Skip to main content

Parasitic Platyhelminths

  • Chapter
Biology of the Integument

Abstract

The last 20 years have seen a revolution in our understanding of the structure, chemistry and function of both larval and adult forms of parasitic platyhelminths. This revolution has been due in large part to ultrastructural studies combined with allied techniques such as cyto- and histochemistry, autoradiography, immunology, and biochemistry. The significance and extent of that revolution is nowhere better illustrated than by the discoveries made on the structure, chemistry, and function of the helminth tegument. Studies of this tissue were in the forefront of the “new parasitology” and they led to some of the most unexpected and enlightening revelations made over the last half-century concerning parasite structure and the host-parasite interface.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allison VF, Ubelaker JE, Cooper NB (1972) The fine structure of the cysticercoid of Hymenolepis diminuta. The inner wall of the capsule. Z Parasitenkd 39:137–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KI (1979) Variations in scolex morphology within and between some species of the genus Proteocephalus Weinland (Cestoda: Proteocephala) with reference to strobilar morphology. Zool Scr 8:241–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Arme C, Coates A (1971) Active transport of an amino acid by cysticeroid larve of Hymenolepis diminuta. J Parasitol 57:1369–1370

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arme C, Coates A (1973) Hymenolepis diminuta: Active transport of α-aminoisobutyric acid by cysticercoid larvae. Int J Parasitol 3:533–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Arme C, Threadgold LT (1976) A unique tegumentary cell type and unicellular glands associated with the scolex of Eubothrium crassum (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidae). Rice Univ Press, vol 62, no 4

    Google Scholar 

  • Arme C, Middleton A, Scott JP (1973) Absorption of glucose and sodium acetate by cysticercoid larvae of Hymenolepis diminuta. J Parasitol 59:214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey H, Fairbairn D (1968) Lipid metabolism in helminth parasites. V. Absorption of fatty acids and monoglycerides from micellar solutions by Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). Comp Biochem Physiol 26:819–836

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baron PJ (1968) On the histology and ultrastructure of Cysticercus longicollis, the Cysticercus of Taenia crassiceps Zeder 1800 (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea). Parasitology 58:497–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baron PJ (1971) On the histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the cysticercoid of Raillietina cesticullus (Malin 1958) Fuhrmann 1920 (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea). Parasitology 62:233–245

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Béguin F (1966) Étude au microscope électronique de la cuticle et de ses structures associées chez quelques cestodes. Essai d’histologie comparée. Z Zeilforsch 72:30–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Biliqees FM (1966) Growth, histogenesis and differentiation of Taenia crassiceps (Zeder 1800) Rudolphi 1810. PhD thesis, Univ Toronto, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett CE (1975) Scanning electron microscopy of Fasciola hepatica L. during growth and maturation in the mouse. J Parasitol 61:892–898

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett CE, Threadgold LT (1973) Electron microscope studies of Fasciola hepatica. XIII. Fine structure of newly excysted juveniles. Exp Parasitol 34:85–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett CE, Threadgold LT (1975) Fasciola hepatica: Development of tegument during migration in mouse. Exp Parasitol 38:38–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger J, Mettrick D (1971) Microtrichial polymorphism among hymenolepid tapeworms as seen by scanning electron microscopy. Trans Am Microsc Soc 90:383–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Berridge MJ, Oschman JL (1972) Transporting epithelia. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bils RF, Martin WF (1966) Fine structure and development of the trematode tegument. Trans Am Microsc Soc 85:78–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogitsh GJ (1967) Histochemical localization of some enzymes in cysticercoids of two species of Hymenolepis. Exp Parasitol 21:373–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogitsh GJ (1969) Fine structural localization of acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase activities in the intermediate layer of Hymenolepis diminuta cystercoids. Trans Am Microsc Soc 88:411–419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bortoletti G, Ferretti G (1971) Observations on the ultrastructure of the tegument on the larval forms of Hydatigera (= Taenia) taeniaeformis and considerations on the development of cyclophyllidean cestode larvae. Riv Parassitol 32:249–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bortoletti G, Ferretti G (1973) Investigation on larval forms of Echinococcus granulosus with electron microscope. Rivista di Parasitologia 34:89–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Bråten T (1968a) An electron microscope study of the tegument and associated structures of the procercoid of Diphyllobothrium latum. Z Parasitenkd 30:95–103

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bråten T (1968b) The fine structure of the tegument of Diphyllobothrium latum L. A comparison of the plerocercoid and adult stages. Z Parasitenkd 30:104–112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bresciani J (1973) The ultrastructure of the integument of the monogenean Poly stoma integerri-mum (Frolich 1971). K Vet Landbohoejsk Arsskr: 14

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooker BE (1972) The sense organs of trematode miracidia. In: Canning EV, Wright CA (eds) Behavioural aspects of parasite transmission. Zool J Linn Soc 51:171–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce JI, Pezzlo Y, Yajima Y, McCarty JE (1974) Schistosoma mansoni: Pulmonary phase of schistosomule migration studied by electron microscopy. Exp Parasitol 35:150–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bychowsky BE (1957) In: Hargis WJ (ed) Monogenetic trematodes, their systematics and phylogeny. English translation 1961. Am Inst Biol Sci, Washington, 627 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Caley J (1974) The functional significance of scolex retraction and subsequent cyst formation in the cysticercoid larva of Hymenolepis microstoma. Parasitology 68:207–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charles GH, Orr TSC (1968) Comparative fine structure of outer tegument of Ligula intestinalis and Schistocephalus solidus. Exp Parasitol 22:137–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng T (1963) Biochemical requirements of larval trematodes. Ann NY Acad Sci 113:289–321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng TC, Snyder R (1962a) Studies on host-parasite relationships between larval trematodes and their hosts. I. A review. II. The utilization of the host’s glycogen by the intramolluscan larvae of Glypthelmins pennsylvaniensis Cheng, and associated phenomena. Trans Am Microsc Soc 81:209–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng TC, Snyder RW (1962b) Studies on host-parasite relationships between larval trematodes and their hosts. III. Certain aspects of lipid metabolism in Helisoma trivalvis (Say) infected with the larvae of Glypthelmins pensylvaniensis Cheng and related phenomena. Trans Am Microsc Soc 81:327–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Coggins JR (1980) Tegument and apical end organ fine structure in the metacestode and adult Proteocephalus ambloplitis. Int J Parasitol 10:409–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin WK (1969) The cellular organization of hatched oncospheres of Hymenolepis citelli (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea). J Parasitol 55:149–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collin WK (1970) Electron microscopy of post-embryonic stages of the tapeworm Hymenolepis citelli (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea). J Parasitol 56:1159–1170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crabtree JE, Wilson RA (1980) Schistosoma mansoni: a scanning electron microscope study of the developing schistosomulum. Parasitology 81.553–564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon KE (1965) The structure and histochemistry of the cyst wall of the metacercaria of Fasciola hepatica L. Parasitology 55:215–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon KE (1966) The physiology of excystment of the metacercaria of Fasciola hepatica L. Parasitology 56:431–456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon KE (1970) Absorption by developing cercariae of Cloacitrema narrabeenensis (Philoph-thalmidae). J Parasitol 56:416–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon KE, Mercer EH (1964) The fine structure of the cyst wall of the metacercaria of Fasciola hepatica. Q J Microsc Sci 105:385–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon KE, Mercer EH (1967) The formation of the cyst wall of the metacercaria of Fasciola hepatica L. Z Zeilforsch 77:345–360

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus DA (1967) The host-parasite interface of Cyathocytle bushiensis Kahn 1962 (Trema-toda: Strigeoidea). II. Electron microscope studies of the tegument. J Parasitol 53:703–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus DA (1969a) Studies on the host-parasite interface of strigeoid trematodes. IV. The ultrastructure of the lappets of Apetemon gracilis minor Yamaguti 1933. Parasitology 59:193–201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus DA (1969b) Studies on the host-parasite interface of strigeoid trematodes. V. Regional difference of the adhesive organ of Apetemon gracilis minor Yamaguti 1933. Parasitology 59:245–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus DA (1969c) Studies on the host-parasite interface of strigeoid trematodes. VI. Ultra-structural observations on the lappets of Diplostomum phoxini Faust, 1918. Z Parasitenkd 32:48–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus DA (1970) The host-parasite interface of strigeoid trematodes. VIL Ultrastructural observations on the adhesive organ of Diplostomum phoxini Faust 1918. Z Parasitenkd 33:211–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus DA (1972) The biology of trematodes. Arnold, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus DA, Ohman C (1963) The structure and function of the adhesive organ in strigeid trematodes. Ann NY Acad Sci 113:7–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus DA, Ohman C (1965) Electron microscope studies of the gland cells and host-parasite interface of the adhesive organ in strigeid trematodes. J Parasitol 51:761–769

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairweather I, Threadgold LT (1981) Hymenolepis nana: the fine structure of the embryonic envelopes. Parasitology 82:429–443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedl FE (1961a) Studies on larval Fascioloides magna. I. Observations on the survival of redia in vitro. J Parasitol 47:71–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedl FE (1961b) Studies of Fascioloides magna. II. In vitro survival of axenic rediae in amino acids and sugars. J Parasitol 47:244–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graeber K, Storch V (1979) Electron microscopic and morphometric investigations of the integuments of cestodes and trematodes (Platyhelminthes). Zool Anz 202:331–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammeltvedt AF (1973) Differentiation of the tegument and associated structures in Diphyllo-bothrium dendriticum Nitsch (1824) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) an electron microscope study. Int J Parasitol 3:321–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halton DW (1978) Transtegumental absorption of L-alanine and L-leucine by a monogenean, Diclidophora merlangi. Parasitology 76:29–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halton DW (1979) The surface topography of a monogenean, Diclidophora merlangi by scanning electron microscopy. Z Parasitenkd 61:1–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halton DW, Arme C (1971) An in vitro technique for detecting tissue damage in Diclidophora merlangi: possible screening method for selecting undamaged tissue or organism prior to physiological investigation. Exp Parasitol 30:54–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halton DW, Lyness RAW (1971) Ultrastructure of the tegument and associated structures of Aspidogaster conchicala (Trematoda: Aspidogastrea). J Parasitol 57:1198–1210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna REB (1975) A light and electron microscope autoradiographic study of incorporation of monosaccharides into glycogen and glycoprotein of Fasciola hepatica. Exp Parasitol 39:204–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna REB (1980a) Fasciola hepatica: Glycocalyx replacement in the juvenile as a possible mechanism for protection against host-immunity. Exp Parasitol 50:103–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna REB (1980b) Autoradiography of protein synthesis, transport and secretion by the tegument. Exp Parasitol 50:297–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna REB, Hillyer GV (1983) Immunofluorescence study of antigen localization and cross reactivity in Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna REB, Threadgold LT (1976) Fasciola hepatica: Stereological analysis of the effects of certain inhibitors on the synthesis of secretory bodies by the tegument of tissue slices. Exp Parasitol 39:104–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna REB, Trudgett A (1983) Fasciola hepatica: development of monoclonal antibodies and their use to characterise a glycocalyx antigen in migrating flukes. Parasite Immunol (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JC (1979) The role of the tegument of the metacercarial stage of Bucephalus haimeanus (Lacaze-Duthiers 1854) in the absorption of particulate material and small molecules in solution. Parasitology 78:99–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Hockley DJ (1972) Schistosoma mansoni: the development of the cercarial tegument. Parasitology 64:245–252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hockley DJ (1973) Ultrastructure of the tegument of Schistosoma. In: Dawes B (ed) Advances in parasitology, vol II. Academic Press, London New York, pp 233–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Hockley DJ, McLaren DJ (1973) Schistosoma mansoni: changes in the outer membrane of the tegument during development from cercaria to adult worm. Int J Parasitol 3:13–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins CA, Law LM, Threadgold LT (1978) Schistocephalus solidus: does pinocytosis occur in the plerocercoid tegument? Exp Parasitol 44:161–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes DL, Hanna REB, Symmonds HW (1981) Fasciola hepatica: IgG and IgA levels in the serum and bile of infected cattle. Exp Parasitol 52:271–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes DL, Hanna REB, Taylor SM (1982) Fasciola hepatica: antibody levels in sheep serum before and after treatment with anthelmintic. Res Vet Sci 33:328–332

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingersoll EM (1956) In vitro survival of rediae of Cyctocoelum microstomum. Exp Parasitol 5:231–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isseroff H, Read CP (1969) Studies on membrane transport. VI. Absorption of amino acids by fascioliid trematodes. Comp Biochem Physiol 30:1153–1159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isseroff H, Read CP (1974) Studies on membrane transport. VIII. Absorption of monosaccharides by Fasciola hepatica. Comp Biochem Physiol 47:141–152

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James BL, Bowers EA, Richards JG (1966) The ultrastructure of the daughter sporocyst of Cercaria bucehalopis haimaena Lacaze-Duthiers 1854 (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from the edible cockle, Cardium edule L. Parasitology 65:753–762

    Google Scholar 

  • Koie M (1971a) On the histochemistry and ultrastructure of the daughter sporocyst of Cercaria buccini Lebour 1911. Ophelia 9:145–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Køie M (1971b) On the histochemistry and ultrastructure of the redia of Neophasis lageniformis (Lebour 1910) (Trematoda, Acanthocolpidae). Ophelia 9:114–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Køie M (1973) The host-parasite interface and associated structures of the cercaria and adult Neophasis lageniformis (Lebour 1910). Ophelia 12:205–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Køie M (1975) On the morphology and life-history of Opechona bacillaris (Molin 1859) Looss 1907 (Trematoda, Lepocreadiidae). Ophelia 13:63–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Køie M (1981) On the morphology and life-history of Podocotyle reflexa (Creplin 1825) Odhner 1905, and a comparison of its developmental stages with those of P. Atomon (Rudolphi 1802) Odhner 1905 (Trematoda, Opecoelidae). Ophelia 20:17–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Køie M, Christensen NØ, Nansen P (1976) Stereoscan studies of eggs, free-swimming and penetrating miracidia and early sporocysts of Fasciola hepatica. Z Parasitenkd 51:79–90

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krupa PL, Bogitsh BJ (1972) Ultrastructural phosphophydrolase activities in Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts and cercariae. J Parasitol 58:495–514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krupa PL, Bal AK, Cousineau GH (1967) Ultrastructure of the rediae of Cryptocotyle lingua. J Parasitol 53:725–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krupa PL, Cousineau GH, Bal AK (1968) Ultrastructural and histochemical observations on the body wall of Cryptocotyle lingua rediae (Trematoda). J Parasitol 54:900–908

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupa PL, Lewis LM, Vecchio PD (1975) Electron microscopy of ouabain-inhibited, potassi-um-dependent transport adenosine triphosphatase activity in schistosome sporocysts. Ann NY Acad Sci 266:465–479

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurie JS (1974) Himasthla quissetensis: induced in vitro encystment of cercaria and ultrastructure of the cyst. Exp Parasitol 35:350–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DL (1966) The structure and composition of the helminth cuticle. In: Dawes B (ed) Advances in parasitology, vol IV. Academic Press, London New York, pp 187–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee DL (1972) The structure of the helminth cuticle. In: Dawes B (ed) Advances in parasitology, vol X. Academic Press, London New York, pp 347–348

    Google Scholar 

  • LeFlore WB (1978) Plagiorchis elegans: Histochemical localization of dehydrogenases in the cercarial stage. Exp Parasitol 46:83–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Llewellyn J (1963) Larvae and larval development of monogeneans. In: Dawes B (ed) Advances in parasitology, vol I. Academic Press, London New York, pp 287–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Llewellyn J (1965) Evolution of parasites. Symp Br Soc Parasitol 3:47–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden RD (1965) Cytological studies on the absorptive surfaces of cestodes. PhD thesis, Rice Univ, Texas

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden RD (1965) Cytological studies on the absorptive surfaces of cestodes. II. Synthesis and intercellular transport of protein in the strobilar tegument of Hymenolepis diminuta. Z Parasitenkd 28:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden RD, Specian R (1980) The morphology, histology and fine structure of the adult stage of the Cyclophyllidean tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. In: Arai HP (ed) Biology of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Academic Press, London, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden RD, Threadgold LT, Oaks JA, Arme C (1970) On the permeability of cestodes to colloids: an evaluation of the transmembranosis hypothesis. Parasitology 60:185–193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden RD, Oaks J, Mueller J (1974) Brush border development in the tegument of the tapeworm Spirometra mansonoides. J Parasitol 69:209–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons KM (1970a) The fine structure and function of the adult epidermis of two skin parasitic monogeneans, Entobdella soleae and Acanthocotyle elegans. Parasitology 60:39–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons KM (1970b) Fine structure of the outer epidermis of the viviporous monogenean, Gyrodactylus sp. from the skin of Gasterosteus aculeatus. J Parasitol 56:1110–1117

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons KM (1971) Comparative electron microscope studies on the epidermis of the blood living juvenile and gill living adult stages of Amphibdella flavolineata (Monogenea) from the electric ray Torpedo nobiliana. Parasitology 63:181–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons KM (1972) Ultrastructural observations on the epidermis of the Polyopisthocotylidean monogeneans Rajonchocotyle emarginata and Plectanocotyle gurnardi. Z Parasitenkd 40:87–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons KM (1973) Epidermal fine structure and development in the oncomiracidium larva of Entobdella soleae (Monogenea). Parasitology 66:321–333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons KM (1977) Epidermal adaptations of parasitic platyhelminths. Symp Zool Soc (London) 39:97–144

    Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel TS, Dixon KE (1967) Utilization of exogenous glucose by the rediae of Parorchis acanthus (Digenea: Philophthalmidae) and Cryptocotyle lingua (Digenea: Heterophyidae). Biol Bull Mar Biol Lab Woods Hole 133:591–599

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaren DJ (1980) Schistosoma mansoni: the parasite surface in relation to host immunity. Research Studies Press, Chichester New York Brisbane Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaren DJ, Hockley DJ, Goldring OL, Hammond BJ (1978) A freeze fracture study of the developing tegumental outer membrane of Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 76:327–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercer EH, Dixon KE (1967) The fine structure of the cystogenic cells of the cercaria of Fasciola hepatica. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 77:331–344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meuleman EA, Holzmann P (1975) The development of the primitive epithelium and true tegument in the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni. Z Parasitenkd 45:307–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meuleman EA, Lyaruu DM, Khan MA, Holzmann PJ, Sminia T (1978) Ultrastructural changes in the body wall of Schistosoma mansoni during the transformation of the miracidium into the mother sporocyst in the snail host Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Z Parasitenkd 56:227–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moczon T (1973) Histochemical studies of the enzymes of Hymenolepis diminuta (Reid 1819) (Cestoda). I. Some oxidoreductases in onchospheres and cysticercoids. Acta Parasitol Pol 21:88–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore MN, Halton DW (1975) A histochemical study of the rediae and cercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Z Parasitenkd 47:45–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris GP (1971) The fine structure of the tegument and the associated structures of the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni. Z Parasitenkd 36:15–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris GP, Finnegan CV (1968) Studies of the differentiating plerocercoid cuticle of Schistoce-phalus solidus. 1. The histochemical analysis of cuticle development. Can J Zool 46:115–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris GP, Halton DW (1971) Electron microscope studies of Diclidophora merlangi (Mono-genea: Polyopisthocotylea). II. Ultrastructure of the tegument. J Parasitol 57:49–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris GP, Threadgold LT (1968) Ultrastructure of the tegument of adult Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 54:15–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morseth DJ (1967) Fine structure of the hydatid cyst and protoscolex of Echinococcus granulosus. J Parasitol 53:312–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negus MRS (1968) The nutrition of the sporocysts of the trematode Cercaria doricha Rothschild 1936 in the molluscan host Turitella communis Risso. Parasitology 58:355–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieland ML, Weinbach EC (1968) The bladder of Cysticercus fasciolaris: electron microscopy and carbohydrate content. Parasitology 58:489–496

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oaks JA, Lumsden RD (1971) Cytological studies on the absorptive surfaces of cestodes. V. Incorporation of carbohydrate-containing macromolecules into tegumental membranes. J Parasitol 57:1256–1268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pappas PW, Read CP (1975) Membrane transport in helminth parasites. A review. Exp Parasitol 37:469–503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polyakova KR, Streva O, Kirilova Y (1979) Structure and function of the tegument of Taenia hydatigena and Cysticercus tenuicollis. II. On the origin and structure of the tegument microvilli. Khelmintholigiya 5:79–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Popiel I (1978a) The ultrastructure of the daughter sporocyst of Cercaria littorinae saxatilis V Popiel, 1976 (Digenea: Microphallidae). Z Parasitenkd 56:167–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Popiel I (1978b) The ultrastructure of the daughter sporocyst tegument of Cercaria vaullegeardi Pelseneer (Digenea, Hemiuridae). Zool Scr 7:155–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Popiel I, James BL (1978a) Variations in the ultrastructure of the daughter sporocyst of Microphallus pygmaeus (Levinsen 1881) (Digenea: Microphallidae) in chemically defined media. Parasitology 76:349–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Popiel I, James BL (1978b) The ultrastructure of the tegument of the daughter sporocyst Microphallus similis (Jag 1900) (Digenea: Microphallidae). Parasitology 76:359–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Read CP (1966) Nutrition of intestinal helminths. In: Soulsby E (ed) Biology of parasites. Academic Press, London New York, pp 101–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Read CP (1968) Some aspects of nutrition in parasites. Am Zool 8:139–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reader TAJ (1972) Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations on the body wall of the rediae of Sphaeridiatrema globulus (Rudolphi 1819). Parasitology 65:537–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees FG (1937) The anatomy and encystment of Cercaria purpurae Lebour 1911. Proc Zool Soc (London) 107:65–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees FG (1967) The histochemistry of the cystogeneous gland cells and cyst wall of Parorchis acanthus Nicoll and some details of the morphology of fine structure of the cercaria. Parasitology 57:87–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rees FG (1973) The ultrastructure of the cysticercoid of Tatria octacantha Rees 1973 (Cyclo-phyllidea: Amabiliidae) from the haemocoele of the damsel-fly nymph, Pyrrhosoma nym-phula, Sulj and Enallagma cyclthigenum Charp. Parasitology 67:85–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees FG (1981) The ultrastructure of the epidermis of the redia of Parorchis acanthus Nicoll (Digenea; Philophthalmidae). Z Parasitenkd 65:19–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees FG, Day MF (1976) The origin and development of the epidermis and associated structures in the cercaria of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin) (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from Littor-ina littorina (L). Proc R Soc (Lond) [Biol] 192:299–321

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards KS, Arme C (1981) Observations on the microtriches and stages of their development and emergence in Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Caryophyllidea: Cestoda). Int J Parasitol 11:369–375

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohde K (1972) The Aspidogastrea; especially Multicotyle purvisi Dawes 1941. In: Dawes B (ed) Advances in parasitology, vol X. Academic Press, London New York, pp 78–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman A (1963) Electron microscope studies of tapeworms: the surface structures of Hymen-olepis diminuta (Rudolphi 1819) Blanchard 1891. Trans Am Microsc Soc 82:22–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Rybicka K (1973) Ultrastructure of the embryonic syncytial epithelium in a cestode Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitology 66:9–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto T, Sugimura M (1969) Electron microscopical observations on general structure of larvae tissue of Multilocular echinococcus. Jpn J Vet Res 17:67–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto T, Sugimura M (1970) Electron microscopical observations on histogenesis of larval Echinococcus multilocularis. Jpn J Vet Res 18:131–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slais J (1973) Functional morphology of cestode larvae. In: Dawes B (ed) Advances in parasitology, vol XI. Academic Press, London New York, pp 395–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JH, Chemin E (1974) Ultrastructure of young mother and daughter sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 60:85–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth JD (1976) Introduction to animal parasitology, 2nd edn. Hodder and Stoughton, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Southgate VR (1970) Observations on the epidermis of the miracidium and on the formation of the tegument of the sporocyst of Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 61:177–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein PC, Lumsden RD (1973) Schistosoma mansoni: Topochemical features of cercariae, schistosomula and adults. Exp Parasitol 33:499–514

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suk JS, Sim BS, Lee SH (1981) Fine structure of Cysticercus cellulosae from human brain. Korean J Parasitol 18:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT (1963) The tegument and associated structures of Fasciola hepatica. J Microsc Sci 104:505–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT (1967) Electron microscope studies of Fasciola hepatica. III. Further observations on the tegument and associated structures. Parasitology 75:633–637

    Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT (1968) Electron microscope studies of Fasciola hepatica. V. The ultrastructural localization of phosphatases. Exp Parasitol 23:264–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT (1976) Fasciola hepatica. The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the glycoca-lyx of the tegument. Exp Parasitol 39:119–134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT (1978) A bit of a fluke. An inaugural lecture. Queen’s Univ Belfast

    Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT, Arme C (1974) Hymenolepis diminuta: An electron microscope study of ion absorption. Exp Parasitol 35:475–491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT, Brennan G (1978) Fasciola hepatica: Basal infolds and associated vacuoles of the tegument. Exp Parasitol 46:300–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT, Dunn J (1983) Taenia crassiceps: Regional variations in ultrastructure and evidence of endocytosis in the Cysticercus tegument. Exp Parasitol 55:121–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT, Hopkins CA (1981) Schistocephalus solidus and Ligula intestinalis: Pinocytosis by the tegument. Exp Parasitol 51:444–456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT, Read CP (1970a) Hymenolepis diminuta: Ultrastructure of a unique membrane specialization in tegument. Exp Parasitol 28:246–252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Threadgold LT, Read CP (1970b) Cell relationship in Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitology 60:181–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ubelaker JE (1980) Structure and ultrastructure of larvae and metacestodes of Hymenolepis diminuta. In: Arai HP (ed) Biology of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Academic Press, London New York, pp 59–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubelaker JE, Cooper NB, Allison VF (1970) Possible defence mechanisms of Hymenolepis diminuta cysticercoids to hemocytes of the beetle Tribolium confusum. J Invert Pathol 16:310–312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voge M (1973) The post embryonic developmental stages of cestodes. In: Dawes B (ed) Advances in parasitology, vol XI. Academic Press, London New York, pp 707–730

    Google Scholar 

  • Voge, M, Price Z, Bruckner DA (1978) Changes in tegumental surface during development of Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 64:585–592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts SDM (1970) The amino acid requirements of the redia of Cryptocotyle lingua and Himasthla leptosoma and of the sporocyst of Cercaria emasculans Pelseneer 1900. Parasitology 61:491–497

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Threadgold, L.T. (1984). Parasitic Platyhelminths. In: Bereiter-Hahn, J., Matoltsy, A.G., Richards, K.S. (eds) Biology of the Integument. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51593-4_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51593-4_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-51595-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-51593-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics