Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nuclear Structure of Superheavy Elements

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements

Abstract

This chapter is dedicated to the nuclear structure of superheavy elements. It brings together all aspects of nuclear structure that have an influence on the stability of the nucleus on the one hand and that form the basis of experiments performed on superheavy elements to elucidate their nuclear structure on the other hand. The liquid drop model (LDM) is introduced and used to explain the limits of stability against fission, before the shell model is used to explain magic numbers and shell stabilization. Rotational properties of deformed nuclei are introduced and their sensitivity to the underlying nuclear structure is explored. The single particle structure and the influence of pairing on nuclei is discussed before experimental techniques for in-beam gamma and conversion electron spectroscopy are introduced. Finally spectroscopy following alpha decay is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Named after the scientists who first used this type of pairing to explain superconductivity, J Bardeen, L N Cooper and J R Schrieffer.

References

  1. Goeppert-Mayer, M.: On closed shells in nuclei. Phys. Rev. 74, 235–239 (1948)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Haxel, O., Jensen, J.H.D., Suess, H.D.: On the “Magic Numbers” in nuclear structure. Phys. Rev. 75, 1766–1766 (1949)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Meldner, H.: Predictions of new magic regions and masses for super-heavy nuclei from calculations with realistic shell model single particle Hamiltonians. Ark. Fys. 36, 593–598 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  4. de Marcillac, P., Coron, N., Dambler, G., Leblanc, J., Moalic, J.-P.: Experimental detection of \(\alpha \)-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth. Nature 422, 876–878 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Holden, N.E.: Total half-lives for selected nuclides. Pure Appl. Chem. 62, 941–958 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Browne, E.: Nucl. Data Sheets 98, 665–800 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Chukreev, F.E., Makarenko, V.E., Martin, M.J.: Nucl. Data Sheets 97, 129–240 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Heyde, K.: Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics: An Introductory Approach, 3rd edn. Taylor & Francis, Bristol (2004)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. Casten, R.F.: Nuclear Structure from a Simple Perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2001)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Krane, K.S.: Introductory Nuclear Physics. Wiley, New York (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  11. von Weizsäcker, C.F.: Zur Theorie der Kernmassen. Z. Phys. 96, 431–458 (1935)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bethe, H.A., Bacher, R.F.: Nuclear physics A. Stationary states of nuclei. Rev. Mod. Phys. 8, 82–229 (1936)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wapstra, A.H., Gove, N.B.: The 1971 atomic mass evaluation. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 9, 267–468 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Huizenga, J.R., Vandenbosch, R.: Nuclear Fission. Academic Press Inc., New York (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Armbruster, P.: On the production of heavy elements by cold fusion: The elements 106 to 109. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 35, 135–194 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wagemans, T.C. (ed.): The Nuclear Fission Process. CRC Press, London (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Schmidt, K.-H., Benlliure, J., Junghans, A.R.: Fission of nuclei far from stability. Nucl. Phys. A 693, 169–189 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Halpern, I.: Nuclear fission. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 9, 245–342 (1959)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Schädel, M.: The chemistry of superheavy elements. Act. Phys. Pol. B 34, 1701–1728 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Blank, B., Chartier, M., Czajkowski, S., Giovinazzo, J., Pravikoff, M.S., Thomas, J.-C., de France, G., de Oliveira S.F., Lewitowicz, M., Borcea, C., Grzywacz, R., Janas, Z., Pfützner, M.: Discovery of doubly magic \({}^{48}\)Ni. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1116–1119 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Schneider, R., Friese, J., Reinhold, J., Zeitelhack, K., Faestermann, T., Gernhäuser, R., Gilg, H., Heine, F., Homolka, J., Kienle, P., Körner, H.J., Geissel, H., Münzenberg, G., Sümmerer, K.: Production and identification of \({}^{100}\)Sn. Z. Phys. A 348, 241–242 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Herzberg, R.-D., Greenlees, P.T., Butler, P.A., Jones, G.D., Venhart, M., Darby, I.G., Eeckhaudt, S., Eskola, K., Grahn, T., Gray-Jones, C., Hessberger, F.P., Jones, P., Julin, R., Juutinen, S., Ketelhut, S., Korten, W., Leino, M., Leppänen, A.-P., Moon, S., Nyman, M., Page, R.D., Pakarinen, J., Pritchard, A., Rahkila, P., Saren, J., Scholey, C., Steer, A., Sun, Y., Theisen, Ch., Uusitalo, J.: Nuclear isomers in superheavy elements as stepping stones towards the island of stability. Nature 442, 896–899 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bender, M., Nazarewicz, W., Reinhard, P.-G.: Shell stabilization of super- and hyper-heavy nuclei without magic gaps. Phys. Lett. B 515, 42–48 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rutz, K. Bender, M., T. Bürvenich, T., Schilling, T., Reinhard, P.-G., Maruhn, J.A., W. Greiner, W.: Superheavy nuclei in self-consistent nuclear calculations. Phys. Rev. C 56, 238–243 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bender, M. Rutz, K. Reinhard, P.-G., Maruhn, J.A., Greiner, W.: Shell structure of superheavy nuclei in self-consistent mean-field models. Phys. Rev. C 60, 034304(20) (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nilsson, S.G.: Binding states of individual nucleons in strongly deformed nuclei. Dan. Mat. Fys. Medd. 29, 1–69 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Herzberg, R.-D., Greenlees, P.T.: In-beam and decay spectroscopy of transfermium nuclei. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 61, 674–720 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Worden, E.F., Gutmacher, R.G., Lougheed, R.W., Conway, J.G., Mehlhorn, R.J.: Hyperfine structure in the 253Es emission spectrum, II. Nuclear spin, nuclear magnetic dipole moment, and energy levels of Es II. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 1297–1302 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Baktash, C., Nazarewicz, W., Wyss, R.: On the question of spin fitting and quantized alignment in rotational bands. Nucl. Phys. A 555, 375–407 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Bohr, A., Mottelson, B.R.: Nuclear Structure. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, Singapore (1998)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  31. Harris, S.M.: Higher order corrections to the cranking model. Phys. Rev. 138, 509–513 (1965)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Herzberg, R.D., Amzal, N., Becker, F., Butler, P.A., Chewter, A.J.C., Cocks, J.F.C., Dorvaux, O., Eskola, K., Gerl, J., Greenlees, P.T., Hammond, N.J., Hauschild, K., Helariutta, K., Hessberger, F., Houry, M., Jones, G.D., Jones, P.M., Julin, R., Juutinen, S., Kankaanpaa, H., Kettunen, H., Khoo, T.L., Korten, W., Kuusiniemi, P., Le Coz, Y., Leino, M., Lister, C.J., Lucas, R., Muikku, M., Nieminen, P., Page, R.D., Rahkila, P., Reiter, P., Schlegel, C., Scholey, C., Stezowski, O., Theisen, C., Trzaska, W.H., Uusitalo, J., Wollersheim, H.J. : Spectroscopy of transfermium nuclei: \({}^{252}_{102}\)No. Phys. Rev. C 65, 014303(7) (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Herzberg, R.D., Amzal, N., Bastin, J.E., Becker, F., Brew, P.M.T., Butler, P.A., Chewter, A.J.C., Cocks, J.F.C., Dorvaux, O., Eskola, K., Gerl, J., Greenlees, P.T., Hammond, N.J., Hauschild, K., Helariutta, K., Hessberger, F., Houry, M., Hurstel, A., Humphreys, R.D., Jones, G.D., Jones, P.M., Julin, R., Juutinen, S., Kankaanpaa, H., Kettunen, H., Khoo, T.L., Korten, W., Kuusiniemi, P., Le Coz, Y., Leino, M., Leppanen, A.P., Lister, C.J., Lucas, R., Muikku, M., Nieminen, P., Page, R.D., Page, T., Rahkila, P., Reiter, P., Schlegel, C., Scholey, C., Sletten, G., Stezowski, O., Theisen, C., Trzaska, W.H., Uusitalo, J., Wollersheim, H.J.: In-beam spectroscopy of \({}^{253,254}\)No. Eur. Phys. J. A 15, 205–208 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Herzberg, R.D., Moon, S., Eeckhaudt, S., Greenlees, P.T., Butler, P.A., Page, T., Afanasjev, A.V., Amzal, N., Bastin, J.E., Becker, F., Bender, M., Bruyneel, B., Cocks, J.F.C., Darby, I.G., Dorvaux, O., Eskola, K., Gerl, J., Grahn, T., Gray-Jones, C., Hammond, N.J., Hauschild, K., Heenen, P.H., Helariutta, K., Herzberg, A., Hessberger, F., Houry, M., Hurstel, A., Humphreys, R.D., Jones, G.D., Jones, P.M., Julin, R., Juutinen, S., Kankaanpaa, H., Kettunen, H., Khoo, T.L., Korten, W., Kuusiniemi, P., LeCoz, Y., Leino, M., Leppanen, A.P., Lister, C.J., Lucas, R., Muikku, M., Nieminen, P., Nyman, M., Page, R.D., Pakarinen, J., Pritchard, A., Rahkila, P., Reiter, P., Sandzelius, M., Saren, J., Schlegel, C., Scholey, C., Theisen, C., Trzaska, W.H., Uusitalo, J., Wiens, A., Wollersheim, H.J.: Structure of rotational bands in \({}^{253}\)No. Eur. Phys. J. A 42, 333–337 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Herzberg, R.-D., Cox, D.M.: Spectroscopy of actinide and transactinide nuclei. Radiochim. Acta 99, 441–457 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Muntian, I., Hofmann, S., Patyk, Z., Sobiczewki, A.: Properties of heaviest nuclei. Acta Phys. Pol. B 34, 2073–2082 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Muntian, I., Patyk, Z., Sobiczewski, A.: Calculated masses of heaviest nuclei (transl. from. Yad. Fiz). Phys. At Nucl. 66, 1051–1055 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Dvorak, J., Brüchle, W., Chelnokov, M., Dressler, R., Düllmann, Ch.E., Eberhardt, K., Gorshkov, V., Jäger, E., Krücken, R., Kuznetsov, A., Nagame, Y., Nebel, F., Novackova, Z., Qin, Z., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Semchenkov, A., Thörle, P., Türler, A., Wegrzecki, M., Wierczinski, B., Yakushev, A., Yeremin, A.: Doubly magic nucleus \({}^{270}_{108}\)Hs\(_{162}\). Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 242501(4) (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Türler, A.: Nuclear structure and reaction studies near doubly magic \({}^{270}\)Hs. Radiochim. Acta 100, 75–83 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Greenlees, P.T., Herzberg, R.D., Ketelhut, S., Butler, P.A., Chowdhury, P., Grahn, T., Gray-Jones, C., Jones, G.D., Jones, P., Julin, R., Juutinen, S., Khoo, T.L., Leino, M., Moon, S., Nyman, M., Pakarinen, J., Rahkila, P., Rostron, D., Saren, J., Scholey, C., Sorri, J., Tandel, S.K., Uusitalo, J., Venhart, M.: High-K structure in \({}^{250}\)Fm and the deformed shell gap at \(N=152\) and \(Z=100\). Phys. Rev. C 78, 021303(5) (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Walker, P.M., Dracoulis, G.D.: Energy traps in atomic nuclei. Nature 399, 35–40 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hofmann, S., Hessberger, F.P., Ackermann, D., Antalic, S., Cagarda, P., Cwiok, S., Kindler, B., Kojouharova, J., Lommel, B., Mann, R., Münzenberg, G., Popeko, A.G., Saro, S., Schött, H.J., Yeremin, A.V.: The new isotope \({}^{270}\)110 and its decay products \({}^{266}\)Hs and \({}^{262}\)Sg. Eur. Phys. J. A 10, 5–10 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Papadakis, P., Herzberg, R.D., Pakarinen, J., Butler, P.A., Coleman-Smith, P.J., Cresswell, J.R., Greenlees, P.T., Jones, P., Julin, R., Lazarus, I.H., Letts, S.C., Page, R.D., Parr, E., Peura, P., Pucknell, V.F.E., Rahkila, P., Seddon, D.A., Simpson, J., Sorri, J., Thornhill, J., Wells, D.: Towards combining in-beam gamma-ray and conversion electron spectroscopy. AIP Conf. Proc. 1090, 14–20 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Leino, M., Äystö, J., Enqvist, T., Heikkinen, P., Jokinen, A., Nurmia, M., Ostrowski, A., Trzaska, W.H., Uusitalo, J., Eskola, K., Armbruster, P., Ninov, V.: Gas-filled recoil separator for studies of heavy elements. Nucl. Instr. Method B 99, 653–656 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Page, R.D., Andreyev, A.N., Appelbe, D.E., Butler, P.A., Freeman, S.J., Greenlees, P.T., Herzberg, R.-D., Jenkins, D.G., Jones, G.D., Jones, P., Joss, D.T., Julin, R., Kettunen, H., Leino, M., Rahkila, P., Regan, P.H., Simpson, J., Uusitalo, J., Vincent, S.M., Wadsworth, R.: The GREAT spectrometer. Nucl. Instrum. Method B 204, 634–637 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Münzenberg, G., Faust, W., Hofmann, S., Armbruster, P., Güttner, K., Ewald, H.: The velocity filter SHIP, a separator of unslowed heavy ion fusion products. Nucl. Instrum. Method 161, 65–82 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Münzenberg, G., Faust, W., Hessberger, F.P., Hofmann, S., Reisdorf, W., Schmidt, K.-H., Schneider, W.F.W., Schött, H., Armbruster, P., Güttner, K., Thuma, B., Ewald, H., Vermeulen, D.: The velocity filter SHIP, performance and survey of current experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Method 186, 423–433 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Block, M., Ackermann, D., Blaum, K., Chaudhuri, A., Di, Z., Eliseev, S., Ferrer, R., Habs, D., Herfurth, F., Hessberger, F.P., Hofmann, S., Kluge, H.-J., Maero, G., Martin, A., Marx, G., Mazzocco, M., Mukherjee, M., Neumayr, J.B., Plaß, W.R., Quint, W., Rahaman, S., Rauth, C., Rodriguez, D., Scheidenberger, C., Schweikhard, L., Thirolf, P.G., Vorobjev, G., Weber, C.: Towards direct mass measurements of nobelium at SHIPTRAP. Eur. Phys. J. D 45, 39–45 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Semchenkov, A., Brüchle, W., Jäger, E., Schimpf, E., Schädel, M., Mühle, C., Klos, F., Türler, A., Yakushev, A., Belov, A., Belyakova, T., Kaparkova, M., Kukhtin, V., Lamzin, E., Sytchevsky, S.: The TransActinide Separator and Chemistry Apparatus (TASCA) at GSI—optimization of ion-optical structures and magnet designs. Nucl. Instrum. Method B 266, 4153–4161 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Andersson, L.L., Rudolph, D., Golubev, P., Herzberg, R.D., Hoischen, R., Merchan, E., Ackermann, D., Düllmann, C.E., Eberhardt, K., Even, J., Gerl, J., Hessberger, F.P., Jäger, E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kojouharov, I., Kratz, J.V., Krier, J., Kurz, N., Prokopowicz, W., Schädel, M., Schaffner, H., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Semchenkov, A., Türler, A., Wollersheim, H.J., Yakushev, A., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Hartmann, W., Hübner, A., Lommel, B., Kindler, B., Steiner, J.: TASISpec-A highly efficient multi-coincidence spectrometer for nuclear structure investigations of the heaviest nuclei. Nucl. Instrum. Method A 622, 164–170 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yeremin, A.V., Andreyev, A.N., Bogdanov, D.D., Chepigin, V.I., Gorshkov, V.A., Ivanenko, A.I., Kabachenko, A.P., Rubinskaya, L.A., Smirnova, E.M., Stepantsov, S.V., Voronkov, E.N., Ter-Akopian, G.M.: The Vassilissa facility for electrostatic separation and study of complete fusion reaction products. Nucl. Instrum. Method A 274, 528–532 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Yeremin, A.V., Bogdanov, D.D., Chepigin, V.I., Gorshkov, V.A., Kabachenko, A.P., Malyshev, O.N., Popeko, A.G., Sagaidak, R.N., Ter-Akopian, G.M.: The electrostatic separator VASSILISSA Performance and experimental results. Nucl. Instrum. Method B 126, 329–333 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Popeko, A.G., Belozerov, A.V., Briancon, Ch., Chepigin, V.I., Dorvaux, O., Hauschild, K., Kabachenko, A.P., Korichi, A., Lopez-Martens, A., Malyshev, O.N., Oganessian, Yu.: Ts., Saro, S., Shutov, A.V., Svirikhin, A.I., Yeremin, A.V.: GABRIELA setup for nuclear spectroscopy of the transfermium element isotopes at the VASSILISSA separator. Phys. At. Nucl. 69, 1183–1187 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Oganessian, Y.: Heaviest nuclei from \({}^{48}\)Ca-induced reactions. J. Phys. G. 34, R165–R232 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Tsyganov, YuS: The Dubna gas-filled recoil separator: status and developments. J. Phys. G 25, 937–940 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ninov, V., Gregorich, K.E., McGrath, C.A.: The Berkeley gas-filled separator. AIP Conf. Proc. 455, 704–707 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lee, I.Y., Clark, R.M., Cromaz, M., Deleplanque, M.A., Descovich, M., Diamond, R.M., Fallon, P., Macchiavelli, A.O., Stephens, F.S., Ward, D.: GRETINA: A gamma ray energy tracking array. Nucl. Phys. A 746, 255–259 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Davids, C.N., Larson, J.D.: The argonne fragment mass analyzer. Nucl. Instrum. Method 40/41, 1224–1228 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Lee, I.-Y.: The Gammasphere. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 28, 473–485 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Janssens, R.V.F., Stephens, F.S.: New physics opportunities at Gammasphere. Nucl. Phys. News 6, 9–17 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Miyatake, H., Nomura, T., Kawakami, H., Tanaka, J., Oyaizu, M., Morita, K., Shinozuka, T., Kudo, H., Sueki, K., Iwata, Y.: INS gas-filled recoil isotope separator. Nucl. Instrum. Method B 26, 309–313 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Morita, K., Yoshida, A., Inamura, T.T., Koizumi, M., Nomura, T., Fujioka, M., Shinozuka, T., Miyatake, H., Sueki, K., Kudo, H., Nagai, Y., Toriyama, T., Yoshimura, K., Hatsukawa, Y.: RIKEN isotope separator on-line GARIS/IGISOL. Nucl. Instrum. Method B 70, 220–225 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Greenlees, P.T., Andreyev, A.N., Bastin, J., Becker, F., Bouchez, E., Butler, P.A., Cocks, J.F.C., Le Coz, Y., Eskola, K., Gerl, J., Hauschild, K., Helariutta, K., Herzberg, R.D., Hessberger, F.P., Humphreys, R.D., Hürstel, A., Jenkins, D.G., Jones, G.D., Jones, P., Julin, R., Juutinen, S., Kankaanpää, H., Keenan, A., Kettunen, H., Khoo, T.L., Korten, W., Kuusiniemi, P., Leino, M., Leppanen, A.P., Muikku, M., Nieminen, P., Page, R.D., Page, T., Pakarinen, J., Rahkila, P., Reiter, P., Schlegel, C., Scholey, C., Theisen, C., Uusitalo, J., Van de Vel, K., Wadsworth, R., Wollersheim, H.J.: Heavy element spectroscopy at JYFL. AIP Conf. Proc. 764, 237–242 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Muikku, M., Cocks, J.F.C., Helariutta, K., Jones, P., Julin, R., Juutinen, S., Kankaanpää, H., Kettunen, H., Kuusiniemi, P., Leino, M., Rahkila, P., Savelius, A., Trzaska, W.H., Uusitalo, J., Greenlees, P.T., Page, R.D.: Probing the shape of \({}^{176}\)Hg along the yrast line. Phys. Rev. C 58, R3033–R3036 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kibedi, T., Burrows, T.W., Trzhaskovskaya, M.B., Davidson, P.M., Nestor Jr, C.W.: Evaluation of theoretical conversion coefficients using Br Icc. Nucl. Instrum. Method A 589, 202–229 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Musiol, G., Ranft, J., Reif, R., Seeliger, D.: Kern-und Elementarteilchenphysik. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Leino, M., Hessberger, F.P.: The nuclear structure of heavy-actinide and trans actinide nuclei. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 54, 175–215 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Taagepera, R., Nurmia, M.: Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A Phys. 78, 1–17 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Viola, V.E., Seaborg, G.T.: Nuclear systematics of the heavy elements I, energetics and masses. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 28, 741–761 (1966)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hatsukawa, Y., et al.: Systematics of alpha decay half-lives. Phys. Rev. C 42, 674–682 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Pitzer, K.S.: Are elements 112, 114, and 118 relatively inert gases? J. Chem. Phys. 63, 1032–1033 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Düllmann, C.E., Brüchle, W., Dressler, R., Eberhardt, K., Eichler, B., Eichler, R., Gäggeler, H.W., Ginter, T.N., Glaus, F., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Jäger, E., Jost, D.T., Kirbach, U.W., Lee, D.M., Nitsche, H., Patin, J.B., Pershina, V., Piguet, D., Qin, Z., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Schimpf, E., Schött, H.-J., Soverna, S., Sudowe, R., Thörle, P., Timokhin, S.N., Trautmann, N., Türler, A., Vahle, A., Wirth, G., Yakushev, A.B., Zielinski, P.M.: Chemical investigation of hassium (element 108). Nature 418, 859–862 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Düllmann C.E., Türler, A.: \({}^{248}\)Cm(\({}^{22}\)Ne,\(xn\))\({}^{270-x}\)Sg reaction and the decay properties of \({}^{265}\)Sg reexamined. Phys. Rev. C 77, 064320(10) (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Haba, H., Kaji, D., Kudou, Y., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Ozeki, K., Sakai, R., Sumita, T., Yoneda A., Kasamatsu, Y., Komori, Y., Shinohara, A., Kikunaga, H., Kudo, H., Nishio, K., Ooe, K., Sato, N., Tsukada, K.: Production of \({}^{265}\)Sg in the \({}^{248}\)Cm(\({}^{22}\)Ne,5\(n\))\(^{265}\)Sg reaction and decay properties of two isomeric states in \({}^{265}\)Sg. Phys. Rev. C 85, 024611(11) (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hessberger, F.P.: GSI experiments on synthesis and nuclear structure investigations of the heaviest nuclei. Eur. Phys. J. D 45, 33–37 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Parkhomenko, A., Sobiczewski, A.: Neutron one-quasiparticle states of heaviest nuclei. Act. Phys. Pol. B 36, 3115–3137 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Block, M., Ackermann, D., Blaum, B., Droese, C., Dworschak, M., Eliseev, S., Fleckenstein, T., Haettner, E., Herfurth, F., Hessberger, F.P., Hofmann, S., Ketelaer, J., Ketter, J., Kluge, H.-J., Marx, G., Mazzocco, M., Novikov, YuN, Plass, W.R., Popeko, A., Rahaman, S., Rodriguez, D., Scheidenberger, C., Schweikhard, L., Thirolf, P.G., Vorobyev, G.K., Weber, C.: Direct mass measurements above uranium bridge the gap to the island of stability. Nature 463, 785–788 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom

    Rolf-Dietmar Herzberg

Authors
  1. Rolf-Dietmar Herzberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rolf-Dietmar Herzberg .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany

    Matthias Schädel

  2. Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA

    Dawn Shaughnessy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Herzberg, RD. (2014). Nuclear Structure of Superheavy Elements. In: Schädel, M., Shaughnessy, D. (eds) The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation