Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Composites at Cryogenic Temperatures

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Polymers at Cryogenic Temperatures

Abstract

High specific strength, stiffness, excellent environmental fatigue resistance and low weight remain the winning alliance that impels fibrous composite materials into new arenas, but other properties are also equally important. Fibrous reinforced plastics (FRPs) offer good vibrational damping and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, characteristics that can be engineered for specialized applications. Commercial composites are used in large markets such as automotive components, boats, consumer goods, and corrosion-resistant industrial parts. Advanced composites, initially developed for military aerospace applications, offer performance superior to that of conventional structural metals and now find applications in satellites, aircraft, and sporting goods and in the energy sector in oil and gas exploration and wind turbine constructions. Cryogenic applications of polymeric fiber composites are mainly in superconductivity, space technology, and handling of liquefied gases. By contrast, because of the heterogeneous nature and anisotropic behavior of FRPs, a structural designer faces challenges in predicting the integrity and durability of FRP laminates during service periods. Polymer composites soften, creep, and distort when heated to high temperatures (>100 °C), accompanied by collapse of free volume as the molecular adjustments take place. This can result in buckling and failure of load-bearing composites structures. Severe environmental exposure affects the physical and mechanical properties of polymeric composite materials, resulting in an undesirable degradation and damage.

Cryogenic fuel tanks are the most common structural application of FRP at low temperatures. Expose to cryogenic temperatures can cause microcracks as well as delamination in the composites due to thermal residual stresses. These microcracks provide a pathway for the ingress of moisture or corrosive chemicals and are a possible pathway for loss of cryogenic fluids in the tanks. Matrix resins at low temperatures are brittle and do not allow relaxation of residual stresses or stress concentration to take place. At low temperatures, polymers are well below their glass transition temperature and show little viscoelastic behavior. Molecular motion of segments or side groups is still possible, but the degrees of freedom decrease with decreasing temperature. This motion influences the damping behavior of the polymers under cyclic mechanical load. If the temperature-dependent relaxation time of molecular motion is equal to the time of external deformation, maximum power dissipation occurs. Simultaneously, a change in the shear modulus is observed. The goal of this chapter is to extensively study the in-plane mechanical properties of FRP composites at cryogenic temperatures. The composites considered include carbon, glass, and Kevlar fiber-reinforced polymers with different resin matrices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AFM:

Atomic force microscope

CFRP:

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic

FRP:

Fibrous reinforced plastic

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GFRP:

Glass fiber-reinforced plastic

ILSS:

Interlaminar shear strength

IPN:

Interpenetrating network

PMC:

Polymer matrix composites

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

T g :

Glass transition temperature

TMDSC:

Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry

References

  1. Lee SM (1993) Handbook of composite reinforcements. VCH, New York

    Google Scholar 

  2. Dorgham MA (1986) The economic case for plastics. In: Dorgham MA, Rosta DV (eds) Designing with plastics and advanced plastic composite. Interscience, Geneva, pp 10–13

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ray BC (2005) Effect of hydrothermal shock cycles on shear strength of glass fiber/polyester composite. J Reinf Plast Compos 24:1335–1340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ray BC (2005) Freeze-thaw response of glass-polyester composites at different loading rate. J Reinf Plast Compos 24:1771–1776

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ray BC (2005) Effects of thermal and cryogenic conditionings on mechanical behavior of thermally shocked glass fiber/epoxy composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 24:713–715

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ray BC (2005) Thermal shock and thermal fatigue on delamination of glass fiber reinforced polymeric composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 24:111–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Jang BZ (1994) Advanced polymer composites: principle and applications. ASM International, Materials Park

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hartwig G (2004) Polymer properties at room and cryogenic temperatures. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bunsell AR, Renard J (2005) Fundamentals of fibre reinforced composite materials. Institute of Physics, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Hull D (1996) An introduction to composite materials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  11. Kaw AK (2006) Mechanics of composite materials. Taylor & Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kelly A, Zweben C (2000) Comprehensive composite materials. Elsevier Science, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  13. Moncrieff RW (1979) Man-made fibers, 6th edn. Butterworth, London

    Google Scholar 

  14. Thomson JL (1995) The interface region in glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites: 3. Characterization of fiber surface coatings and the interphase. Composites 26:487–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Plonka R, Mader E, Gao SL, Bellmann C, Duschk V, Zhandarov S (2004) Adhesion of epoxy/glass fiber composites influenced by aging effects on sizing. Adhesion 35:1207–1216

    Google Scholar 

  16. Watts AA (ed) (1980) Commercial opportunities for advanced composites, STP 704. ASTM, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kim JK, Mai YW (1992) Interfaces in composites. In: Chou TW (ed) Structure and properties of composites, vol 13, Materials science and technology. VCH, Weinheim, pp 239–289

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ishida H, Koening JL (1980) Effect of hydrolysis and drying on the coupling agent/matrix interface of fiber glass reinforced plastic by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Polym Sci B Polym Phys 17:615–626

    Google Scholar 

  19. Moussawi E, Drown EK, Drzal LT (1993) The silane sizing composites interphase. Polym Compos 14:195–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim K, Mai YW (1998) Engineered interfaces in fiber reinforced composites. Elsevier, Kidlington

    Google Scholar 

  21. Plueddemann EP (ed) (1974) Interfaces in polymer matrix composites, vol 6, Composite materials. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  22. Plueddemann EP, Stark GL (1980) In: Proceedings 35th Annual Technical Conference Reinforced Plastics/Composites Institute, New Orleans. SPI, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  23. Tsai HC, Arocho AM, Gause LW (1990) Prediction of fiber-matrix interphase properties and their influence on interface stress, displacement and fracture toughness of composite materials. Mater Sci Eng A126:295–304

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Williams JG, Donnellan ME, James MR, Morris WL (1990) Properties of the interphase in organic matrix composites. Mater Sci Eng A 126:305–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Frank O, Tsoukleri G, Riaaz I, Papagelis K, Parthenios J, Andre C, Geim AK, Novoselov S, Galootis C (2011) Development of universal stress tensor for graphene and carbon fiber. Nature Commun 2:255. doi:10-1038/ncomms1247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ochola RO, Marcus K, Nurick GN, Franz T (2004) Mechanical behaviour of glass and carbon fibre reinforced composites at varying strain rates. Compos Struct 63:455–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Marshall P, Price J (1991) Topography of carbon fiber. Composite 22:388–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Horie K, Murai H, Mita I (1977) Bonding of epoxy resin to graphite fibers. Fiber Sci Technol 9:253–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Donnet JB, Bansal RC (1984) Carbon fibers. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  30. Jones C (1991) The chemistry of carbon fiber surfaces and its effect on interfacial phenomena in fiber/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 42:275–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Thorne DJ (1970) Strength-modulus relation for carbonized acrylic fibres. Nature 225: 1039–1040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kaelble DH, Dynes PJ, Maus L (1976) Hydrothermal aging of composite materials. Part 1: interfacial aspects. Adhesion 8:121–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Gilat A, Goldberg RK, Roberts GD (2002) Experimental study of strain-rate-dependent behavior of carbon/epoxy composite. Compos Sci Technol 62:1469–1476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Goan JC, Martin TW, Prescot R (1973) The influence of interfacial bonding on the properties of carbon fiber composites. In: Proceedings 28th Annual Technical Conference on Reinforced Plastics/Composites Institute, Washington, DC. Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI), Washington

    Google Scholar 

  35. Chiao CC, Chiao TT (1977) Aramid fibers and composites. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-80400

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ganczakowski HL, Beaumont PWR (1989) The behaviour of Kevlar fibre-epoxy laminates under static and fatigue loadings. Part I-experimental. Compos Sci Technol 36:299–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Allred RE (1984) In: Proceedings of the 7th annual meeting of the Adhesion Society, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Allred RE, Merrill EW, Roylance DK, Ishida H, Kumar G (eds) (1985) Molecular characterization of composite interfaces. Plenum, New York, pp 333–375

    Google Scholar 

  39. Northolt MG (1974) X-ray diffraction study of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber. Eur Polym J 10:799–804

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Morgan RJ, Kong FM, Lepper JK (1988) Laser induced damage mechanismof Kevlar-49/epoxy composites. J Compos Mater 22:1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Happe JA, Morgan RJ, Walkup CM (1985) 1H, 19F and 11B nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of BF3:amine catalysts used in the cure of C fiber-epoxy prepregs. Polymer 26:827-836

    Google Scholar 

  42. Morgan RJ, Pruneda CO, Butler N, Kong FM, Caley LE, Moore RL (1984) 1H, 19F and 11B Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of BF3: amine catalysts used in the cure of C fiber-epoxy prepregs. Proceedings of the 29th National SAMPE Symposium, London, pp. 891–902

    Google Scholar 

  43. Penn LS, Ishida H, Kumar G (eds) (1985) Molecular characterization of composite interfaces. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  44. Moss M (1978) Effect of water-bearing fiber in Kevlar 49/epoxy composites. Sandia National Laboratories report SAND-77-0444

    Google Scholar 

  45. Hahn HT, Pagano NJ (1975) Curing stresses in composite laminates. J Compos Mater 9: 91–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Updegraff I (1982) Unsaturated polyester resins. In: Lubin G (ed) Handbook of composites. Van Norstrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  47. Camino G, Luda MP, Polishchuk AY, Revellino M, Blancon R, Merle G, Martinez-Vega JJ (1997) Kinetic aspects of water sorption in polyester. Compos Sci Technol 57:1469–1482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Launikitis MB (1982) Handbook of composites. Van Norstrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  49. Bascom WD, Drzal LT (1987) The surface properties of carbon fibers and their adhesion to organic polymers. NASA contract report 4084

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kaiser T (1989) Highly cross-linked polymers. Prog Polym Sci 14:373–450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mijovic J, Lin KF (1985) The effect of hygrothermal fatigue on physical/mechanical properties and morphology of neat epoxy resin and graphite/epoxy composite. J Appl Polym Sci 30:2527–2549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hartwig G, Knaak S (1984) Fibre-epoxy composites at low temperatures. Cryogenics 24: 639–647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hiltner A, Baer E (1974) Mechanical properties of polymers at cryogenic temperature; relationships between relaxation, yield and fracture process. Polymer 15:805–813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Dodiuk H, Kenig S, Liran I (1991) Low temperature curing epoxies for elevated temperature composites. Composites 22:319–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Boller A, Schick C, Wunderlich B (1995) Modulated scanning calorimetry in the glass transition region. Thermochim Acta 266:97–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Nielsen LE (1975) Mechanical properties of polymers and composites. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  57. Lu X, Jiang B (1990) Glass transition temperature and molecular parameters of polymers. Polymer 32:471–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Min BG, Stachurshi ZH, Hodgkin JH (2003) Cure kinetics of elementary reactions of a DGEBA/DDS epoxy resin: 1. Glass transition temperature. Polymer 34:4908–4912

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Barjasteh E, Bosze EJ, Tsai YI, Nutt SR (2009) Thermal aging of fibreglass/carbon-fiber hybrid composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci 40:2038–2045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ahlborn K, Knaak S (1988) Cryogenic mechanical behavior of a thick-walled carbon fiber reinforced plastic structure. Cryogenic 28:273–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Kellogg KG, Patil R, Kallmeyer AR, Dutta PK (2005) Effect of load rate on notch toughness of glass FRP subjected to moisture and low temperature. Int J Offshore Polar Eng 15:54–61

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ray BC (2006) Temperature effect during humid ageing on interfaces of glass and carbon fibers reinforced epoxy composites. J Colloid Interf Sci 298:111–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ray BC, Surendra Kumar M, Sharma N (2009) Microstructural and mechanical aspects of carbon/epoxy composites at liquid nitrogen temperature. J Reinf Plast Compos 28:2013–2023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ray BC (2006) Adhesion of glass/epoxy composites influenced by thermal and cryogenic environments. J Appl Polym Sci 102:1943–1949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ray BC (2006) Loading rate effects on mechanical properties of polymer composites at ultralow temperatures. J Appl Polym Sci 100:2289–2292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Yano O, Yamaoka H (1995) Cryogenic properties of polymers. Prog Polym Sci 20:585–613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Naruse T, Hattori T, Miura H, Takahashi K (2001) Evaluation of thermal degradation of unidirectional CFRP rings. Compos Struct 52:533–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Colin X, Verdu J (2005) Strategy for studying thermal oxidation of organic matrix composites. Compos Sci Technol 65:411–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Ray BC (2004) Thermal shock on interfacial adhesion of thermally conditioned glass fiber/epoxy composites rates. Mater Lett 58:2175–2177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ray BC (2004) Effect of crosshead velocity and sub-zero temperature on mechanical behavior of hygrothermally conditioned glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Mater Sci Eng: A 397:39–44

    Google Scholar 

  71. Mader E, Gao SL, Plonka R (2004) Enhancing the properties of composites by controlling their interphase parameters. Adv Eng Mater 6:147–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wang Y, Hahn TH (2007) AFM characterization of the interfacial properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites subjected to hygrothermal treatments. Compos Sci Technol 67:92–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Aktas M, Karakuzu R (2009) Determination of mechanical properties of glass-epoxy composites in high temperatures. Polym Compos 30:1437–1441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Morioka K, Tomita Y, Takigawa K (2001) High-temperature fracture properties of CFRP composite for aerospace applications. Mater Sci Eng A 319:675–678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Reed RP, Golde M (1997) Cryogenic composite supports: a review of strap and strut properties. Cryogenic 37:233–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Salin I, Seferis JC (1996) Anisotropic degradation of polymeric composites: from neat resin to composite. Polym Compos 13:430–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Borje A, Aders S, Lars B (2000) Micro- and meso-level residual stresses in glass/vinyl-ester composite. Compos Sci Technol 60:2011–2028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Timmerman JF, Tillman MS, Matthew S, Hayes BS, Seferis JC (2002) Matrix and fiber influences on the cryogenic micro cracking of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci 33:323–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Ueki T, Nishijma S, Izumi Y (2005) Designing of epoxy resin systems for cryogenic use. Cryogenics 45:141–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hartwig G (1994) Polymer properties at room and cryogenic temperatures. Plenum, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  81. Sawa F, Nishijima S, Onada T (1995) Molecular design of an epoxy for cryogenic temperature. Cryogenic 35:767–769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kanchanomai C, Rattananon S, Soni M (2005) Effects of loading rate on fracture behavior and mechanism of thermoset epoxy resin. Polym Test 24:886–892

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Zhou J, Lucas JP (1999) Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part II: variations of glass transition temperature. Polymer 40:5513–5522

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Ngono Y, Marechal Y, Mermilliod N (1999) Epoxy-amine reticulates observed by infrared spectroscopy. 1: Hydration process and interaction configurations of embedded water molecules. J Phys Chem B 103:4979–4985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Liang L, Zhang SY, Chen YH, Liu MJ, Ding YF, Luo XW, Pu Z, Zhou WF, Li S (2005) Water transportation in epoxy resin. Chem Mat 17:839–845

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Maxwell ID, Pethrick RA (2003) Dielectric studies of water in epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 28:2363–2379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Eidelman N, Raghavan D, Forster AM, Amis EJ, Karim A (2004) Combinatorial approach to characterizing epoxy curing. Macromol Rapid Comm 25:259–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Xiao GZ, Shanahan MER (1997) Water absorption and desorption in an epoxy resin with degradation. J Polym Sci Part B 35:2659–2670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Zheng Q, Morgan RJ (1993) Synergistic thermal-moisture damage mechanisms of epoxies and their carbon fiber composites. J Compos Mater 27:1465–1478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Tsenoglou CJ, Pavlidou S, Papaspyrides CD (2006) Evaluation of interfacial relaxation due to water absorption in fiber-polymer composites. Compos Sci Technol 66:2855–2864

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Browning CE, Husman GE, Whitney JM (1977) Moisture effects in epoxy matrix composites. In: Davis JG (ed) Composite materials: testing and design ASTM STP 617. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 481–496

    Google Scholar 

  92. Wu P, Siesler HW (2003) Water diffusion into epoxy resin: a 2D correlation ATR-FTIR investigation. Chem Phys Lett 374:74–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lin YC, Chen X (2005) Moisture sorption–desorption–resorption characteristics and its effect on the mechanical behaviour of the epoxy system. Polymer 46:11994–12003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Morozova EM, Sokolova NP, Bulgakova RA, Karpova IV (2004) The investigation of the interaction at the glass-fiber-polymer matrix interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 239:81–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Abdelkader AF, White JR (2005) Water absorption in epoxy resins: the effects of the crosslinking agent and curing temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 98:2544–2549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Xiaoping H, Shenliang H, Liang Y (2003) A study on dynamic fracture toughness of composite laminates at different temperatures. Compos Sci Technol 63:155–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Garton A, Daly JH (1985) Characterization of the aramid: epoxy and carbon: epoxy interphases. Polym Compos 6:195–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Okoli OI, Smith GF (1998) Failure modes of fiber reinforced composites: the effect of strain rate and fiber content. J Mater Sci 33:5415–5422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Okoli OI, Smith GF (1999) Aspects of the tensile response of random continuous glass/epoxy composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 18:606–613

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Okoli OI (2001) The effects of strain rate and failure modes on the failure energy of fibre reinforced composites. Compos Struct 54:299–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Barre S, Chotard T, Benzeggagh ML (1996) Comparative study of strain rate effects on mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced thermoset matrix composites. Compos Part A-Appl S 27A:1169–1181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Gonzalez-Benito J (2003) The nature of structure gradient in epoxy curing at a glass fiber/epoxy matrix interface using FTIR imaging. J Colloid Interf Sci 267:326–332

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Jurgen E, Schawe K (2002) About the changes of heat capacity, glass transition temperature and relaxation time during polymerization reaction of thermosetting systems. Thermochim Acta 391:279–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Marom G, Broutman LJ (1981) Moisture penetration into composites under external stress. Polym Compos 2:132–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Detassis M, Pegoretti A, Migliaresi C (1995) Effect of temperature and strain rate on interfacial shear stress transfer in carbon/epoxy model composites. Compos Sci Technol 53:39–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Hughes D, Buck B, Cornwell.A. (1982) In: Lubin G (ed) Handbook of composite materials. Van Norstrand Reinholds, New York

    Google Scholar 

  107. Greenhalgh ES (2009) Failure analysis and fractography of polymer composites. CRC, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  108. Brewis DM (1993) Adhesion to polymers: how important are weak boundary layers? Int J Adhes Adhes 13:251–256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Miura M, Shindo Y, Narita F, Watanable S, Suzuku M (2009) Mode III fatigue growth of glass fiber reinforced polymer woven laminates at cryogenic temperature. Cryogenic 49: 407–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Purslow D (1986) Matrix fractography of fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Composites 17: 289–303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Shindo Y, Takano S, Horiguchi K, Sato T (2006) Cryogenic fatigue behavior of plain weave glass/epoxy composite laminates under tension-tension cycling. Cryogenics 46:794–798

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Abdel-Magid B, Ziaee S, Gass K, Schneider M (2005) The combined effects of load, moisture and temperature on the properties of E-glass/epoxy composites. Compos Struct 71:320–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Hamouda AMS, Hashmi MSJ (1998) Testing of composite materials at high rates of strain: advances and challenges. J Mater Process Technol 77:327–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Anashkin OP, Keilin VE, Patrikeev VM (1999) Cryogenic vacuum tight adhesive. Cryogenics 39:795–798

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Shokrieh MM, Omidi J (2009) Tension behavior of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites under different strain rates. Compos Struct 88:595–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Rio TG, Zaera R, Barbero E, Navarro C (2005) Damage in CFRPs due to low velocity impact at low temperature. Compos Part B: Eng 36:41–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Saniee FF, Majzoobi GH, Bahrami M (2005) An experimental study on the behaviour of glass–epoxy composite at low strain rates. J Mater Process Technol 162:39–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Ishida H (1990) Controlled interphases in composite materials. Elsevier Science, New York, pp 431–440

    Book  Google Scholar 

  119. Padmanabhan K (1996) Time-temperature failure analysis of epoxies and unidirectional glass/epoxy composites in compression. Compos Part A-Appl S 27A:585–596

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Tanoglu M, McKnight SH, Palmese GR, Gillespie JW (2000) A new technique to characterize the fiber/matrix interphase properties under high strain rates. Compos Part A: Appl Sci 31: 1127–1138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Jacob GC, Starbuck JM, Fellers JF, Simunovic S, Boeman RG (2004) Strain rate effects on the mechanical properties of polymer composite materials. J Appl Polym Sci 94:296–301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Naik NK, Yernamma P, Thoram NM, Gadipatri R, Kavala VR (2010) High strain rate tensile behavior of woven fabric E-glass/epoxy composite. Polym Test 29:14–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Harding J, Li YL (1992) Determination of interlaminar shear strength for glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy laminates at impact rates of strain. Compos Sci Technol 45:161–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Harding J, Welsh LM (1983) A tensile testing technique for fibre-reinforced composite at impact rates of strain. J Mater Sci 18:1810–1826

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like extend sincere thanks and an appreciation to the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India for supporting and funding instrumental facilities to carry out investigations on composite materials. We are indebted furthermore to the same for an extensive literature support from the library. It is also our privilege to acknowledge the devotion and dedication received from many graduate, undergraduate and doctoral students and scholars over the years. The investigation has also been funded from different sponsoring agencies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, India

    Sanghamitra Sethi & Bankim Chandra Ray

Authors
  1. Sanghamitra Sethi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bankim Chandra Ray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bankim Chandra Ray .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Chemistry, Bahra University, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India

    Susheel Kalia

  2. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemi, Beiyitiao Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China, People's Republic

    Shao-Yun Fu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sethi, S., Ray, B.C. (2013). Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Composites at Cryogenic Temperatures. In: Kalia, S., Fu, SY. (eds) Polymers at Cryogenic Temperatures. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35335-2_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation