Abstract
The chemical investigation of single short-lived atoms of transactinide elements requires the development of unique techniques that encompass synthesis, rapid transport, chemical isolation, and detection of the radioactive decay. Each step presents its challenges and has to be optimized in order to reach the single atom sensitivity. Another issue is the safe and long-term stable operation of such setups. Several techniques were successful in studying the chemical properties of transactinide elements in the liquid phase as well as in the gas phase. Since only single atoms are studied, chromatographic systems are preferred which ensure repeated interactions or repeated phase transitions. Some of the developed systems work continuously where as others perform batch-wise separations. Recently, the coupling of chemical systems to on-line kinematic recoil separators was accomplished taking advantage of the fact, that the product beam is separated from the intense primary projectile beam of the accelerator. Thus, more fragile compounds such as metal–organic transactinide compounds should become available for study.
K. E. Gregorich was author for the first edition of this chapter only.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rutherford, E.: A radio-active substance emitted from thorium compounds. Philos. Mag. 49, 1–14 (1900)
Herrmann, G., Trautmann, N.: Rapid chemical methods for identification and study of short-lived nuclides. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 32, 117–147 (1982)
Meyer, R.A.: Rapid automated batchwize radiochemical separation techniques. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Art. 142, 135–144 (1990)
Skarnemark, G., Alstad, J., Kaffrell, N., Trautmann, N.: Studies of short-lived fission-products by means of the multistage solvent-extraction system SISAK. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Art. 142, 145–158 (1990)
Rengan, K., Meyer, R.A.: Ultrafast chemical separations, Vol. NAS-NS-3118. Nuclear Science Series. National Academy Press, Washington (1993)
Baker, J.D., Meikrantz, D.H., Gehrke, R.J., Greenwood, R.C.: Nuclear decay studies of rare-earth fission-product nuclides using fast radiochemical separation techniques. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Art. 142, 159–171 (1990)
Gäggeler, H.W.: On-line gas chemistry experiments with transactinide elements. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 183, 261–271 (1994)
Hahn, O., Strassmann, F.: About the evidence and the behavior in uranium radiation using neutron occuring earth alkaloid metals. Naturwissenschaften 27, 11–15 (1939)
Seaborg, G.T., Loveland, W.D.: The Elements Beyond Uranium. Wiley & Sons, New York (1990)
Hyde, E.K., Hoffman, D.C.: A history and analysis of the discovery of elements 104 and 105. Radiochim. Acta 42, 57–102 (1987)
Wierczinski, B., Gregorich, K.E., Kadkhodayan, B., Lee, D.M., Beauvais, L.G., Hendricks, M.B., Kacher, C.D., Lane, M.R., Keeney-Shaughnessy, D.A., Stoyer, N.J., Strellis, D.A., Sylwester, E.R., Wilk, P.A., Hoffman, D.C., Malmbeck, R., Skarnemark, G., Alstad, J., Omtvedt, J.P., Eberhardt, K., Mendel, M., Nähler, A., Trautmann, N.: First chemical on-line separation and detection of a subsecond alpha-decaying nuclide, Pa-224. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 247, 57–60 (2001)
Zvara, I., Eichler, B., Belov, V.Z., Zvarova, T.S., Korotkin, Y.S., Shalaevski, M.R., Shchegolev, V.A., Hussonnois, M.: Gas chromatography and thermochromatography in the study of transuranium elements. Sov. Radiochem. 16, 709–715 (1974)
Zvara, I.: Thermochromatographic method of separation of chemical elements in nuclear and radiochemistry. Isotopenpraxis 26, 251–258 (1990)
Schädel, M.: Chemistry of the transactinide elements. Radiochim. Acta 70/71, 207–223 (1995)
Trautmann, N.: Fast radiochemical separations for heavy elements. Radiochim. Acta 70–1, 237–245 (1995)
Türler, A.: Gas phase chemistry experiments with transactinide elements. Radiochim. Acta 72, 7–17 (1996)
Gäggeler, H.W.: Fast chemical separation procedures for transactinides. In: Proceedings of “The Robert A. Welch Foundation 41st Confernce on Chemical Research. The Transactinide Elements”, pp. 43–63. Houston, Texas, 27–28 Oct 1997
Hoffman, D.C., Lee, D.M.: Chemistry of the heaviest elements—one atom at a time. J. Chem. Educ. 76, 331–347 (1999)
Schädel, M.: Chemistry of the superheavy elements. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 368–401 (2006)
Kratz, J.V.: Chemistry of transactinides. In: Vértes, A., Nagy, S., Klencsár, Z., Lovas, R.G., Rösch, F. (eds.) Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry, pp. 925–1004. Springer Science + Business Media B.V, Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York (2011)
Kratz, J.V.: Aqueous-phase chemistry of the transactinides. Radiochim. Acta 99, 477–502 (2011)
Gäggeler, H.W.: Gas chemical properties of heaviest elements. Radiochim. Acta 99, 503–513 (2011)
Guillaumont, R., Adloff, J.P., Peneloux, A.: Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of tracer-scale and single atom chemistry. Radiochim. Acta 46, 169–176 (1989)
Drapchinsky, L.V., Kuzmina, T.E., Soloviev, S.M.: Practice of using the multiple painting method. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 438, 116–118 (1999)
Garcia, M.A., Ali, M.N., Parsons-Moss, T., Ashby, P.D., Nitsche, H.: Metal oxide films produced by polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) for nuclear science applications. Thin Solid Films 516, 6261–6265 (2008)
Ali, M.N., Garcia, M.A., Parsons-Moss, T., Nitsche, H.: Polymer-assisted deposition of homogeneous metal oxide films to produce nuclear targets. Nat. Protoc. 5, 1440–1446 (2010)
Muggleton, A.H.F.: Preparation of Thin Nuclear Targets. J. Phys. E-Sci. Instrum. 12, 780–807 (1979)
Drapchinsky, L.V., Shpakov, V.I.: Preparation of actinide targets by radio-frequency sputtering. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 362, 100–103 (1995)
Coppieters, L., Vancampenhout, J., Triffaux, J., Vanaudenhove, J.: Development of a piezoelectric pulsed drop jet device for the preparation of nuclear targets. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 224, 41–49 (1984)
Evans, J.E., Lougheed, R.W., Hoff, R.W., Hulet, E.K., Coops, M.S.: Use of electrodeposition methods to prepare actinide targets for cross-section measurements and accelerator bombardments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 102, 389–401 (1972)
Aumann, D.C., Mullen, G.: Preparation of targets of Ca, Ba, Fe, La, Pb, Tl, Bi, Th and U by electrodeposition from organic solutions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 115, 75–81 (1974)
Müllen, G., Aumann, D.C.: Preparation of targets of Np, Pu, Am, Cm and Cf by electrodeposition from organic solutions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 128, 425–428 (1975)
Trautmann, N., Folger, H.: Preparation of actinide targets by electrodeposition. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 282, 102–106 (1989)
Eberhardt, K., Schädel, M., Schimpf, E., Thörle, P., Trautmann, N.: Preparation of targets by electrodeposition for heavy element studies. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 521, 208–213 (2004)
Eberhardt, K., Brüchle, W., Düllmann, C.E., Gregorich, K.E., Hartmann, W., Hübner, A., Jäger, E., Kindler, B., Kratz, J.V., Liebe, D., Lommel, B., Maier, H.-J., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Semchenkov, A., Steiner, J., Szerypo, J., Thörle, P., Türler, A., Yakushev, A.: Preparation of targets for the gas-filled recoil separator TASCA by electrochemical deposition and design of the TASCA target wheel assembly. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 590, 134–140 (2008)
Runke, J., Düllmann, C.E., Eberhardt, K., Ellison, P.A., Gregorich, K.E., Hofmann, S., Jäger, E., Kindler, B., Kratz, J.V., Krier, J., Lommel, B., Mokry, C., Nitsche, H., Roberto, J.B., Rykaczewski, K.P., Schädel, M., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Trautmann, N., Yakushev, A.: Preparation of actinide targets for the synthesis of the heaviest elements. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (2013, in press)
Vascon, A., Santi, S., Isse, A.A., Reich, T., Drebert, J., Christ, H., Düllmann, C.E., Eberhardt, K.: Elucidation of constant current density molecular plating. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 696, 180–191 (2012)
Usoltsev, I., Eichler, R., Dressler, R., Piguet, D., Wittwer, D., Turler, A., Brutsch, R., Olsen, E.A., Omtvedt, J.P., Semchenkov, A.: Preparation of Pd-based intermetallic targets for high intensity irradiations. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 691, 5–9 (2012)
Nitschke, J.M.: High-intensity heavy-ion recoil target system. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 138, 393–406 (1976)
Yakushev, A.B., Zvara, I., Oganessian, Y.T., Belozerov, A.V., Dmitriev, S.N., Eichler, B., Hübener, S., Sokol, E.A., Türler, A., Yeremin, A.V., Buklanov, G.V., Chelnokov, M.L., Chepigin, V.I., Gorshkov, V.A., Gulyaev, A.V., Lebedev, V.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Popeko, A.G., Soverna, S., Szeglowski, Z., Timokhin, S.N., Tretyakova, S.P., Vasko, V.M., Itkis, M.G.: Chemical identification and properties of element 112. Radiochim. Acta 91, 433–439 (2003)
Eichler, R., Aksenov, N.V., Belozerov, A.V., Bozhikov, G.A., Chepigin, V.I., Dmitriev, S.N., Dressler, R., Gäggler, H.W., Gorshkov, V.A., Haenssler, F., Itkis, M.G., Laube, A., Lebedev, V.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Oganessian, Y.T., Petrushkin, O.V., Piguet, D., Rasmussen, P., Shishkin, S.V., Shutov, A.V., Svirikhin, A.I., Tereshatov, E.E., Vostokin, G.K., Wegrzecki, M., Yeremin, A.: Chemical characterization of element 112. Nature 447, 72–75 (2007)
Eichler, R., Aksenov, N.V., Belozerov, A.V., Bozhikov, G.A., Chepigin, V.I., Dmitriev, S.N., Dressler, R., Gäggeler, H.W., Gorshkov, A.V., Itkis, M.G., Haenssler, F., Laube, A., Lebedev, V.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Oganessian, Y.T., Petrushkin, O.V., Piguet, D., Popeko, A.G., Rasmussen, T., Shishkin, S.V., Serov, A.A., Shutov, A.V., Svirikhin, A.I., Tereshatov, E.E., Vostokin, G.K., Wegrzecki, M., Yeremin, A.V.: Thermochemical and physical properties of element 112. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 3262–3266 (2008)
Eichler, R., Aksenov, N.V., Albin, Y.V., Belozerov, A.V., Bozhikov, G.A., Chepigin, V.I., Dmitriev, S.N., Dressler, R., Gäggeler, H.W., Gorshkov, V.A., Henderson, R.A., Johnsen, A.M., Kenneally, J.M., Lebedev, V.Y., Malyshev, O.N., Moody, K.J., Oganessian, Y.T., Petrushkin, O.V., Piguet, D., Popeko, A.G., Rasmussen, P., Serov, A.A., Shaughnessy, D.A., Shishkin, S.V., Shutov, A.V., Stoyer, M.A., Stoyer, N.J., Svirikhin, A.I., Tereshatov, E.E., Vostokin, G.K., Wegrzecki, M., Wilk, P.A., Wittwer, D., Yeremin, A.V.: Indication for a volatile element 114. Radiochim. Acta 98, 133–139 (2010)
Schädel, M.: The chemistry of superheavy elements. Acta Phys. Pol., B 34, 1701–1728 (2003)
Düllmann, C.E., Brüchle, W., Dressler, R., Eberhardt, K., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Gäggeler, H.W., Ginter, T.N., Glaus, F., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Jäger, E., Jost, D.T., Kirbach, U.W., Lee, D.M., Nitsche, H., Patin, J.B., Pershina, V., Piguet, D., Qin, Z., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Schött, H.J., Soverna, S., Sudowe, R., Thörle, P., Timokhin, S.N., Trautmann, N., Türler, A., Vahle, A., Wirth, G., Yakushev, A.B., Zielinski, P.M.: Chemical investigation of hassium (element 108). Nature 418, 859–862 (2002)
Jäger, E., Brand, H., Düllmann, C.E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Krier, J., Schädel, M., Torres, T., Yakushev, A.: High intensity target wheel at TASCA: target wheel control system and target monitoring. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (2013, in press)
Ghiorso, A., Harvey, B.G., Choppin, G.R., Thompson, S.G., Seaborg, G.T.: New element mendelevium, atomic number 101. Phys. Rev. 98, 1518–1519 (1955)
Wollnik, H.: Principles behind a He-jet system and its application for isotope separation. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 139, 311–318 (1976)
Kirbach, U.W., Gregorich, K., Ninov, V., Lee, D.M., Patin, J.B., Shaughnessy, D.A., Strellis, D.A., Wilk, P.A., Hoffman, D.C., Nitsche, H.: The recoil product transfer chamber (RTC): A new interface for heavy element chemistry studies at the Berkeley gas-filled separator. In: Nuclear Science Division Annual Report 1999. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, (1999)
Omtvedt, J.P., Alstad, J., Breivik, H., Dyve, J.E., Eberhardt, K., Folden III, C.M., Ginter, T., Gregorich, K., Hult, E.A., Johansson, M., Kirbach, U.W., Lee, D.M., Mendel, M., Nähler, A., Ninov, V., Omtvedt, L.A., Patin, J.B., Skarnemark, G., Stavsetra, L., Sudowe, R., Wiehl, N., Wierczinski, B., Wilk, P.A., Zielinski, P.M., Kratz, J.V., Trautmann, N., Nitsche, H., Hoffman, D.C.: SISAK liquid–liquid extraction experiments with prespearated 257Rf. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 3, 121–124 (2002)
Kirbach, U.W., Folden III, C.M., Ginter, T.N., Gregorich, K.E., Lee, D.M., Ninov, V., Omtvedt, J.P., Patin, J.B., Seward, N.K., Strellis, D.A.: The cryo-thermochromatographic separator (CTS): A new rapid separation and ∝-detection system for on-line chemical studies of highly volatile osmium and hassium (Z = 108) tetroxides. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 484, 587–594 (2002)
Düllmann, C.E., Folden III, C.M., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Leitner, D., Pang, G.K., Sudowe, R., Zielinski, P.M., Nitsche, H.: Heavy-ion-induced production and physical preseparation of short-lived isotopes for chemistry experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 551, 528–539 (2005)
Even, J., Ballof, J., Brüchle, W., Buda, R.A., Düllmann, C.E., Eberhardt, K., Gorshkov, A., Gromma, E., Hild, D., Jäger, E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kratz, J.V., Krier, J., Liebe, D., Mendel, M., Nayak, D., Opel, K., Omtvedt, J.P., Reichert, P., Runke, J., Sabelnikov, A., Samadani, F., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Scheid, N., Schimpf, E., Semchenkov, A., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Toyoshima, A., Türler, A., Vicente Vilas, V., Wiehl, N., Wunderlich, T., Yakushev, A.: The recoil transfer chamber—An interface to connect the physical preseparator TASCA with chemistry and counting setups. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 638, 157–164 (2011)
Ninov, V., Gregorich, K.E., McGrath, C.A.: The Berkeley gas-filled separator. In: Sherrill, B.M., Morrissey, D.J., Davids, C.N. (eds.) ENAM 98: Exotic Nuclei and Atomic Masses, pp. 704–707. American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, New York (1998)
Wittwer, D., Abdullin, F.S., Aksenov, N.V., Albin, Y.V., Bozhikov, G.A., Dmitriev, S.N., Dressler, R., Eichler, R., Gäggeler, H.W., Henderson, R.A., Hubener, S., Kenneally, J.M., Lebedev, V.Y., Lobanov, Y.V., Moody, K.J., Oganessian, Y.T., Petrushkin, O.V., Polyakov, A.N., Piguet, D., Rasmussen, P., Sagaidak, R.N., Serov, A., Shirokovsky, I.V., Shaughnessy, D.A., Shishkin, S.V., Sukhov, A.M., Stoyer, M.A., Stoyer, N.J., Tereshatov, E.E., Tsyganov, Y.S., Utyonkov, V.K., Vostokin, G.K., Wegrzecki, M., Wilk, P.A.: Gas phase chemical studies of superheavy elements using the Dubna gas-filled recoil separator—stopping range determination. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 268, 28–35 (2010)
Haba, H., Kaji, D., Kikunaga, H., Akiyama, T., Sato, N., Morimoto, K., Yoneda, A., Morita, K., Takabe, T., Shinohara, A.: Development of gas-jet transport system coupled to the RIKEN gas-filled recoil ion separator GARIS for superheavy element chemistry. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 8, 55–58 (2007)
Haba, H., Kikunaga, H., Kaji, D., Akiyama, T., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Nanri, T., Ooe, K., Sato, N., Shinohara, A., Suzuki, D., Takabe, T., Yamazaki, I., Yokoyama, A., Yoneda, A.: Performance of the gas-jet transport system coupled to the RIKEN gas-filled recoil ion separator GARIS for the 238U(22Ne, 5n)255 no reaction. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 9, 27–31 (2008)
Ninov, V., Armbruster, P., Heßberger, F.P., Hofmann, S., Münzenberg, G., Fujita, Y., Leino, M., Lüttgen, A.: Separation of actinide-made transurania by a gas-filled magnetic separator. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 357, 486–494 (1995)
Gates, J.M., Düllmann, C.E., Schädel, M., Yakushev, A., Türler, A., Eberhardt, K., Kratz, J.V., Ackermann, D., Andersson, L.-L., Block, M., Brüchle, W., Dvorak, J., Essel, H., Ellison, P.A., Even, J., Forsberg, U., Gellanki, J., Gorshkov, A., Graeger, R., Gregorich, K.E., Hartmann, W., Herzberg, R.-D., Heßberger, F.P., Hild, D., Hübner, A., Jäger, E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kindler, B., Krier, J., Kurz, N., Lahiri, S., Liebe, D., Lommel, B., Maiti, M., Nitsche, H., Omtvedt, J.P., Parr, E., Rudolph, D., Runke, J., Schaffner, H., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Semchenkov, A., Steiner, J., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Uusitalo, J., Wegrzecki, M., Wiehl, N.: First superheavy element experiments at the GSI recoil separator TASCA: The production and decay of element 114 in the 48Ca(244Pu,3-4n) reaction. Phys. Rev. C 83, 054618(17) (2011)
