Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tumors of the Breast

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cancer Grading Manual

Abstract

Breast carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor in women in North America and Europe. Invasive mammary carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ should be graded routinely in surgically removed or biopsied tissue samples. The grading of these tumors has considerable clinical significance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Articles

  1. Schnitt SJ, Allred C, Britton P et al (2012) Ductal carcinoma in situ. In: Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ et al (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours: pathology of the breast. IARC, Lyon, pp 90–94

    Google Scholar 

  2. Silverstein MJ, Lagios MD, Craig PH (1996) A prognostic index for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Cancer 77:2267–2274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Scott MA, Lagios MD, Axelsson K, Schnitt SJ et al (1997) Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: reproducibility of histologic subtype analysis. Hum Pathol 28:967–973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lagios MD, Margolin FR, Westdahl PR et al (1989) Mammographically detected duct carcinoma in-situ: frequency of local recurrence following tylectomy and prognostic effect of nuclear grade on local recurrence. Cancer 63:618–624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. College of American Pathologists. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast. Available at: http://www.cap.org. Accessed on 2 Aug 2012

  6. Yaziji H, Gown AM, Sneige N (2000) Detection of stromal invasion in breast cancer: the myoepithelial markers. Adv Anat Pathol 7:100–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bratthauer GL, Moinfar F, Stamatakos MD et al (2002) Combined E-cadherin and high molecular weight cytokeratin immunoprofile differentiates lobular, ductal and hybrid mammary intraepithelial neoplasm. Hum Pathol 33:620–627

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bradley GG, Schnitt SJ, Collins LC (2006) Ductal carcinoma in situ with basal-like phenotype: a possible precursor to invasive basal-like breast cancer. Mod Pathol 19:617–621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Steinman S, Wang J, Bourne P et al (2007) Expression of cytokeratin markers, ER-alpha, PR, Her-2/neu, and EGFR in pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and DCIS with co-existing invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. Ann Clin Lab Sci 37:127–134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Harris L, Fritsche H, Mennel R et al (2007) American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 25:5287–5312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bellamy CO (1993) Noninvasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: the relevance of histologic categorization. Hum Pathol 24:16–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Tavassoli FA (1999) Lobular neoplasia. In: Tavassoli FA (ed) Pathology of the breast. Appleton-Lange, Stamford, pp 373–397

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lakhani SR, Schnitt SJ, O’Malley F et al (2012) Lobular neoplasia. In: World Health Organization classification of tumours: pathology of the breast. IARC, Lyon, pp 78–80

    Google Scholar 

  14. Patey DH, Scarff RW (1928) The position of histology in the prognosis of carcinoma of the breast. Lancet 1:801–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Bloom HJG, Richardson WW (1957) Histologic grading and prognosis in breast cancer: a study of 1709 cases of which 359 have been followed for 15 years. Br J Cancer 2:353–377

    Google Scholar 

  16. Elston CW, Ellis IO (1998) Assessment of histological grade. In: Elston CW, Ellis IO (eds) Systemic pathology: the breast, vol 13, 3rd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 365–384

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ellis IO, Simpson JF, Reis-Filho JS, Decker T (2012) Invasive breast carcinoma: introduction and general features – grading. In: Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ et al (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours: pathology of the breast. IARC, Lyon, pp 19–20

    Google Scholar 

  18. Trihia H, Murray S, Price K et al (2003) Ki-67 expression in breast carcinoma: its association with grading systems, clinical parameters, and other prognostic factors—a surrogate marker? Cancer 97:1321–1331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Tawfik O, Kimler BF, Davis M et al (2007) Grading invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: advantage of using automated proliferation index instead of mitotic count. Virchows Arch 450:627–636

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Meyer JS, Alvarez C, Milikowski C et al (2005) Breast carcinoma malignancy grading by Bloom-Richardson system vs proliferation index: reproducibility of grade and advantages of proliferation index. Mod Pathol 18:1067–1078

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kronenwett U, Huwendiek S, Ostring C et al (2004) Improved grading of breast adenocarcinomas based on genomic instability. Cancer Res 64:904–909

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Roylance R, Gorman P, Harris W et al (1999) Comparative genomic hybridization of breast tumors stratified by histologic grade reveals new insights into the biological progression of breast cancer. Cancer Res 59:1433–1436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sotiriou C, Wirapati P, Loi S et al (2006) Gene expression profiling in breast cancer: understanding the molecular basis of histologic grade to improve prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:262–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Tan PH, Tse G, Lee A et al (2012) Fibroepithelial tumors. In: Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ et al (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours: pathology of the breast. IARC, Lyon, pp 145–146

    Google Scholar 

  25. Niezabitowski A, Lackowska B, Rys J et al (2001) Prognostic evaluation of proliferative activity and DNA content in the phyllodes tumor of the breast: immunohistochemical and flow cytometric study of 118 cases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 65:77–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Tan PH, Jayabaskar T, Yip G et al (2005) p53 and c-kit (CD117) protein expression as prognostic indicators in breast phyllodes tumors: a tissue microarray study. Mod Pathol 18:1527–1534

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tse GM, Lui PC, Lee CS et al (2004) Stromal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor correlates with tumor grade and microvessel density in mammary phyllodes tumors: a multicenter study of 185 cases. Hum Pathol 35:1053–1057

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ward RM, Evans HL (1986) Cystosarcoma phyllodes. A clinicopathologic study of 26 cases. Cancer 58:2282–2289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Moffat CJ, Pinder SE, Dixon AR et al (1995) Phyllodes tumors of the breast: a clinicopathological review of thirty-two cases. Histopathology 27:205–218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA

    Fang Fan M.D., Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Fang Fan M.D., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fang Fan M.D., Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Dept. Pathology, University of Kansas, Rainbow Blvd. 3901, Kansas City, 66160-7410, Kansas, USA

    Ivan Damjanov

  2. School of Medicine, Dept. Pathology, University of Kansas, Rainbow Blvd. 3901, Kansas City, 66160-7410, Kansas, USA

    Fang Fan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fan, F. (2013). Tumors of the Breast. In: Damjanov, I., Fan, F. (eds) Cancer Grading Manual. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34516-6_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34516-6_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-34515-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-34516-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation