Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Plant Phenology Observation Networks

  • Chapter
Phenology and Seasonality Modeling

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 8))

Abstract

Phenological observations and calendars were used in agriculture thousands of years ago in both China and Rome. The term “phenology” was first proposed by the Belgian botanist Charles Morren in 1853, but the father of modern plant phenology and phenological observation networks is the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (or Carl von Linné). In Philosophia Botanica Linnaeus (1751) outlined methods for compiling annual plant calendars of leaf opening, flowering, fruiting, and leaf fall, together with climatological observations “so as to show how areas differ.” Linnaeus’ simple statement of the purpose of phenology is still valid today, although the potential uses of phenology have expanded considerably.

Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article No. 300

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbe, C. 1905. A first report on the relations between climates and crops.U.S. Dept. Agr. Weather Bureau Bull. 36. Washington, D.C.: U S. Govt. Printing Office.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, B. O., J. E. Newman, and J. R. Fenwick. 1974. Phenology gardens in Indiana. InPhenology and Seasonality Modeling,p. 45 (H. Lieth, ed.) New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprio, J. M. 1957. You can help in plant-climate survey.Montana Farmer-Stockman44 (15), 1, 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprio, J. M.Pattern of plant development in the western United States.Montana Agr.Exp. Sta. Bull. 607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprio, J. M.A report of the phenological survey in the western region of the United States, 1971.Weekly Weather Crop Bull. 59 (4), 10–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprio, J. M R. J. Hopp, and J. S. Williams. 1974. Computer mapping in phenological analysis.InPhenology and Seasonality Modeling,p. 77. (H. Lieth, ed.) New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprio, J. M M. D. Magnuson, and H. N. Metcalf. 1970. Instructions for phenological observations of purple common lilac and red berry honeysuckle.Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana, M. N., J. Zimmerman, and K. Lettau. 1963. Lilac blossoming and Wisconsin weather.Wisconsin Acad. Rev. Winter,33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutscher Wetterdienst. 1962.Pflanzentafeln für den Phänologischen Dienst. Germany: Offenbach a.M.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutscher Wetterdienst.Deutsches Meteorologisches Jahrbuch der Bundesrepublik 1967. Germany: Offenbach a. M.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garabatos, M. 1969. Servicio fenológico frutal en el Alto Valle del Rio Negro y Neuquén.Serv. Meteorol. Nacional Publ. D No. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacia, H. 1969. Phenology.Weekly Weather Crop Bull. 56(31), 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodson, A. C. 1971. Minnesota springs-A thirty year record.Minnesota Horticulturist99 (4), 56–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, H. 1881. Vergleichende phänologische Karte von Mitteleuropa.Petermanns Geog. Mitt. 27, 19–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, H and E. Ihne. 1882. Aufruf.Bot. Centralbl. 9,287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, A. D. 1918. Periodic events and natural laws as guides to agricultural research and practice.U.S. Dept. Agr. Monthly Weather Rev. Suppl. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, A. D.Bioclimatics-A science of life and climate relations.U.S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopp, R. J., K. E. Varney, and R. E. Lautzenheiser. 1964. Late spring and early fall low temperatures in Vermont.Vermont Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopp, R. J. M. T. Vittum, and N. L. Canfield. 1969. Instructions for phenological observations : Persian lilac. Vermont Agr. Exp. Sta. Pamphlet 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopp, R. J. and B. E. Dethier. 1972. Regional phenological studies with Persian lilac(Syringa persicd). New York State Agr. Exp. Sta. (Geneva) Food Life Sci. Bull. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hough, F. B. 1864. Observations upon periodical phenomena in plants and animals from 1851 to 1859, with tables of the dates of opening and closing of lakes, rivers, harbors, etc. In Results of Meteorological Observations, Made Under the Direction of the United States Patent Office and the Smithsonian Institution, from the year 1854 to1859, Inclusive.Rept. of the Commissioner of Patents Vol. 2, Part 1. Exec. Doc. 55.36thCongress,1stSession. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulbert, L. C. 1963. Gates phenological records of 132 plants at Manhattan, Kansas,1926–1955.Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 66,82–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ihne, E.1883–1941. Phänologische Mitteilungen1–59. Arb. Landwirtschaftskammer Hessen; Selbstverlag, Darmstadt, Germany; and others.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ihne, E.Geschichte der pflanzenphänologischen Beobachtungen in Europa nebst,Verzeichnis der Schriften, in welchen sie niedergelegt sind. InBeiträge zur Phänologie. Giessen, Germany: J. Rickersche Buchh

    Google Scholar 

  • Ihne, E.Karte der Aufblühzeit von Syringa vulgaris in Europa.Bot. Centralbl. 21, 85–88,116–121,150–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ihne, E.Phänologische Karte des Frühlingseinzuges in Mitteleuropa.Petermanns Geog. Mitt. 51, 96–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowska-Szczesna, T., and J. Sokolowska. 1970. Materialy do Klimatologii Polski: Fazy fenologiczne wybranych roslin w Polsce.Inst. Geog. Polskiej Akad. Nauk Warsaw Dok. Geog. 2/70, 31–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauscher, A., F. Lauscher, and H. Printz. 1955. Die Phänologie Norwegens. I. Allgemeine Übersicht.Skrifter Norske Videnskap-Akad. Oslo. Mat.-Naturv. KlasseNo. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauscher, A.,F. Lauscher, H. Printz.Die Phänologie Norwegens. II. Phänologische Mittelwerte für 260 Orte.Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo. Mat.-Nat. Klasse No. 1.Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo. Mat.-Nat. Klasse No. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leopold, A., and S. E. Jones. 1947. A phenological record for Sauk and Dane counties, Wisconsin1935–1945.Ecol. Monogr. 17, 81–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lettau, K. 1972. The Wisconsin Phenological Society s first ten years.Wisconsin Acad. Rev. 19(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieth, H. 1971. The phenological viewpoint in productivity studies. InProductivity of Forest Ecosystems. Proc. Brussels Symp. 1969,71–84. UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieth, H. and J. S. Radford. 1971. Phenology, resource management, and synagraphic computer mapping.BioScience21, 62–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieth, H. and D. Courtney. 1970. Plotting the seasons.Wildlife North Carolina,Sept. 14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, A. A., and J. E. Newman. 1956. Use of official weather data in spring time-Temperature analysis of an Indiana phenological record.Ecology37, 812–823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linnaeus, C. 1751.Philosophia Botanica. Stockholm: Kiesewetter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottmar, D. 1960. Beiträge zur Phänologie Spaniens auf Grund der phänologischen Beobachtungen des spanischen Wetterdienstes1943–1954.Ber. Deutsch. Wetterdienst. 60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottmar, D.Panstwowy Instytut Hydrologiczno-Meteorologiczny. 1971a.Kalendarz observatora fenologieznego na rok 1972. Warsaw.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottmar, D.Arkusze do notowan spostrzezen fenologicznych. Warsaw.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C. 1972. Phänologische Beobachtungen in der Schweiz der Aufklärung.Informationen Beiträge Klimaforschung. 8, 15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quetelet, A. 1849. Sur le climat de la Belgique. InPhénomènes périodiques des Plantes. Chap. IV. Brussels, Belgium. Annales de l Observatoire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radford, J. S., S. M. Rogers, and H. Lieth. 1971. Plotting the seasons: Fall 1970/Spring 1971.Wildlife North Carolina. Feb. 10–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reader, R., H. Lieth, and J. Radford. 1971. Looking for spring.Wildlife North Carolina. Sep.16–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reader, R., D. Rumpp, and H. Lieth. 1972. The arrival of fall, 1971.Wildlife North Carolina. Feb. 14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnelle, F. 1953. Beiträge zur Phänologie Deutschlands. III. 6 Mittelwertskarten (1936 bis 1944) Vorfrühling bis Herbst.Ber. Deutsch. Wetterdienst. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnelle, F.Pflanzen-Phänologie.Probleme der Bioklimatologie. Vol. 3. Geest & Portig, Leipzig, Germany: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnelle, F.Probleme der Phänologie im Lichte der Arbeiten Egon Ihnes. Ber. Oberhess.Gesellsch. Natur-und Heilkunde Giessen. N. F. 3053–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnelle, F.Beiträge zur Phänologie Europas. I. 5 Mittelwertskarten, Erstfrühling bis Herbst.Ber. Deutsch. Wetterdienst. 101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnelle, F.Abriss einer Methodik der Phänologie.Mitt. Deutsch. Wetterdienst. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnelle, F.Der agrarmeteorologische Dienst des Deutschen Wetterdienstes der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.Agr. Meteorol. 4, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnelle, F.Beiträge zur Phänologie Europas. II. 4 Mittelwertskarten: Gesamtvegeta-tionszeit und 3 Vegetationsabschnitte.Ber. Deutsch. Wetterdienst. 118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnelle, F. and E. Volkert. 1957. Vorschläge zur Einrichtung“Internationaler Phänologischer,Gärten”als Stationen eines Grundnetzes für internationale phänologische Beobachtungen.Meteorol. Rundschau10, 130–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnelle, F.,E. Volkert.Internationale phänologische Gärten: Stationen eines Grundnetzes für internationale phänologische Beobachtungen.Agr. Meteorol. 1, 22–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Phenological Gardens in Europe, basic network for international phenological gardens. InPhenology and Seasonality Modelingp. 383. (H. Lieth, ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. 1943. Atlas de plantas para las observaciones fenológicas.Publ. Ser. C No. 9. Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Servicio Meteorológico Nacional.Calendario Meteoro-Fenológico. Madrid: Sección de Climatología.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. W. 1915. Phenological dates and meteorological data recorded by Thomas Mikesell between 1873 and 1912 at Wauseon, Ohio.Monthly Weather Rev. Suppl. 2, 23–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Societas Meteorológica Palatina.1781–1792.Ephemerides Societatis Meteorologicae Palatinae. Mannheim, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolowska, J. 1971. Stan obecny sieci fenologicznej i opracowan w zakresie fenologii w PIHM.Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych120, 113–119. English summary: Present state of phenological network and of studies in phenology in National Institute for Hydrology and Meteorology in Poland.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau. 1905. Phenological record, 1905.Climate and Crops, Indiana Sect.6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau.Phenological records for 1908.Climatological Rep. Indiana Sect. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • US/IBP Phenology Committee (N. R. French, Chairman). 1972.Report, July 1972. 54 pp. Austin, Tex.: US/IBP Environmental Coordinating Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. National Committee for the International Biological Program. 1967.Report No. 3 Part 1. Research Studies Constituting the U.S. Contribution to the International Biological Program. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Report No. 4. Research Programs Constituting U.S. Participation in the International Biological Program. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J. Y. 1967.Agricultural Meteorology. San Jose, Calif.: Agricultural Weather Information Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witterstein, F. 1960. Bedeutung und Aufgaben des phänologischen Dienstes.Mitt. Deutsch. Wetterdienst. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witterstein, F.Anleitung für den phänologischen Beobachter. Offenbach a.M., Germany: Deutscher Wetterdienst.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witterstein, F.Die Phänologie. Informationen für den Fachdienst. Beil.Mitt. Deutsch. Wetterdienst. 2(2), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA, 05401

    Richard J. Hopp

Authors
  1. Richard J. Hopp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA

    Helmut Lieth Ph.D. (Professor of Botany and Ecology) (Professor of Botany and Ecology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1974 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hopp, R.J. (1974). Plant Phenology Observation Networks. In: Lieth, H. (eds) Phenology and Seasonality Modeling. Ecological Studies, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51863-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51863-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-51865-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-51863-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation