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Imaging of the Antidepressant Drug Response Using SPECT and PET

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PET and SPECT in Psychiatry

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Abstract

SPECT and PET imaging has played an important role in the evaluation of pharmaceutical interventions in mood disorders such as depression.

This review highlights the proposed role of monoamines, their precursors and the blood–brain barrier in depression and the antidepressant drug response. Reviewed are trials using SPECT and PET, including levodopa and carbidopa moclobemide and St. John’s wort; selegiline; the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline; the noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) bupropion; the serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine; and the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) amitriptyline, nortriptyline and desipramine.

So far there is no apparent consensus on SPECT and PET imaging features for depression and its treatment, except that at least 80 % of serotonin transporters have to be occupied by serotonin reuptake inhibitors to achieve a clinically effective antidepressant drug response. The lack of characteristic imaging features may be due to inadequately designed imaging studies with insufficient in- and exclusion criteria, or it may be due to different aetiologies underlying the depressive state. Another possibility is that depression may be a non-regionalised phenomenon with global brain participation, similar to what has been proposed for the generation of the conscious condition.

In the future, it is likely that SPECT and PET imaging will remain an important tool and challenge in individual- and group-based approaches to obtain further information on depression and the antidepressant drug response.

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Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Dr S. Nikolaus, Dr H. Hautzel, and Prof KJ Langen for their valuable input in the consideration of this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Nuclear Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Egerton Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XX, UK

    Ralf P. Clauss MD, FRCP

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Canterbury Health Ltd, Priory Clinic, 92B Broad Street, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 2LU, UK

    Max Zöttl MD

  3. Nuclear Medicine Department, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Voortrekkers Road and Malan Street, Capital Park, Pretoria, South Africa

    Mike Sathekge MD, PhD

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  1. Ralf P. Clauss MD, FRCP
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  2. Max Zöttl MD
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  3. Mike Sathekge MD, PhD
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Correspondence to Ralf P. Clauss MD, FRCP .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx

  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Offenburg, Germany

    Andreas Otte

  3. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Erik F. J. de Vries

  4. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Aren van Waarde

  5. Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands

    Johan A. den Boer

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Clauss, R.P., Zöttl, M., Sathekge, M. (2014). Imaging of the Antidepressant Drug Response Using SPECT and PET. In: Dierckx, R., Otte, A., de Vries, E., van Waarde, A., den Boer, J. (eds) PET and SPECT in Psychiatry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40384-2_12

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