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Local Nasal Inflammation: T Cells and B Cells

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Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders

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Abstract

The nose is a filter for air particles and infectious agents. The local immune system is well developed in the nose and the paranasal sinuses and is of major importance in controlling incoming infections. In the first part, we will describe this innate and adaptive immunity with its cells and mediators. However, under certain circumstances, the local inflammation persists and can result in diseases such as allergic and nonallergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyposis. These pathologies and their characterizing inflammation are described in the second part. Recent insights have emphasized the importance of this local nasal inflammation. The understanding of inflammatory cells, mediators, and pathways in different populations is essential to have a clear insight into the pathogenesis. Finally, we focus on local inflammation as a target for therapy. Phenotyping and endotyping based on local inflammation are important in tailoring the right treatment for the right patient. In nasal polyposis, we find a local IgE-mediated inflammation, independent of the presence of allergy, which can be treated successfully by anti-IgE treatment.

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Abbreviations

AID:

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase

BCGF:

B-cell growth factor

Bcl6:

B-cell CLL lymphoma-6

BCR:

B-cell receptor

Blimp1:

B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1

BSF-1:

B-cell stimulatory factor-1 = IL-4

c-Maf:

Musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog

C-region:

Constant carboxy-terminal region

CCR-7:

C-C chemokine receptor type 7

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CDR:

Complementary-determining region

CSF:

Colony-stimulating factors

CSIF:

Cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor

CXCL-13:

C-X-C chemokine ligand

CXCR-5:

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5

DC:

Dendritic cells

Fab:

The antigen-binding site

FOXP3:

Forkhead box protein P3

GATA-3:

GATA-binding protein 3

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

HMW-BCGF:

High molecular weight B-cell growth factor

ICOS:

Inducible co-stimulator

IFN:

Interferons

IFNγ:

Interferon-γ

Ig:

Immunoglobulins

Ih2:

Innate helper type 2 cells

IL:

Interleukin

IRF-4:

Interferon regulatory factor 4

iTreg cells:

The inducible Treg cells

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

M1:

Classically activated macrophages

MAF:

Macrophage-activating factor

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex molecule

MPP type 2:

Multipotent progenitor cells

NAP:

Neutrophil-activating protein

NARES:

Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome

NHC:

Natural helper cells

NK:

Natural killer cells

NLR:

NOD-like receptors

nTreg cells:

The naturally occurring Treg cells

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PpL:

Protein L of streptococcus magnus

RAG proteins:

Recombination-activating gene proteins

RORγt:

RAR-related orphan receptor gamma

SA:

Staphylococcus aureus

SAE:

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins

SCF:

Stem Cell Factor

SED:

Staphylococcal enterotoxin D

SHM:

Somatic hypermutation

SpA:

Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus

TBX 21:

T-box protein 21

TCR:

T-cell receptor

Tfh cells:

T follicular helper cells

TGFβ:

Tissue growth factor β

Th:

T helper cells

TLR:

Toll-like receptors

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factors

TNFβ:

Tumor necrosis factor-β

Treg:

T regulatory cells

TSLP:

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin

V-region:

Variable amino-terminal region

VDJ gene segment:

Variable diversity, or joining gene segment

Vβ:

Variable β-chain

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium

    Els De Schryver MD, Lien Calus MD, Lara Derycke PhD, Claus Bachert MD, PhD & Philippe Gevaert MD, PhD

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UZ Gent, De Pintelaan 185, Gent, Oost Vlaanderren, 9000, Belgium

    Els De Schryver MD, Lien Calus MD, Lara Derycke PhD, Claus Bachert MD, PhD & Philippe Gevaert MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Els De Schryver MD
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  2. Lien Calus MD
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  3. Lara Derycke PhD
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  4. Claus Bachert MD, PhD
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  5. Philippe Gevaert MD, PhD
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philippe Gevaert MD, PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

    T. Metin Önerci

Appendix

Appendix

Table 4.1 Interferons
Full size table
Table 4.2 Interleukins
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Table 4.3 Colony-stimulating factor
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Table 4.4 Growth and differentiation factors
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Table 4.5 Tumor necrosis factor
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Table 4.6 Transcription factors
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De Schryver, E., Calus, L., Derycke, L., Bachert, C., Gevaert, P. (2013). Local Nasal Inflammation: T Cells and B Cells. In: Önerci, T. (eds) Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37250-6_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37250-6_4

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