Skip to main content

An Introduction to Stochastic Particle Integration Methods: With Applications to Risk and Insurance

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 2012

Abstract

This article presents a guided introduction to a general class of interacting particle methods and explains throughout how such methods may be adapted to solve general classes of inference problems encountered in actuarial science and risk management. Along the way, the resulting specialized Monte Carlo solutions are discussed in the context of how they complemented alternative approaches adopted in risk management, including closed form bounds and asymptotic results for functionals of tails of risk processes.

The development of the article starts from the premise that whilst interacting particle methods are increasingly used to sample from complex and high-dimensional distributions, they have yet to be generally adopted in inferential problems in risk and insurance. Therefore, we introduce a range of methods which can all be interpreted in the general framework of interacting particle methods, which goes well beyond the standard particle filtering framework and Sequential Monte Carlo frameworks. For the applications we consider in risk and insurance we focus on particular classes of interacting particle genetic type algorithms. These stochastic particle integration techniques can be interpreted as a universal acceptance-rejection sequential particle sampler equipped with adaptive and interacting recycling mechanisms. We detail how one may reinterpret these stochastic particle integration techniques under a Feynman-Kac particle integration framework. In the process, we illustrate how such frameworks act as natural mathematical extensions of the traditional change of probability measures, common in designing importance samplers for risk managements applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Albrecher, H., Hipp, C., Kortschak, D.: Higher-order expansions for compound distributions and ruin probabilities with subexponential claims. Scand. Actuar. J. 2010, 105–135 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Artzner, P., Delbaen, F., Eber, J., Heath, D.: Coherent measures of risk. Math. Finance 9, 203–228 (1999)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Arulampalam, M., Maskell, S., Gordon, N., Clapp, T.: A tutorial on particle filters for online nonlinear/non-gaussian bayesian tracking. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 50, 174–188 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Barbe, P., McCormick, W.: Asymptotic Expansions for Infinite Weighted Convolutions of Heavy Tail Distributions and Applications. American Mathematical Society, Providence (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Barricelli, N.: Esempi numerici di processi di evoluzione. Methodos 6, 45–68 (1954)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Barricelli, N.: Symbiogenetic evolution processes realized by artificial methods. Methodos 9, 143–182 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  7. BASEL, I., Bank for International Settlements, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision: Risk Management Principles for Electronic Banking (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bingham, N., Goldie, C., Teugels, J.: Regular Variation, vol. 27. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1989)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Bocker, K., Kluppelberg, C.: Operational var: a closed-form approximation. Risk-London-Risk Magazine Limited 18, 90 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Böcker, K., Klüppelberg, C.: First order approximations to operational risk: dependence and consequences. In: Gregoriou, G.N. (ed.) Operational Risk Towards Basel III, Best Practices and Issues in Modeling, Management and Regulation, pp. 219–245. Wiley, Hoboken (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cappé, O., Godsill, S., Moulines, E.: Non linear filtering: interacting particle solution. Markov Process. Related Fields 2, 555–580 (1996)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Cappé, O., Godsill, S., Moulines, E.: An overview of existing methods and recent advances in sequential Monte Carlo. Proc. IEEE 95, 899–924 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Cappé, O., Moulines, E., Rydén, T.: Inference in Hidden Markov Models. Springer Science and Business Media, New York (2005)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Cruz, M., Peters, G., Shevchenko, P.: Handbook on Operational Risk. Wiley, New York (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Daley, D., Omey, E., Vesilo, R.: The tail behaviour of a random sum of subexponential random variables and vectors. Extremes 10, 21–39 (2007)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Degen, M.: The calculation of minimum regulatory capital using single-loss approximations. J. Oper. Risk 5, 1–15 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Degen, M., Embrechts, P.: Scaling of high-quantile estimators. J. Appl. Probab. 48, 968–983 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Del Moral, P.: Measure-valued processes and interacting particle systems. Application to nonlinear filtering problems. Ann. Appl. Probab. 8, 438–495 (1998)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Del Moral, P.: Feynman-Kac Formulae: Genealogical and Interacting Particle Systems with Applications. Probability and Applications. Springer, New York (2004)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  20. Del Moral, P.: Mean Field Simulation for Monte Carlo Integration, 600p. Chapman & Hall/CRC Monographs on Statistics & Applied Probability, Boca Raton (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Del Moral, P., Doucet, A., Jasra, A.: Sequential Monte Carlo samplers. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol. 68, 411–436 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Del Moral, P., Hu, P., Wu, L.: On the concentration properties of interacting particle processes (2011). Arxiv preprint arXiv:1107.1948

    Google Scholar 

  23. Del Moral, P., Miclo, L.: Branching and interacting particle systems approximations of Feynman-Kac formulae with applications to non-linear filtering. In: Azema, J., Emery, M., Ledoux, M., Yor, M. (eds.) Seminaire de Probabilites XXXIV. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1729, pp. 1–145. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Del Moral, P., Miclo, L.: A Moran particle system approximation of Feynman-Kac formulae. Stochastic Process. Appl. 86, 193–216 (2000)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Del Moral, P., Miclo, L.: Genealogies and increasing propagation of chaos for Feynman-Kac and genetic models. Ann. Appl. Probab. 11, 1166–1198 (2001)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Del Moral, P., Miclo, L.: Particle approximations of lyapunov exponents connected to Schrödinger operators and Feynman-Kac semigroups. ESAIM Probab. Stat. 7, 171–208 (2003)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Del Moral, P., Noyer, J.-C., Rigal, G., Salut, G.: Particle filters in radar signal processing: detection, estimation and air targets recognition. Research report no. 92495, LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Del Moral, P., Patras, F., Rubenthaler, S.: A mean field theory of nonlinear filtering. In: Crisan, D., Rozovskiǐ, B. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Nonlinear Filtering, pp. 705–740. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Del Moral, P., Rigal, G., Salut, G.: Nonlinear and non Gaussian particle filters applied to inertial platform repositioning. Research report no. 92207, STCAN/DIGILOG-LAAS/CNRS convention STCAN no. A.91.77.013, LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, pp. 1–94 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Del Moral, P., Rigal, G., Salut, G.: Estimation and nonlinear optimal control: particle resolution in filtering and estimation: experimental results. Convention DRET no. 89.34.553.00.470.75.01, research report no.2, pp. 1–54 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Del Moral, P., Rigal, G., Salut, G.: Estimation and nonlinear optimal control: particle resolution in filtering and estimation: theoretical results. Convention DRET no. 89.34.553.00.470.75.01, research report no.3, pp. 1–123 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Del Moral, P., Rio, E.: Concentration inequalities for mean field particle models. Ann. Appl. Probab. 21, 1017–1052 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. Del Moral, P., Salut, G.: Maslov optimization theory: optimality versus randomness. Idempotency Anal. Appl., Math. Appl. 401, 243–302 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Doucet, A., De-Freitas, N., Gordon, N.: Sequential Monte Carlo Methods in Practice. Springer, New York (2001)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. Doucet, A., Johansen, A.: A tutorial on particle filtering and smoothing: fifteen years later. In: Crisan, D., Rozovsky, B. (eds.) Handbook of Nonlinear Filtering, pp. 656–704. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Embrechts, P., Hofert, M.: A note on generalized inverses. Math. Methods Oper. Res., 1–10 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Embrechts, P., Puccetti, G., Rüschendorf, L.: Model uncertainty and VaR aggregation. J. Bank. Finance 37, 2750–2764 (2013). Embrechts, P., Maejima, M., Teugels, J.: Asymptotic behaviour of compound distributions. Astin Bull. 15, 45–48 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Feller, W.: An introduction to Probability Theory, vol. II. Wiley, New York (1966)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  39. Glasserman, P.: Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Engineering, vol. 53. Springer, New York (2003)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  40. Goovaerts, M., Kaas, R.: Evaluating compound generalized Poisson distributions recursively. Astin Bull. 21, 193–198 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gordon, N., Salmond, D., Smith, A.: Novel approach to nonlinear/non-Gaussian Bayesian state estimation. IEE Proceedings F Radar and Signal Processing 140, 107–113 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Hess, C.: Can the single-loss approximation method compete with the standard Monte Carlo simulation technique? J. Oper. Risk 6, 31–43 (2011)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  43. Hua, L., Joe, H.: Tail comonotonicity: properties, constructions, and asymptotic additivity of risk measures. Insurance Math. Econom. 51, 492–503 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  44. Kahn, H., Harris, T.: Estimation of particle transmission by random sampling. National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series 12, 27–30 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kitagawa, G.: Monte Carlo filter and smoother for non-Gaussian nonlinear state space models. J. Comput. Graph. Statist. 5, 1–25 (1996)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  46. Kitagawa, G., Gersch, W.: Smoothness Priors Analysis of Time Series, vol. 116. Springer, New York (1996)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. Klugman, S., Panjer, H., Willmot, G., Venter, G.: Loss Models: From Data to Decisions, vol. 2. Wiley, New York (1998)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  48. Luo, X., Shevchenko, P.: Computing tails of compound distributions using direct numerical integration (2009). arXiv preprint, arXiv:0904.0830

    Google Scholar 

  49. Luo, X., Shevchenko, P.: Lgd credit risk model: estimation of capital with parameter uncertainty using mcmc (2010). Arxiv preprint, arXiv:1011.2827

    Google Scholar 

  50. McNeil, A., Frey, R., Embrechts, P.: Quantitative Risk Management: Concepts, Techniques and Tools. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Merz, M., Wüthrich, M.: Paid–incurred chain claims reserving method. Insurance Math. Econom. 46, 568–579 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  52. Metropolis, N., Ulam, S.: The Monte Carlo method. J. Amer Statist. Assoc. 44, 335–341 (1949)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  53. Najim, K., Ikonen, E., Del Moral, P.: Open-loop regulation and tracking control based on a genealogical decision tree. Neural Comput. Appl. 15, 339–349 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Nešlehová, J., Embrechts, P., Chavez-Demoulin, V.: Infinite mean models and the LDA for operational risk. J. Oper. Risk 1, 3–25 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Omey, E., Willekens, E.: Second order behaviour of the tail of a subordinated probability distribution. Stochastic Process. Appl. 21, 339–353 (1986)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  56. Panjer, H.: Recursive evaluation of a family of compound distributions. Astin Bull. 12, 22–26 (1981)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  57. Peters, G.: Topics in sequential Monte Carlo samplers. M.Sc., Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Peters, G., Byrnes, A., Shevchenko, P.: Impact of insurance for operational risk: is it worthwhile to insure or be insured for severe losses? Insurance Math. Econom. 48, 287–303 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  59. Peters, G., Dong, A., Kohn, R.: A copula based Bayesian approach for paid-incurred claims models for non-life insurance reserving (2012). arXiv preprint, arXiv:1210.3849

    Google Scholar 

  60. Peters, G., Fan, Y., Sisson, S.: On sequential Monte Carlo, partial rejection control and approximate Bayesian computation. Stat. Comput. 22, 1209–1222 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  61. Peters, G., Johansen, A., Doucet, A.: Simulation of the annual loss distribution in operational risk via Panjer recursions and volterra integral equations for value at risk and expected shortfall estimation. J. Oper. Risk 2, 29–58 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Peters, G., Shevchenko, P., Wüthrich, M.: Dynamic operational risk: modeling dependence and combining different sources of information. J. Oper. Risk 4, 69–104 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Peters, G., Shevchenko, P., Wüthrich, M.: Model uncertainty in claims reserving within Tweedie’s compound Poisson models. Astin Bull. 39, 1–33 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  64. Peters, G., Shevchenko, P., Young, M., Yip, W.: Analytic loss distributional approach models for operational risk from the-stable doubly stochastic compound processes and implications for capital allocation. Insurance Math. Econom. 49, 565 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  65. Peters, G., Sisson, S.: Bayesian inference, Monte Carlo sampling and operational risk. J. Oper. Risk 1, 27–50 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Peters, G.W., Targino, R.S., Shevchenko, P.V.: Understanding operational risk capital approximations: first and second orders (2013). arXiv preprint, arXiv:1303.2910

    Google Scholar 

  67. Peters, G., Wüthrich, M., Shevchenko, P.: Chain ladder method: Bayesian bootstrap versus classical bootstrap. Insurance Math. Econom. 47, 36–51 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  68. Rosenbluth, M., Rosenbluth, A.: Monte-Carlo calculations of the average extension of macromolecular chains. J. Chem. Phys. 23, 356–359 (1955)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Shevchenko, P.: Implementing loss distribution approach for operational risk. Appl. Stoch. Models Bus. Ind. 26, 277–307 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  70. Shevchenko, P.: Modelling Operational Risk Using Bayesian Inference. Springer, Berlin (2011)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  71. Sundt, B., Vernic, R.: Recursions for Convolutions and Compound Distributions with Insurance Applications. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2009)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  72. Verrall, R.J.: A Bayesian generalized linear model for the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method of claims reserving. North Am. Actuarial J. 8, 67–89 (2004)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  73. Willekens, E.: Asymptotic approximations of compound distributions and some applications. Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de Belgique Série. B 41, 55–61 (1989)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  74. Zolotarev, V.: Univariate Stable Distributions. Nauka, Moscow (1983)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pierre Del Moral .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Del Moral, P., Peters, G.W., Vergé, C. (2013). An Introduction to Stochastic Particle Integration Methods: With Applications to Risk and Insurance. In: Dick, J., Kuo, F., Peters, G., Sloan, I. (eds) Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 2012. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, vol 65. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41095-6_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics