39–54
Bere T, Flørenes T, Krosshaug T, Koga H, Nordsletten L, Irving C, Muller E, Reid R, Senner V, Bahr R (2011) Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in world cup alpine skiing: a systematic video analysis of 20 cases. Am J Sports Med 39:1421–1429
Blankenbaker D, De Smet A (2010) Hip injuries in athletes. Radiol Clin N Am 48:1155–1178
Boles C, Ferguson C (2010) The female athlete. Radiol Clin N Am 48:1249–1266
Brun-Cassan F, Leung YC, Tarriere C, Fayon A, Patel A, Got C, Hureau J (1982) Determination of knee-femur-pelvis tolerance from the simulation of car frontal impacts. Proceedings IRCOBI Conference, pp 101–115
Butler D, Kay M, Stouffer D (1986) Comparison of material properties in fascicle-bone units from human patellar tendon and knee ligaments. J Biomech 19(6):425–432
Cappon H, van den Krooenberg A, Happee R, Wismans J (1999) An improved lower leg multibody model. Proceedings IRCOBI Conference, pp 499–509
Cavanaugh J, Walilko T, Malhotra A, Zhu Y, King A (1990) Biomechanical response and injury tolerance of the pelvis in twelve sled side impact tests. Proceedings of 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE 902307
Crandall J (2001) Crashworthiness and Biomechanics, Euromotor Course, June 11-13 2001, Göteborg
Crandall J, Portier L, Petit P, Hall G, Bass C, Klopp G, Hurwitz S, Pilkey W, Trosseille X, Tarriere C, Lassau J (1996) Biomechanical response and physical properties of the leg, foot, and ankle. SAE 962424
Crandall J, Martin P, Sieveka E, Klopp G, Kuhlmann T, Pilkey W, Dischinger P, Burgess A, O’Quinn T, Schmidhauser C (1995) The influence of footwell intrusion on lower extremity response and injury in frontal crashes. Proceedings 39th AAAM Conference, pp 269–286
de Visser H, Reijman M, Heijboer M, Bos P (2012) Risk factors of recurrent hamstring injuries: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 46:124–130
Dugan S (2005) Sports-related knee injuries in female athletes: what gives? Am J Phys Med Rehabil 84(2):122–130
Egol K, Koval K, Kummer F, Frankel V (1998) Stress fractures of the femoral neck. Clin Orthop Relat Res 348:72–78
Francisco A, Nightingal R, Guilak F, Glisson R, Garrett W (2000) Comparison of soccer shin guards in preventing tibia fracture. Am J Sports Med 28(2):227–233
Gorissen P, Staat M, van Laack W (2012) Experimental measurement of forces as a contribution to evaluate the effectiveness of shin guards in soccer (article in German: Experimentelle Kraftmessungen als Beitrag zur Wirksamkeitsbeurteilung von Schienbeinschonern im Fußballsport). OUP Zeitschrift für die orthopädische und unfallchirurgische Praxis 1(1):10–15. doi:10.3238/oup.2012.0010-0015
Håland Y, Hjerpe E, Lövsund P (1998) An inflatable carpet to reduce the loading of the lower extremites—evaluation by a new sled test method with toepan intrusion. Proceedings ESV Confernce, paper no. 98-S1-P-18E
Hirsch A, WhiteL (1965) Mechanical stiffness of man’s lower limbs.Proceedings ASME Winter Congress
Hunter R (1999) Skiing injuries. Am J Sports Med 27(3):381–389
Ivarsson J, Lesslex D, Kerrigan J, Bhalla K, Bose D, Crandall J, Kent R (2004) Dynamic response corridors and injury thresholds of the pedestrian lower extremities. Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, pp 179–191
Kerrigan J, Ivarsson B, Bose D, Madeley N, Milliongton S, Bhalla K, Crandall J (2003) Rate-sensitive constitutive and failure properties of human collateral knee ligaments. Procedings of IRCOBI Conference, pp 177–190
King A (2002) Injuries to the the thoracolumbar spine and pelvis. In: Nahum Melvin (ed) Accidental Injury—Biomechanics and Prevention. Springer, New York
Kitagawa Y, Ichikawa H, King A, Levine R (1998a) A severe ankle and foot injury in frontal crashes and its mechanism. SAE 983145
Kitagawa Y, Ichikawa H, Pal C, King A, Levine R (1998b) Lower leg injuries caused by dynamic axial loading and muscle tensing. Proceedings ESV Conference, Paper no. 98-S7-O-09
Kramer F (1998/2006) Passive Sicherheit von Kraftfahrzeugen. Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig, Germany
Lawn ND, Bamlet WR, Radhakrishnan K, O’Brien PC, So EL (2004) Injuries due to seizures in persons with epilepsy—a population-based study. Neurology 63:1565–1570
Levine R (2002) Injuries to the extremities. In: Nahum Melvin (ed) Accidental Injury—Biomechanics and Prevention. Springer, New York
Majewski M, Habelt S, Steinbrück K (2006) Epidemiology of athletic knee injuries: a 10-year study. Knee 13:184–188
Majumder S, Roychowdhury A, Pal S (2008) Effects of trochanteric soft tissue thickness and hip impact velocity on hip fracture in sideways fall through 3D finite element analysis. J Biomech 41:2834–2842
McMaster J, Parry M, Wallace W, Wheeler L, Owen C, Lowne R, Oakley C, Roberts A (2000) Biomechanics of ankle and hindfoot injuries in dynamic axial loading. Proceedings of 44th Stapp Car Crash Conference, paper no. 2000-01-SC23
Meyer E, Haut R (2003) The effect of impact angle on knee tolerance to rigid impacts. Stapp Car Crash J 47:1–19
Morris A, Welsh R, Barnes J, Frampton R (2006) The nature, type and consequences of lower extremity injuries in front and side impacts in pre- and post-regulatory passenger cars. Proceedings of RCOBI Conference, pp 19–33
Morrison K, Kaminski T (2007) Foot characteristics in association with inversion ankle injury. J Athletic Training 42(1):135–142
Murphy D, Connolly D, Beynnon B (2003) Risk factors for lower extremity injury: a review of the literature. Br J Sports Med 37:13–29
Nusholtz G, Alem N, Melvin J (1982) Impact response and injury to the pelvis. Proceedings of 26th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE 821160
Opar D, Williams M, Shield A (2012) Hamstring strain injuries. Sports Med 42(3):209–226
Otte D (1999) Severity and mechanism of head impacts in car to pedestrian accidents. Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, pp 329–341
Otte D (2002) Unpublished evaluation of the MHH data base
Parenteau C, Viano D, Petit P (1998) Biomechanical properties of human cadaveric ankle-subtalar joints in quasi-static loading. J Biomech Eng 120:105–111
Peterson L, Renström P (2002) Verletzungen im Sport. Deutscher Ärzte Verlag, Cologne
Peterson J, Hölmich P (2005) Evidence based prevention of hamstring injuries in sport. Br J Sports Med 39:319–323
Petit P, Portier L, Foret-Bruno J, Trosseille X, Parenteau C, Coltat J, Tarriere C, Lassau J (1996) Quasistatic characterization of the human foot-ankle joints in a simulated tensed state and updated accidentological data. Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, pp 363–376
Rishiraj N, Taunton J, Lloyd-Smith R, Woollard R, Regan W, Clement D (2009) The potential role of prophylactic/functional knee bracing in preventing knee ligament injury. Sports Med 39(11):937–960
Robinson J, Bull A, Amis A (2005) Structural properties of the medial collateral ligament complex of the human knee. J Biomech 38:1067–1074
Rudd R, Crandall J, Millington S, Hurwitz S, Höglund N (2004) Injury tolerance and response of the ankle joint in dynamic dorsiflexion. Stapp Car Crash J 48:1–26
Schmid Daners M, Wullschleger L, Derler S, Schmitt KU (2008) Development of a new design of hip protectors using finite element analysis and mechanical tests. Med Eng Phys 30(9):1186–1192
Schmitt KU, Schlittler M, Boesiger P (2009) Biomechanical loading of the hip in side jumps of soccer goal keepers. J Sports Sci 28(1):53–59
Schmitt KU, Nusser M, Boesiger P (2008a) Verletzungen bei Fussballtorhüter/-innen unterschiedlicher Leistungsstufen [Hip injuries in professional and amateur soccer goalkeepers]. Sportverletz Sportschaden 22(3):159–163
Schmitt KU, Nusser M, Derler S, Boesiger P (2008b) Analysing the protective potential of padded soccer goalkeeper shorts. Br J Sports Med 44(6):426–429
Senter C, Hame SL (2006) Biomechanical analysis of tibial torque and knee flexion angle: implications for understanding knee injury. Sports Med 36(8):635–641
Snedeker J, Muser M, Walz F (2003) Assessment of pelvis and upper leg injury risk in car-pedestrian collisions: comparison of accident statistics, impactor tests and a human body finite element model. Stapp Car Crash J 47:437–457
Simms C, Wood D (2009) Pedestrian and cyclist impact—a biomechanical perspective. Springer, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-90-481-2742-9
Sobotta J (1997) Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen, Band 1 & 2. Urban und Schwarzenberg, München
Sutton K, Bullock J (2013) Anterior cruciate ligament rupture: differences between males and females. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 21(1):41–50
Vetter D (2000) Seminar: biomechanik und Dummy-Technik, TU-Berlin
Viano D, Lau I, Asbury C, King A, Begeman P (1989) Biomechanics of the human chest, abdomen, and pelvis in lateral impact. Proceedings of 33rd AAAM Conference, pp 367–382
Voos J, Mauro C, Wente T, Warren R, Wickiewicz T (2012) Posterior cruciate ligament: anatomy, biomechanics and outcomes. Am J Sports Med 20:222–231
Whiting W, Zernicke R (1998) Biomechanics of musculoskeletal injury. Human Kinetics Pub, Champaign
Yamada H (1970) Strength of biological materials. Krieger Publication, New York
Yoganandan N, Pintar F, Boynton M, Begeman P, Prasad D, Kuppa S, Morgan R, Eppinger R (1996) Dynamic axial tolerance of the human foot-ankle complex. SAE 962426
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schmitt, KU., Niederer, P.F., Cronin, D.S., Muser, M.H., Walz, F. (2014). Injuries of the Pelvis and the Lower Extremities. In: Trauma Biomechanics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53920-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53920-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-53919-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-53920-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)