Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cement Replacement Materials

Part of the book series: Springer Geochemistry/Mineralogy ((SPRINGERGEOCHEM))

Abstract

Metallurgical industry produces slag as by-products. Iron blast furnace slag is the major non-metallic product consisting of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium. They are formed either in glassy texture used as a cementitious materials or in crystalline forms used as aggregates. Other slags such as copper slag have pozzolanic properties and react with lime. Steel slags are usually produced in crystalline form and are used as base materials for road construction or as aggregates in special concrete productions. The other utilizations of slags are in the production of slag wool for thermal isolation in the building industry and as lightweight aggregates for lightweight concretes. This part deals with the production and properties of iron blast furnace slag to be used as a binder in the cement and concrete industries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. M. Regourd, Slags and slag cements, in Concrete Technology and Design, vol 3, Cement Replacement Materials, ed. by R.N. Swamy (Surrey University Press, Guildford, 1986), pp. 73–99

    Google Scholar 

  2. F. Schröder, Blast furnace slag and slag cements, in Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Tokyo, 1968; vol IV, pp. 149–207

    Google Scholar 

  3. V.I. Satarin, Slag Portland cement, in Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Moscow, 1974. Principal paper, p. 51

    Google Scholar 

  4. H.G. Smolczyk, Slag structure and identification of slag, in Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Paris, 1980. Principal Report, vol I, Theme III, pp. 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  5. M. Regourd, Characteristics and activation of additive products, in Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Rio de Janeiro, 1980. Principal Report, vol I, pp. 199–229

    Google Scholar 

  6. K. Chopra, C.A. Teneja, Coordination state of aluminium, magnesium and manganese ions in synthetic slag glasses, in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement, Tokyo, 1968. vol IV, Theme, pp. 228–236

    Google Scholar 

  7. J.P.H. Frearson, J.M. Uren, Investigation of a granulated blast furnace slag containing merwinite crystallization, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Madrid, 1986. vol II, pp. 1401–1421

    Google Scholar 

  8. R.D. Hooton, J.J. Emery, Glass content determination and strength development predictions for vitrified blast furnace slag, in Proceedings of the International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag in Concrete, Montebello, Canada, 1983. American Concrete Institute Special Publication 79, vol 2, pp. 943–962

    Google Scholar 

  9. W. Kramer, Blast furnace slags and cements, in Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement, Washington, 1960. National Bureau of Standards, Monograph 43, vol II, Paper VIII-2, pp 957–981, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  10. R. Kondo, S. Oshawa, Studies on a method to determine the amount of granulated blast furnace slag and the rate of hydration of slag in cement, in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement, Tokyo, 1968; vol IV, pp. 225–262

    Google Scholar 

  11. S.A. Mironov, I.I. Kurbatova, S.A. Vysotskii, Extraction method to determine the blast furnace slag content in cements, Tsement, no. 12, 1976, pp. 11–12

    Google Scholar 

  12. F. Keil, Slag cements, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement, London 1952, Cement and Concrete Association, vol Paper 15, pp. 530–580, 1954

    Google Scholar 

  13. M. Regourd, J.H. Thomassin, P. Baillif, J.C. Touray, Blast furnace slag hydration. Surface analysis. Cem. Concr. Res. 13(4), 549–556 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. F.P. Glasser, Chemical, “mineralogical and microstructural changes occurring in hydrated slag-cement blends”, in Materials Science of Concrete II, ed. by J. Skalny, S. Mindess (The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, 1991), pp. 41–82

    Google Scholar 

  15. Q.L. Feng, E.E. Lachowski, F.P. Glasser, Densification and migration of ions in blast furnace slag Portland cement pastes. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 136, 263–272 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. M. Regourd, B. Mortureux, E. Gautier, H. Hornain, J. Volant, Caracterisation et activation thermique des ciments au laitier, in Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Paris, 1980. vol II, Theme III, p. 111

    Google Scholar 

  17. D.M. Roy, G.M. Idorn, Developments of structure and properties of blast furnace slag cements. J. Am. Concr. Inst. 97, 444–457 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  18. K. Wood, Twenty years of experience with slag cement, in Symposium on Slag Cement, University of Alabama, Birmingham, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  19. F.S. Fulton, The properties of Portland cement containing milled granulated blast furnace slag (Monograph Portland Cement Institute, Johannesburg, 1974), pp. 4–46

    Google Scholar 

  20. J.W. Meusel, J.H. Rose, Production of granulated blast furnace slag at sparrows point, and the workability and strength potential of concrete incorporating the slag, in Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete, SP-79, vol 1, ed. by V.M. Malhotra (American Concrete Institute Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1983), pp. 867–890

    Google Scholar 

  21. G.J. Osborne, Carbonation and permeability of blast-furnace slag cement concretes from field structures, in Fly Ash, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-114, ed. by V.M. Malhotra. Proceedings of 3rd International Conference, Trondheim, Norway (American Concrete Institute Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1989), pp. 1209–1237

    Google Scholar 

  22. M.D. Luther, W.J. Mikols, A.J. DeMaio, J.E. Whitliger, Scaling resistance of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) Concretes, in Durability of Concrete, SP-145, ed. by V.M. Malhotra. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference (American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1994), pp. 47–64

    Google Scholar 

  23. F.J. Hogan, J.W. Meusel, Evaluation for durability and strength development of a ground granulated blast-furnace slag, Cem. Concr. Aggregates 3(1), 40–52 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  24. V.M. Malhotra, Comparative evaluation of three different granulated slags in concrete. Report MSL 187-50 (op), CANMET, Canada, Ottawa, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  25. C.M. Reeres, The use of granulated blast furnace slag to produce durable concrete, Durability of Concrete Conference, Institute of Civil Engineering, May 1985, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  26. American Concrete Institute (ACI), Report of Committee ACI 233, Ground granulated blast furnace slag cementitious constituent in concrete, ACI, Publications ACI 233R-03, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  27. P.J. Wainwringt, J.J.A. Tolloczko, The early and later age properties of temperatue cycled OPC concretes, 2nd International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, CANMET, Otlawa, 1986, Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  28. V.M. Malhotra, Strength and durability characteristics of concrete incorporating a pelletized blast furnace slag, in Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete, SP-79, vol 2, ed. by V.M. Malhotra (American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1983), pp. 891–922

    Google Scholar 

  29. J.J. Brooks, P.J. Wainwright, M. Boukendakji, Influence of slag type and replacement level on strength, elasticity, shrinkage and creep of concrete, in Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-132, vol 2. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference (American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1992), pp. 1325–1341

    Google Scholar 

  30. A.M. Neville, J.J. Brooks, Time-dependent behaviour of Cemsave concrete, Concr. J. 9(3), 36–39 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  31. P.B. Bamforth, In situ measurement of the effect of partial Portland cement replacement using either fly ash or ground granulated blast furnace slag on the performance of mass concrete, Part 2, vol 69, Proceedings (Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 1980), pp. 777–800

    Google Scholar 

  32. H. Uchikawa, Blended cements. Effect of blending components on hydration and structure formation, in Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Rio de Janeiro, 1986. vol I, pp. 250–280

    Google Scholar 

  33. R.F. Feldman, Pore structure, permeability and diffusivity as related to durability, in Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Rio de Janeiro, 1986. vol I, pp. 336–356

    Google Scholar 

  34. R.F.M. Bakker, On the cause of increased resistance of concrete made from blast-furnace cement to alkali reaction and to sulfate corrosion. Thesis RWTH-Aachen, 1980, p. 118

    Google Scholar 

  35. D.M. Roy, G.M. Idorn, Hydration, structure, and properties of blast-furnace slag cements, mortars, and concrete, ACI J. Proc. 79(6), 445–457 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  36. D.M. Roy, K.M. Parker, Microstructures and properties of granulated slag-Portland cement blends at normal and elevated temperatures, in Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete, SP-79, vol 1, ed. by V.M. Malhotra (American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1983), pp. 397–414

    Google Scholar 

  37. P.K. Mehta, Durability of concrete in marine environment a review”, in Performance of Concrete in Marine Environment, (American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1980), pp. 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  38. P.K. Mehta, Pozzolanic and cementitious byproducts as mineral admixtures for concrete—A critical review, in Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral Byproducts in Concrete, vol 1 (American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1983), pp. 1–46

    Google Scholar 

  39. R.D. Hooton, J.J. Emery, Sulfate resistance of a Canadian slag, ACI Mater. J. 87(6), 547–555 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  40. V.M. Malhotra, Supplementary Cementing Materials for Concrete, SP 86-8E (CANMET Publication, Canada, 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  41. A. Meyer, Investigation on the carbonation of concrete, in Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Chemistry of Cement, Tokyo, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  42. G.G. Lirvan, A. Mayer, Carbonation of granulated blast furnace slag cement concrete during twenty years of field exposure, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Madrid, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  43. G.J. Osborne, Carbonation and permeability of blast furnace slag cement concretes from field structures, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Trondheim, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  44. T.A. Bier, J. Kropp, H.K. Hilsdorf, The formation of silica gel during carbonation of cementitious systems containing slag cements, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Trondheim, 1989. American Concrete Institute Special Publication 114, vol 2, pp. 1413–1428

    Google Scholar 

  45. R.F.M. Bakker, Permeability of blended cement concrete, in Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral By Products in Concrete, SP-79, vol 1 (American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1983), pp. 589–605

    Google Scholar 

  46. F.W. Locher, Zement-Kalk-Gips 19, 395 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  47. J.H.P. van Aardt, S. Vissor, Research Bulletin of the National Building Research Institute of the Union of South Africa, p. 47 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  48. B. Chojnacki, Sulphate resistance of blended (slag) cement. Report No. EM-52, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  49. V.M. Malhotra, G.G. Caratte, T.W. Bremmer, Durability of concrete containing supplementary cementing materials in marine environment, in Concrete Durability, SP-100, ed. by J.M. Scanlon. Katharine and Bryant Mather International Conference (American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1987), pp. 1227–1258

    Google Scholar 

  50. H.P. Cox, R.B. Coleman, L. Wite, Effect of blast furnace slag cement on alkali aggregate reaction in concrete. Pit Quarry 45(5), 95–96 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  51. H.G. Smolczyk, Slag cements and alkali-reactive aggregates, in Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Moscow, Section III, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  52. R.F.M. Bakker, About the cause of the resistance of blast furnace cement concrete to the alkali-silica reaction, in Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Cape Town, South Africa. National Building Research Institute, S252/29, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  53. R.E. Oberholster, N.B. Westra, The effectiveness of mineral admixtures in reducing expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction with Malmesbury aggregates, in Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Cape Town, South Africa. National Building Research Institute, S252/32, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  54. M.D.A. Thomas, Review of the effect of fly ash and slag on alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete. Building Research Establishment Report BR 314, Construction Research Communication Ltd., Watford, UK, 1996, p. 117

    Google Scholar 

  55. P.J. Nixon, M.E. Gaze, The use of fly ash and granulated slag to reduce expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction, in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Cape Town, South Africa. National Building Research Institute, S252/32, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  56. M.D.A. Tomas, F.A. Innis, Effect of slag on expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete. ACI Mater. J. 95(6), 716–724 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  57. J.A. Soles, V.M. Malhotra, H. Chen, CANMET Investigations of supplementary cementing materials for reducing alkali-aggregate reactions: Part I-granulated/pelletized blast furnace slags, in Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-114, vol 2, ed. by V.M. Malhotra. Proceedings of 3rd International Conference, Trondheim, Norway (American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1989), pp. 1637–1656

    Google Scholar 

  58. B. Mather, Laboratory tests of Portland blast-furnace slag cements, ACI J. Proc. 54(3), 205–232 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  59. M. Pigeo, M. Regourd, Freeze and thawing durability of three cement with various granulated blast furnace concretes, International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Slag in Concrete, vol 2 (ACI Special Publication SP-79, Canada, 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  60. P. Klieger, A.W. Isberner, Laboratory studies of blended cement-portland blast furnace slag cements, PCA Res. Devel. Dept. Lab. 9(3), 2–22 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Concrete Technology Center, Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University, Hafez Street 424, 15914, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Akbar Ramezanianpour

Authors
  1. Ali Akbar Ramezanianpour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Akbar Ramezanianpour .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ramezanianpour, A.A. (2014). Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. In: Cement Replacement Materials. Springer Geochemistry/Mineralogy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36721-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation