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Ionophore-Based ISEs

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Ion-Selective Electrodes

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Chemistry ((LNC,volume 81))

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Abstract

This chapter describes ISEs with membranes based on ionophores. Ionophores are organic lipophilic substances which selectively bind ions. The nature of these interactions makes the basis of the potentiometric selectivity of ISEs with membranes containing ionophores. A large variety of ionophores enables selective sensing of various analytes, mostly ions but sometimes also neutral species. The fundamentals of the ionophore-based potentiometric and optical sensors, as well as brief characterization of a large number of ionophores, are presented in review papers [1, 2]. Although published more than a decade ago, these reviews remain highly relevant. Currently, most of the progress in ISEs theory and its applications is related to ionophore-based membranes. This makes these membranes, probably, the most important kind, and therefore, we start our in-depth discussion of ISEs with this particular kind of sensor membranes: ionophore-based electrodes.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    ETH comes from Swiss-German name for the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich.

  2. 2.

    At that times only cation-binding neutral ionophores were known.

  3. 3.

    Note, in contrast to the electrolyte distribution coefficient, the ionic distribution coefficient does not show the ratio of the activities of the species within the two contacting phases. This ratio for any charged species is also dependent on the value of the interfacial electrical potential. Only combinations of the ionic distribution coefficients like multiples of those for a cation and an anion, or ratios of these values for ions of the same charge are potential independent. These multiples and ratios are equivalent to the ordinary electrolyte distribution coefficients or to the ratios of the latter, respectively. Nevertheless, ionic distribution coefficients are useful, especially for the theoretical descriptions of the boundary and membrane potentials.

  4. 4.

    The table assumes the target and the interfering ions being cations. The situation for anion-selective ISEs is completely symmetric.

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  1. Ion-Selective Electrode Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetski Pr., Stary Peterhof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia

    Konstantin N. Mikhelson

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Mikhelson, K.N. (2013). Ionophore-Based ISEs. In: Ion-Selective Electrodes. Lecture Notes in Chemistry, vol 81. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36886-8_4

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