Düllmann, C.E., Gregorich, K.E., Pang, G.K., Dragojević, I., Eichler, R., Folden III, C.M., Garcia, M.A., Gates, J.M., Hoffman, D.C., Nelson, S.L., Sudowe, R., Nitsche, H.: Gas chemical investigation of hafnium and zirconium complexes with hexafluoroacetylacetone using preseparated short-lived radioisotopes. Radiochim. Acta 97, 403–418 (2009)
Even, J., Yakushev, A., Düllmann, C.E., Dvorak, J., Eichler, R., Gothe, O., Hild, D., Jäger, E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kratz, J.V., Krier, J., Niewisch, L., Nitsche, H., Pysmenetska, I., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Türler, A., Wiehl, N., Wittwer, D.: Rapid synthesis of radioactive transition-metal carbonyl complexes at ambient conditions. Inorg. Chem. 51, 6431–6433 (2012)
Haba, H., Kaji, D., Kikunaga, H., Kudou, Y., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Ozeki, K., Sumita, T., Yoneda, A., Kasamatsu, Y., Komori, Y., Ooe, K., Shinohara, A.: Production and decay properties of the 1.9-s isomeric state in 261Rf. Phys. Rev. C 83, 034602(07) (2011)
Haba, H., Kaji, D., Kudou, Y., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Ozeki, K., Sakai, R., Sumita, T., Yoneda, A., Kasamatsu, Y., Komori, Y., Shinohara, A., Kikunaga, H., Kudo, H., Nishio, K., Ooe, K., Sato, N., Tsukada, K.: Production of 265Sg in the 248Cm(22Ne,5n)265Sg reaction and decay properties of two isomeric states in 265Sg. Phys. Rev. C 85, 024611(11) (2012)
Czerwinski, K.R., Gregorich, K.E., Hannink, N.J., Kacher, C.D., Kadkhodayan, B.A., Kreek, S.A., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M.J., Türler, A., Seaborg, G.T., Hoffman, D.C.: Solution chemistry of element-104.1. Liquid–liquid extractions with triisooctylamine. Radiochim. Acta 64, 23–28 (1994)
Czerwinski, K.R., Kacher, C.D., Gregorich, K.E., Hamilton, T.M., Hannink, N.J., Kadkhodayan, B.A., Kreek, S.A., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M.J., Türler, A., Seaborg, G.T., Hoffman, D.C.: Solution chemistry of element-104.2. Liquid–liquid extractions with tributylphosphate. Radiochim. Acta 64, 29–35 (1994)
Kacher, C.D., Gregorich, K.E., Lee, D.M., Watanabe, Y., Kadkhodayan, B., Wierczinski, B., Lane, M.R., Sylwester, E.R., Keeney, D.A., Hendricks, M., Stoyer, N.J., Yang, J., Hsu, M., Hoffman, D.C., Bilewicz, A.: Chemical studies of rutherfordium (element 104).2. Solvent extraction into tributylphosphate from HBr solutions. Radiochim. Acta 75, 127–133 (1996)
Kacher, C.D., Gregorich, K.E., Lee, D.M., Watanabe, Y., Kadkhodayan, B., Wierczinski, B., Lane, M.R., Sylwester, E.R., Keeney, D.A., Hendricks, M., Hoffman, D.C., Bilewicz, A.: Chemical studies of rutherfordium (element 104).3. Solvent extraction into triisooctylamine from HF solutions. Radiochim. Acta 75, 135–139 (1996)
Gregorich, K.E., Henderson, R.A., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M.J., Chasteler, R.M., Hall, H.L., Bennett, D.A., Gannett, C.M., Chadwich, R.B., Leyba, J.D., Hoffman, D.C.: Aqueous chemistry of element 105. Radiochim. Acta 43, 223–231 (1988)
Silva, R., Sikkeland, T., Nurmia, M., Ghiorso, A.: Tracer chemical studies of lawrencium. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 6, 733–739 (1970)
Hoffman, D.C., Henderson, R.A., Gregorich, K.E., Bennett, D.A., Chasteler, R.M., Gannett, C.M., Hall, H.L., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M.J., Cai, S., Agarwal, R., Charlop, A.W., Chu, Y.Y., Seaborg, G.T., Silva, R.J.: Atom-at-a-time radiochemical separations of the heaviest elements—lawrencium chemistry. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 124, 135–144 (1988)
Silva, R., Harris, J., Nurmia, M., Eskola, K., Ghiorso, A.: Chemical separation of rutherfordium. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 6, 871–877 (1970)
Schädel, M.: Aqueous chemistry of transactinides. Radiochim. Acta 89, 721–728 (2001)
Schädel, M.: The chemistry of the transactinide elements—experimental achievements and perspectives. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 3, 113–120 (2002)
Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Jäger, E., Schimpf, E., Kratz, J.V., Scherer, U.W., Zimmermann, H.P.: ARCA II—a new apparatus for fast, repetitive HPLC separations. Radiochim. Acta 48, 171–176 (1989)
Günther, R., Paulus, W., Kratz, J.V., Seibert, A., Thörle, P., Zauner, S., Brüchle, W., Jäger, E., Pershina, V., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Schumann, D., Eichler, B., Gäggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Türler, A.: Chromatographic study of rutherfordium (element 104) in the system HCl/tributylphosphate (TBP). Radiochim. Acta 80, 121–128 (1998)
Strub, E., Kratz, J.V., Kronenberg, A., Nähler, A., Thörle, P., Zauner, S., Brüchle, W., Jäger, E., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Li, Z.W., Kirbach, U., Schumann, D., Jöst, D., Türler, A., Asai, M., Nagame, Y., Sakama, M., Tsukada, K., Gäggeler, H.W., Glatz, J.P.: Fluoride complexation of rutherfordium (Rf, element 104). Radiochim. Acta 88, 265–271 (2000)
Kratz, J.V., Gober, M.K., Zimmermann, H.P., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Schimpf, E., Gregorich, K.E., Türler, A., Hannink, N.J., Czerwinski, K.R., Kadkhodayan, B., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M.J., Hoffman, D.C., Gäggeler, H., Jost, D., Kovacs, J., Scherer, U.W., Weber, A.: New nuclide 263Ha. Phys. Rev. C 45, 1064–1069 (1992)
Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Schimpf, E., Zimmerman, H.P., Gober, M.K., Kratz, J.V., Trautmann, N., Gäggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Kovacs, J., Scherer, U.W., Weber, A., Gregorich, K.E., Türler, A., Czerwinski, K.R., Hannink, N.J., Kadkhodayan, B., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M.J., Hoffman, D.C.: Chemical properties of element 105 in aqueous solution: cation exchange separations with ∝-hydroxyisobutyric acid. Radiochim. Acta 57, 85–92 (1992)
Gober, M.K., Kratz, J.V., Zimmerman, H.P., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Schimpf, E., Gregorich, K.E., Türler, A., Hannink, N.J., Czerwinski, K.R., Kadkhodayan, B., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M.J., Hoffman, D.C., Gäggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Kovacs, J., Scherer, U.W., Weber, A.: Chemical properties of element 105 in aqueous solution: extraction into diisobutylcarbinol. Radiochim. Acta 57, 77–84 (1992)
Zimmermann, H.P., Gober, M.K., Kratz, J.V., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Schimph, E., Gregorich, K.E., Türler, A., Czerwinski, K.R., Hannink, N.J., Kadkhodayan, B., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M.J., Hoffman, D.C., Gäggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Kovacs, J., Scherer, U.W., Weber, A.: Chemical properties of element 105 in aqueous solution: back extraction from triisooctyl amine into 0.5 M HCL. Radiochim. Acta 60, 11–16 (1993)
Paulus, W., Kratz, J.V., Strub, E., Zauner, S., Brüchle, W., Pershina, V., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Adams, J.L., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Lane, M.R., Laue, C., Lee, D.M., McGrath, C.A., Shaughnessy, D.K., Strellis, D.A., Sylwester, E.R.: Chemical properties of element 105 in aqueous solution: extraction of fluoride-, chloride-, and bromide complexes of the group-5 elements into an aliphatic amine. Radiochim. Acta 84, 69–77 (1999)
Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Jäger, E., Wirth, G., Günther, R., Kratz, J.V., Paulus, W., Seibert, A., Thörle, P., Trautmann, N., Zauner, S., Schumann, D., Andrassy, M., Misiak, R., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Lee, D.M., Sylwester, E.R., Nagame, Y., Oura, Y.: First aqueous chemistry with seaborgium (Z = 106). Radiochim. Acta 77, 149–159 (1997)
Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Jäger, E., Schausten, B., Wirth, G., Paulus, W., Günther, R., Eberhardt, K., Kratz, J.V., Seibert, A., Strub, E., Thörle, P., Trautmann, N., Waldek, A., Zauner, S., Schumann, D., Kirbach, U., Kubica, B., Misiak, R., Nagame, Y., Gregorich, K.E.: Aqueous chemistry of seaborgium (Z = 106). Radiochim. Acta 83, 163–165 (1998)
Nagame, Y., Tsukada, K., Asai, M., Toyoshima, A., Akiyama, K., Ishii, Y., Kaneko-Sato, T., Hirata, M., Nishinaka, I., Ichikawa, S., Haba, H., Enomoto, S., Matsuo, K., Saika, D., Kitamota, Y., Hasegawa, H., Tani, Y., Sato, W., Shinohara, A., Ito, M., Saito, J., Goto, S., Kudo, H., Kikunaga, H., Kinoshita, N., Yokoyama, A., Sueki, K., Oura, Y., Nakahara, H., Sakama, M., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Kratz, J.V.: Chemical studies on rutherfordium (Rf) at JAERI. Radiochim. Acta 93, 519–526 (2005)
Haba, H., Tsukada, K., Asai, M., Goto, S., Toyoshima, A., Nishinaka, I., Akiyama, K., Hirata, M., Ichikawa, S., Nagame, Y., Shoji, Y., Shigekawa, M., Koike, T., Iwasaki, M., Shinohara, A., Kaneko, T., Maruyama, T., Ono, S., Kudo, H., Oura, Y., Sueki, K., Nakahara, H., Sakama, M., Yokoyama, A., Kratz, J.V., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W.: Anion-Exchange Behavior of Rf in HCl and HNO3 Solutions. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 3, 143–146 (2002)
Haba, H., Tsukada, K., Asai, M., Toyoshima, A., Ishii, Y., Toume, H., Sato, T., Nishinaka, I., Ichikawa, T., Ichikawa, S., Nagame, Y., Sato, W., Matsuo, K., Kitamoto, Y., Tashiro, Y., Shinohara, A., Saito, J., Ito, M., Ikezawa, T., Sakamaki, M., Goto, S., Kudo, H., Kikunaga, H., Arai, M., Kamataki, S., Yokoyama, A., Akiyama, K., Sueki, K., Oura, Y., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Kratz, J.V.: Extraction behavior of rutherfordium into tributylphosphate from hydrochloric acid. Radiochim. Acta 95, 1–6 (2007)
Haba, H., Tsukada, K., Asai, M., Toyoshima, A., Akiyama, K., Nishinaka, I., Hirata, M., Yaita, T., Ichikawa, S.I., Nagame, Y., Yasuda, K.I., Miyamoto, Y., Kaneko, T., Goto, S.I., Ono, S., Hirai, T., Kudo, H., Shigekawa, M., Shinohara, A., Oura, Y., Nakahara, H., Sueki, K., Kikunaga, H., Kinoshita, N., Tsuruga, N., Yokoyama, A., Sakama, M., Enomoto, S., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Kratz, J.V.: Fluoride complexation of element 104, rutherfordium. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 5219–5224 (2004)
Toyoshima, A., Haba, H., Tsukada, K., Asai, M., Akiyama, K., Nishinaka, I., Nagame, Y., Saika, D., Matsuo, K., Sato, W., Shinohara, A., Ishizu, H., Ito, M., Saito, J., Goto, S., Kudo, H., Kikunaga, H., Kinoshita, N., Kato, C., Yokoyama, A., Sueki, K.: Elution curve of rutherfordium (Rf) in anion-exchange chromatography with hydrofluoric acid solution. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 5, 45–48 (2004)
Toyoshima, A., Haba, H., Tsukada, K., Asai, M., Asiyama, K., Goto, S., Ishii, Y., Nishinaka, I., Sato, T.K., Nagame, Y., Sato, W., Tani, Y., Hasegawa, H., Matsuo, K., Saika, D., Kitamoto, Y., Shinohara, A., Ito, M., Saito, J., Kudo, H., Yokoyama, A., Sakama, M., Sueki, K., Oura, Y., Nakahara, H., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Kratz, J.V.: Hexafluoro complex of rutherfordium in mixed HF/HNO3 solutions. Radiochim. Acta 96, 125–134 (2008)
Ishii, Y., Toyoshima, A., Tsukada, K., Asai, M., Toume, H., Nishinaka, I., Nagame, Y., Miyashita, S., Mori, T., Suganuma, H., Haba, H., Sakamaki, M., Goto, S., Kudo, H., Akiyama, K., Oura, Y., Nakahara, H., Tashiro, Y., Shmohara, A., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Pershina, V., Kratz, J.V.: Fluoride complexation of element 104, rutherfordium (Rf) investigated by cation-exchange chromatography. Chem. Lett. 37, 288–289 (2008)
Ishii, Y., Toyoshima, A., Tsukada, K., Asai, M., Li, Z.J., Nagame, Y., Miyashita, S., Mori, T., Suganuma, H., Haba, H., Goto, S., Kudo, H., Akiyama, K., Oura, Y., Shinohara, A., Schädel, M., Pershina, V., Kratz, J.V.: Fluorido complex formation of element 104, rutherfordium (Rf). Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 84, 903–911 (2011)
Li, Z.J., Toyoshima, A., Asai, M., Tsukada, K., Sato, T.K., Sato, N., Kikuchi, T., Nagame, Y., Schädel, M., Pershina, V., Liang, X.H., Kasamatsu, Y., Komori, Y., Ooe, K., Shinohara, A., Goto, S., Murayama, H., Murakami, M., Kudo, H., Haba, H., Takeda, Y., Nishikawa, M., Yokoyama, A., Ikarashi, S., Sueki, K., Akiyama, K., Kratz, J.V.: Sulfate complexation of element 104, Rf, in H2SO4/HNO3 mixed solution. Radiochim. Acta 100, 157–164 (2012)
Kasamatsu, Y., Toyoshima, A., Asai, M., Tsukada, K., Li, Z., Ishii, Y., Toume, H., Sato, T.K., Kikuchi, T., Nishinaka, I., Nagame, Y., Haba, H., Kikunaga, H., Kudou, Y., Oura, Y., Akiyama, K., Sato, W., Ooe, K., Fujisawa, H., Shinohara, A., Goto, S., Hasegawa, T., Kudo, H., Nanri, T., Araki, M., Kinoshita, N., Yokoyama, A., Fan, F., Qin, Z., Düllmann, C.E., Schädel, M., Kratz, J.V.: Anionic fluoro complex of element 105 Db. Chem. Lett. 38, 1084–1085 (2009)
Szeglowski, Z., Bruchertseifer, H., Domanov, V.P., Gleisberg, B., Guseva, L.J., Hussonnois, M., Tikhomirova, G.S., Zvara, I., Oganessian, Y.T.: Study of the solution chemistry of element 104—Kurchatovium. Radiochim. Acta 51, 71–76 (1990)
Trubert, D., Hussonnois, M., Brillard, L., Barci, V., Ardisson, G., Szeglowski, Z., Constantinescu, O.: Investigation of the Hf-168 electron-capture decay using fast radiochemical separation. Radiochim. Acta 69, 149–156 (1995)
Pfrepper, G., Pfrepper, R., Yakushev, A.B., Timokhin, S.N., Zvara, I.: “On-line” experiments with cyclotron produced short-lived hafnium isotopes as a test for studies of ion exchange equilibria of element 104 by a continuous chromatography technique. Radiochim. Acta 77, 201–206 (1997)
Pfrepper, G., Pfrepper, R., Krauss, D., Yakushev, A.B., Timokhin, S.N., Zvara, I.: Ion exchange equilibria and stoichiometry of complexes of element 104 and hafnium in hydrofluoric acid solutions. Radiochim. Acta 80, 7–12 (1998)
Pfrepper, G., Pfrepper, R., Kronenberg, A., Kratz, J.V., Nähler, A., Brüchle, W., Schädel, M.: Continuous on-line chromatography of short lived isotopes of tungsten as homolog of seaborgium (element 106). Radiochim. Acta 88, 273–278 (2000)
Omtvedt, J.P., Alstad, J., Eberhardt, K., Fure, K., Malmbeck, R., Mendel, M., Nähler, A., Skarnemark, G., Trautmann, N., Wiehl, N., Wierczinski, B.: Review of the SISAK system in transactinide research: recent developments and future prospects. J. Alloys Compd. 271–273, 303 (1998)
Wilk, P.A., Gregorich, K.E., Hendricks, M.B., Lane, M.R., Lee, D.M., McGrath, C.A., Shaughnessy, D.A., Strellis, D.A., Sylwester, E.R., Hoffman, D.C.: Improved half-life measurement of 224Pa and its 209Bi(18O,3n)224Pa production cross section. Phys. Rev. C 56, 1626–1628 (1997)
Wilk, P.A., Gregorich, K.E., Hendricks, M.B., Lane, M.R., Lee, D.M., McGrath, C.A., Shaughnessy, D.A., Strellis, D.A., Sylwester, E.R., Hoffman, D.C.: Erratum: Improved half-life measurement of 224Pa and its 209Bi(18O,3n)224Pa production cross section [Phys. Rev. C 56, 1626 (1997)]. Phys. Rev. C 58, 1352 (1998)
Oganessian, Y.: Heaviest nuclei from 48Ca induced reactions. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 34, R165–R242 (2007)
Toyoshima, A., Kasamatsu, Y., Kitatsuji, Y., Tsukada, K., Haba, H., Shinohara, A., Nagame, Y.: Development of an electrochemistry apparatus for the heaviest elements. Radiochim. Acta 96, 323–326 (2008)
Toyoshima, A., Kasamatsu, Y., Tsukada, K., Asai, M., Kitatsuji, Y., Ishii, Y., Toume, H., Nishinaka, I., Haba, H., Ooe, K., Sato, W., Shinohara, A., Akiyama, K., Nagame, Y.: Oxidation of element 102, nobelium, with flow electrolytic column chromatography on an atom-at-a-time scale. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 9180–9181 (2009)
Zvara, I., Chuburkov, Y.T., Caletka, R., Shalaevski, M.R., Shilov, B.V.: Chemical properties of element 104. J. Nucl. Energy 21, 601–603 (1967)
Zvara, I., Belov, V.Z., Korotkin, Y.S., Shalaevski, M.R., Shchegolev, V.A., Hussonnois, M., Zager, B.A.: Experiments on Chemical Identification of Spontaneously Fissionable Isotope of Element 105. In: Dubna Report. vol. P12-5120, p. 13. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, (1970)
Zvara, I., Yakushev, A.B., Timokhin, S.N., Honggui, X., Perelygin, V.P., Chuburkov, Y.T.: Chemical identification of element 106 (thermochromatography of oxochlorides). Radiochim. Acta 81, 179–187 (1998)
Gäggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Baltensperger, U., Weber, A., Kovacs, A., Vermeulen, D., Türler, A.: OLGA II, an on-line gas chemistry apparatus for applications in heavy element research. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 309, 201–208 (1991)
Türler, A., Gäggeler, H.W., Gregorich, K.E., Barth, H., Brüchle, W., Czerwinski, K.R., Gober, M.K., Hannink, N.J., Henderson, R.A., Hoffman, D.C., Jost, D.T., Kacher, C.D., Kadkhodayan, B., Kovacs, J., Kratz, J.V., Kreek, S.A., Lee, D.M., Leyba, J.D., Nurmia, M.J., Schädel, M., Scherer, U., Schimpf, E., Vermeulen, D., Weber, A., Zimmerman, H.P., Zvara, I.: Gas phase chromatography of halides of elements 104 and 105. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Art. 160, 327–339 (1992)
Gäggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Kovacs, J., Scherer, U.W., Weber, A., Vermeulen, D., Türler, A., Gregorich, K.E., Henderson, R.A., Czerwinski, K.R., Kadkhodayan, B., Lee, D.M., Nurmia, M., Kratz, J.V., Gober, M.K., Zimmerman, H.P., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Schimpf, E., Zvara, I.: Gas phase chromatography experiments with bromides of tantalum and element 105. Radiochim. Acta 57, 93–100 (1992)
Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Dressler, R., Eichler, B., Gäggeler, H.W., Günther, R., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Hübener, S., Jost, D.T., Kratz, J.V., Paulus, W., Schumann, D., Timokhin, S., Trautmann, N., Türler, A.: Chemical properties of element 106 (seaborgium). Nature 388, 55–57 (1997)
Eichler, R., Brüchle, W., Dressler, R., Düllmann, C.E., Eichler, B., Gäggeler, H.W., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Hubener, S., Jost, D.T., Kirbach, U.W., Laue, C.A., Lavanchy, V.M., Nitsche, H., Patin, J.B., Piguet, D., Schädel, M., Shaughnessy, D.A., Strellis, D.A., Taut, S., Tobler, L., Tsyganov, Y.S., Türler, A., Vahle, A., Wilk, P.A., Yakushev, A.B.: Chemical characterization of bohrium (element 107). Nature 407, 63–65 (2000)
Zvara, I.: The Inorganic Radiochemistry of Heavy Elements—Methods for Studying Gaseous Compounds. Springer, Dordrecht (2008)
Zvara, I., Chuburkov, Y.T., Zvarova, T.S., Tsaletka, R.: Experiments on the chemistry of element 104—Kurchatovium I. Development of a method for studying short-lived isotopes. Sov. Radiochem. 11, 153 (1969)
Silva, R.J., Trautmann, N., Zendel, M., Dittner, P.F., Stender, E., Ahrens, H.: A gas-jet recoil-transport system for fission products and its application to a continuous chemical separation procedure in the gas phase. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 147, 371–378 (1977)
Hickmann, U., Greulich, N., Trautmann, N., Gäggeler, H., Gäggeler-Koch, H., Eichler, B., Herrmann, G.: Rapid continuous radiochemical separations by thermochromatography in connection with a gas-jet recoil transport system. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 174, 507–513 (1980)
Zvara, I., Keller, O.L., Silva, R.J., Tarrant, J.R.: Thermochromatography of bromides—proposed technique for study of transactinide element chemistry. J. Chromatogr. 103, 77–83 (1975)
Eichler, B., Domanov, V.P.: Volatilization of radionuclides in air stream and their separation in temperature-gradient tube. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 28, 143–152 (1975)
Helas, G., Hoffmann, P., Bächmann, K.: Investigation of Mo-chlorides and W-chlorides and ocychlorides by thermochromatography. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 30, 371–380 (1977)
Tsalas, S., Bächmann, K.: Inorganic gas chromatography—the separation of volatile chlorides by thermochromatorgraphy combined with complex formation. Anal. Chim. Acta 98, 17–24 (1978)
Bayar, B., Novgorodov, A.F., Vocilka, I., Zaitseva, N.G.: Fast gas-thermochromatographic separation of mo neutron-deficient isotopes from silver-chloride. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 35, 109–120 (1978)
Polyakov, E.V.: Chemical-Composition of nuclear-reaction products determined by gradient thermochromatography. Sov. Radiochem. 32, 548–551 (1990)
Bayar, B., Vocilka, I., Zaitseva, N.G., Novgorodov, A.F.: Fast gas-thermochromatographic separation of ruthenium neutron-deficient isotopes from silver-chloride. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 40, 1461–1466 (1978)
Zin, K.U., Timochin, S.N., Zvara, I.: Thermochromatographic study of bromides of various elements in relation of their chlorides. Isotopenpraxis 24, 30–33 (1988)
Rudolph, J., Bächmann, K.: Use of radionuclides for determination of adsorption-isotherms of volatile chlorides. J. Radioanal. Chem. 43, 113–120 (1978)
Rudolph, J., Bächmann, K.: Gas-chromatography apparatus for the investigation and separation of radioactively labeled inorganic-compounds at high-temperatures. Mikrochim. Acta 1, 477–493 (1979)
Rudolph, J., Bächmann, K.: Determination of adsorption enthalpies and entropies by on-line-gas chromatography with short-lived nuclides. Radiochim. Acta 27, 105–108 (1980)
Dincklage, R.D.V., Schrewe, U.J., Schmidt-Ott, W.D., Fehse, H.F., Bächmann, K.: Coupling of a He-Jet system to gas-chromatographic columns for the measurement of thermodynamical properties of chemical-compounds of Nb-90 m(18 s), Hf-160(12 s) and Hf-161(17 s). Nucl. Instrum. Methods 176, 529–535 (1980)
Gäggeler, H., Dornhöfer, H., Schmidt-Ott, W.D., Greulich, N., Eichler, B.: Determination of adsorption enthalpies for polonium on surfaces of copper, silver, gold, palladium and platinum. Radiochim. Acta 38, 103 (1985)
Kadkhodayan, B., Türler, A., Gregorich, K.E., Nurmia, M.J., Lee, D.M., Hoffman, D.C.: The heavy element volatility instrument (Hevi). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 317, 254–261 (1992)
Eichler, B.: Preparative thermo gas chromatographic separation of radionuclides in hydrogen and air carrier gas stream. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 22, 147–155 (1975)
Rudolph, J., Bächmann, K., Steffen, A., Tsalas, S.: Inorganic gas-chromatography at high-temperatures. Mikrochim. Acta 1, 471–481 (1978)
Rudolph, J., Bächmann, K.: Determination of adsorption enthalpies and entropies of inorganic halides by temperature-programmed gas-chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 178, 459–469 (1979)
Tsalas, S., Bächmann, K., Heinlein, G.: The application of non-analytical radio gas-chromatography for the determination of adsorption enthalpies and entropies of inorganic bromides. Radiochim. Acta 29, 217–221 (1981)
Zvara, I., Chuburkov, Y.T., Tsaletka, R., Shalaevskii, M.R.: Experiments on the chemistry of element 104—Kurchatovium II. Chemical investigation of the isotope which undergoes spontaneous fission with a half-life of 0.3 sec. Sov. Radiochem. 11, 161–171 (1969)
Chuburkov, Y.T., Zvara, I., Shilov, B.V.: Experiments on the chemistry of element 104—Kurchatovium III. Chemical apparatus in the cyclotron beam. Sov. Radiochem. 11, 171 (1969)
Zvara, I., Chuburkov, Y.T., Belov, V.Z., Buklanov, G.V., Zakhvataev, B.B., Zvarova, T.S., Maslov, O.D., Caletka, R., Shalaevsky, M.R.: Experiments on chemistry of element 104-Kurchatovium—V: Adsorption of kurchatovium chloride from the gas stream on surfaces of glass and potassium chloride. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 32, 1885–1894 (1970)
Zvara, I., Belov, V.Z., Domanov, V.P., Shalaevski, M.R.: Chemical isolation of nielsbohrium and ekatantalum in the form of the anhydrous bromide II. Experiments with a spontaneously fissioning isotope of nielsbohrium. Sov. Radiochem. 18, 328–334 (1976)
Timokhin, S., Yakushev, A.B., Honggui, X., Perelygin, V.P., Zvara, I.: Chemical identification of element 106 by the thermochromatographic method. In: Oganessian, Y.T., Penionzhkevich, Y.E., Kalpakchieva, R. (eds.) International School-Seminar on Heavy Ion Physics, Dubna, 10–15 May 1993, pp. 204–206. Publishing Department, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot Curie, 6, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
Timokhin, S.N., Yakushev, A.B., Xu, H., Perelygin, V.P., Zvara, I.: Chemical identification of element 106 by thermochromatography. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 212, 31–34 (1996)
Yakushev, A.B., Timokhin, S.N., Vedeneev, M.V., Honggui, X., Zvara, I.: Comparative study of oxochlorides of molybdenum, tungsten and element 106. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 205, 63–67 (1996)
Zvara, I., Domanov, V.P., Hübener, S., Shalaevskii, M.R., Timokhin, S.N., Zhuikov, B.L., Eichler, B., Buklanov, G.V.: Experimental approach to the chemical-identification of element-107 as eka-Rhenium.2. Search for spontaneously fissile isotopes of element-107 in the products of the reaction Bk-249 + Ne-22 by the method of chromathermography. Sov. Radiochem. 26, 72–76 (1984)
Ghiorso, A., Nurmia, M., Eskola, K., Eskola, P.: Comments on chemical separation of Kurchatovium. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 7, 1117–1119 (1971)
Kratz, J.V.: Critical evaluation of the chemical properties of the transactinide elements. Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 103–138 (2003)
Sümmerer, K., Brügger, M., Brüchle, W., Gäggeler, H., Jäger, E., Schädel, M., Schardt, D., Schimpf, E.: ROMA—A Rotating Wheel Multidetector Apparatus used in experiments with 254Es as a target. In: GSI Annual Report 1983. vol. 84-1, p. 246. Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH, Darmstadt, (1984)
Schädel, M., Jäger, E., Schimpf, E., Brüchle, W.: Modeling a nielsbohrium (element-107) online gas-phase separation procedure with rhenium. Radiochim. Acta 68, 1–6 (1995)
Hoffman, D.C., Lee, D., Ghiorso, A., Nurmia, M.J., Aleklett, K., Leino, M.: Fission properties of the 1.5-S spontaneous fission activity produced in bombardment of Cm-248 with O-18. Phys. Rev. C 24, 495–499 (1981)
Türler, A., Buklanov, G.V., Eichler, B., Gäggeler, H.W., Grantz, M., Hüberner, S., Jost, D.T., Lebedev, V.Y., Piguet, D., Timokhin, S.N., Yakushev, A., Zvara, I.: Evidence for relativistic effects in the chemistry of element 104. J. Alloys Compd. 271–273, 287–291 (1998)
Türler, A., Eichler, B., Jost, D.T., Piguet, D., Gäggeler, H.W., Gregorich, K.E., Kadkhodayan, B., Kreek, S.A., Lee, D.M., Mohar, M., Sylwester, E., Hoffman, D.C., Hübener, S.: On-line gas phase chromatography with chlorides of niobium and hahnium (element 105). Radiochim. Acta 73, 55–66 (1996)
Türler, A., Brüchle, W., Dressler, R., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Gäggeler, H.W., Gärtner, M., Glatz, J.-P., Gregorich, K.E., Hübener, S., Jost, D.T., Lebedev, V.Y., Pershina, V.G., Schädel, M., Taut, S., Timokhin, S.N., Trautmann, N., Vahle, A., Yakushev, A.B.: First measurement of a thermochemical property of a seaborgium compound. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38, 2212–2213 (1999)
Vahle, A., Hübener, S., Dressler, R., Grantz, M.: Development of an apparatus for seaborgium studies by high temperature gas chromatography. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 481, 637–645 (2002)
Hübener, S., Taut, S., Vahle, A., Dressler, R., Eichler, B., Gäggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Piguet, D., Türler, A., Brüchle, W., Jäger, E., Schädel, M., Schimpf, E., Kirbach, U., Trautmann, N., Yakushev, A.B.: Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide. Radiochim. Acta 89, 737–741 (2001)
Düllmann, C.E., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Gäggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Piguet, D., Türler, A.: IVO, a device for In situ volatilization and on-line detection of products from heavy ion reactions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 479, 631–639 (2002)
Dvorak, J., Brüchle, W., Chelnokov, M., Dressler, R., Düllmann, C.E., Eberhardt, K., Gorshkov, V., Jäger, E., Krücken, R., Kuznetsov, A., Nagame, Y., Nebel, F., Novackova, Z., Qin, Z., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Semchenkov, A., Thörle, P., Türler, A., Wegrzecki, M., Wierczinski, B., Yakushev, A., Yeremin, A.: Doubly magic nucleus 270Hs162. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 242501(4) (2006)
Dvorak, J., Brüchle, W., Chelnokov, M., Dressler, R., Düllmann, C.E., Dvorakova, Z., Eberhardt, K., Jäger, E., Krücken, R., Kuznetsov, A., Nagame, Y., Nebel, F., Nishio, K., Perego, R., Qin, Z., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Schuber, R., Semchenkov, A., Thörle, P., Türler, A., Wegrzecki, M., Wierczinski, B., Yakushev, A., Yeremin, A.: Observation of the 3n evaporation channel in the complete hot-fusion reaction 26Mg + 248Cm leading to the new superheavy nuclide 271Hs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 132503(4) (2008)
Düllmann, C.E.: Chemical investigaton of hassium (Z = 108). PhD thesis, Bern University (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Türler, A., Gregorich, K.E. (2014). Experimental Techniques. In: Schädel, M., Shaughnessy, D. (eds) The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37465-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37466-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)