Comparative Analysis of European Transplant Laws Regarding Living Organ Donation

Lopp, Leonie

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33799-4_3

Leonie Lopp²

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2 Citations

Abstract

As seen in Table 1 in the chapter “Introduction,” the rates of LOD are very different in the countries considered. It can be assumed that various reasons contribute to these differences, the legal situation being one of those. The different national transplant laws will hence be compared. (1) How the comparison of laws takes place will be presented, before (2) the issues of LOD in need of regulation are compared.

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Notes

1.
Cf. Fateh-Moghadam (2011), p. 1; cf. Radcliffe Richards, in Weimar/Bos/Busschbach (ed.) (2011), p. 41.
2.
Constantinesco (1972), p. 107 f.; Zweigert/Kötz (1996), p. 2.
3.
P. 2.
4.
Cf. Beck/Burchhard/Fateh-Moghadam, in Beck/Burchhard/Fateh-Moghadam (2011), p. 5; Zweigert/Kötz (1996), p. 16.
5.
Klein, in Marmor/Freeman/Okma (ed.) (2009), p. 305.
6.
Cf. Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 41; cf. Prechern-Hauptmann, in Höfling (ed.) (2008), p. 97. The following statement has been made with respect to health care in general, but can be applied to LOD as well “Increased pressure for policy change in health care and, with that, the inclination to look abroad for promising solutions of domestic problems” (Marmor/Freeman/Okma, in Marmor/Freeman/Okma (ed.) (2009), p. 1 f.).
7.
This is in accord with Ehlers who states that knowledge of the foreign law is necessary for a legal comparison (Ehlers, in Großfeld et al. (ed.) (2006), p. 38).
8.
von Bar (2008), p. 4.
9.
Cf. Marmor/Freeman/Okma, Vol. 7 Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 331, 333 (2005); Zweigert/Kötz (1996), p. 16.
10.
Reason (5) Directive 2010/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on standards of quality and safety of human organs intended for transplantation.
11.
Guillod/Perrenoud, in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 168.
12.
Reason (6) Directive 2010/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on standards of quality and safety of human organs intended for transplantation.
13.
Cf. Hohmann (2003), p. 192; cf. Price (2010), p. 17.
14.
Cf. Gutmann (2004), p. 24 f.
15.
Guillod/Perrenoud, in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 164 f.
16.
Hohmann (2003), p. 192.
17.
Guillod/Perrenoud, in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 165.
18.
Commission on European Contract Law (2006). See also von Bar/Zimmermann (2002), p. XXVIII.
19.
Cf. Ebert (1978), p. 142.
20.
Fateh-Moghadam, in Beck/Burchhard/Fateh-Moghadam (2011), p. 44.
21.
Fateh-Moghadam, in Beck/Burchhard/Fateh-Moghadam (2011), p. 44; Michaels (2005), p. 2; Zweigert/Kötz (1996), p. 33 ff.
22.
Meyer (2007), p. 98.
23.
Zweigert/Kötz (1996), p. 34 ff.
24.
Ibid., p. 39.
25.
Cf. Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 41.
26.
Braga, in Lüke/Ress/Will (ed.) (1983), p. 104 ff.; Ebert (1987), p. 29; Zweigert/Kötz (1996), p. 10, p. 34 f.; Zweigert, Vol. 16 Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 387, 395 (1951).
27.
Ebert (1978), p. 148.
28.
von Bar et al. (ed.), Draft Common Frame of Reference (2009), p. 29.
29.
Cf. Zweigert/Kötz (1996), p. 44.
30.
Ebert (1978), p. 28.
31.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 13 ff.; Fateh-Moghadam, in Beck/Burchhard/Fateh-Moghadam (ed.) (2011), p. 52 ff.
32.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 13 ff.; Fateh-Moghadam, in Beck/Burchhard/Fateh-Moghadam (ed.) (2011), p. 52 ff.
33.
Cf. Michaels (2005), p. 31 ff.
34.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 13 ff.; Fateh-Moghadam, in Beck/Burchhard/Fateh-Moghadam (2011), p. 52 ff.
35.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 13 ff.; Fateh-Moghadam, in Beck/Burchhard/Fateh-Moghadam (2011), p. 52 ff.
36.
See Table 1 in the chapter “Introduction”, p. 2.
37.
Ebert (1978), p. 150; Sacco (2001), at 23; Zweigert/Kötz (1996), p. 10, p. 34.
38.
Aigner, Vol. 9 Annals of Transplantation 11, 12 (2004); Bruckmueller/Schumann, in Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 844; Commission of the European Communities (2008); Häckel (1997); Kalchschmid (1997), p. 4; Kert, Falcone Project, Austria, p. 2, p. 22.
39.
Kert, Falcone Project, Austria, p. 11; Neyer/Scheuring, 2004 Österreichische Pflegezeitschrift 12, 12.
40.
Information from K. Bruckmueller.
41.
Kopetzki, in Brandstetter/Kopetzki (ed.) (1987), p. 88.
42.
Cf. Aigner, Vol. 9 Annals of Transplantation 11, 12 (2004); information from K. Bruckmueller; Kopetzki (1988), p. 250. It is sometimes stated that the regulations about post-mortem donation are applied analogous. This would be illegal in terms of criminal law, though. In detail, organ trafficking with organs of living people would then be punishable analogous to the criminal act of organ trafficking of organs of deceased, even though this is not clearly regulated by law. Therefore, this criminal analogy should be avoided (Information from K. Bruckmueller).
43.
The Health Limited Liability Company was established in 1991 and the Austrian Ministry of Health entrusted this company to accomplish several tasks connected to organ donation (Prechern-Hauptmann, in Höfling (ed.) (2008), p. 85).
44.
Information from K. Bruckmueller.
45.
Bacik, Falcone Project, Ireland, p. 14.
46.
Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners Introduction.
47.
Information from D. Madden.
48.
Ead.
49.
Information from D. Price; cf. Nickel/Schmidt-Preisigke/Sengler (2001), p. 6.
50.
Lilie, in Fischer/Lilie (ed.) (1999), p. 136.
51.
Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (2009).
52.
Ibid.
53.
This document will be regarded in detail in chapter “Actions of the European Union So Far”.
54.
Council of the European Union (2007), p. 45.
55.
Council of Europe (2011).
56.
Cf. Council of Europe (2011); cf. Haratsch/König/Pechstein (2010), p. 17.
57.
Hendriks, in Weimar/Bos/Busschbach (ed.) (2011).
58.
Resolution (78) 29 on Harmonisation of Legislations of Member States Relating to Removal, Grafting and Transplantation of Human Substances; see also Walter, in Ehlers (ed.) (2007), p. 1.
59.
Secretary General of the Council of Europe (1996), No. 7.
60.
Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on Setting Standards of Quality and Safety for the Donation, Procurement, Testing, Processing, Preservation, Storage and Distribution of Human Tissues and Cells, (1).
61.
Ibid., (7) & (8).
62.
Cf. Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 21.
63.
Article 1 Directive 2010/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on standards of quality and safety of human organs intended for transplantation.
64.
Wollenschläger, in Müller-Graff/Schmahl/Skouris (ed.) (2011), p. 447 f.
65.
Joint Working Party of The British Transplantation Society and The Renal Association (2011), p. 21.
66.
Jarass (ed.) (2010), p. V; Meyer, in Meyer (ed.) (2011), p.5.
67.
Jarass (ed.) (2010), p. 5.
68.
Jarass (ed.) (2010), p. 4. The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was rejected, though, and the Charter has not become part of the Treaties of the European Union (Jarass (ed.) (2010), p. 4).
69.
Burr, in Tettinger/Stern (ed.) (2006), p. 213.
70.
WHO Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation, Preamble, 4.
71.
Ibid., Preamble, 3.
72.
P. 18.
73.
Guillod/Perrenoud, in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 160.
74.
Fateh-Moghadam, in Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 930.
75.
Price (2000), p. 243.
76.
Fateh-Moghadam, in Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 898 & p. 929.
77.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 135 f.
78.
Cf. Price (2000), p. 244 ff.
79.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 140.
80.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 140; Fateh-Moghadam, in Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 904.
81.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 141.
82.
Fateh-Moghadam, in Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 912 f.
83.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 165.
84.
Price (2010), p. 209.
85.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 165.
86.
Winterton (2004).
87.
House of Lords, 13 October, 1988, Case No. 1 AC 109 (per Lord Goff of Chieveley).
88.
Fateh-Moghadam, in Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 903.
89.
Barendt (1998), p. 46 ff.
90.
Ibid.
91.
In the United Kingdom, paternalism is not considered as (legal) problem (Fateh-Moghadam, in Fateh-Moghadam/Sellmaier/Vossenkuhl (ed.) (2010), p. 26).
92.
Barendt (1998), p. 46 ff.
93.
Fateh-Moghadam, in Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 903 f.
94.
Bauer, p. 151 ff.
95.
Jung, Vol. 14 Medizinrecht 355, 357 (1996).
96.
Ibid.
97.
Cf. Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 50 f.
98.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 50 f.; Jung, Vol. 14 Medizinrecht 355, 357 (1996).
99.
Jung, Vol. 14 Medizinrecht 355, 357 (1996).
100.
Eser, in Weigend/Küpper (ed.) (1999), p. 472.
101.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002) , p. 50 f.
102.
Casabona, in Price/Akveld (ed.) (1997), p. 140.
103.
Ibid., p. 145.
104.
Cf. Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 51.
105.
Information from I. Marino.
106.
Art. 1 Legislation on Donation, Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues.
107.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 51.
108.
Information from P. Bruzzone.
109.
von Arnauld, Vol. 40 Zeitschrift für Urheber- und Medienrecht 286, 286 (1996); di Fabio, in Maunz/Dürig (ed.) (2010), Art. 2 at 204; German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 13 May, 1986, Case No. 1 BvR 1542/84, in Vol. 39 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1859, 1859 (1986); Jarass, Vol. 42 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 857, 857 (1989); Jarass, in Jarass/Pieroth (ed.) (2011), Art. 2 at 1.
110.
German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 21 November, 2007, Case No. 1 BvR 1620/04, in BVerfGE 121, 69, 90; German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 3 June, 1980, Case No. 1 BvR 185/77, in BVerfGE 54, 148, 153; Jarass, Vol. 42 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 857, 859 (1989).
111.
Jarass, in Jarass/Pieroth (ed.) (2011), Art. 2 at 39.
112.
Cf. German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 14 September, 1983, Case No. 2 BvR 1952/93, in BVerfGE 89, 119, 130; Di Fabio, in Maunz/Dürig (ed.) (2010), Art. 2 at 204.
113.
German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 25 July, 1979, Case No. 2 BvR 878/74, in Vol. 32 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1925, 1930 (1979).
114.
Ibid.
115.
Deutsch/Spickhoff (2006), p. 165; Wenzel (2007), p. 248.
116.
German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 25 July, 1979, Case No. 2 BvR 878/74, in Vol. 32 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1925, 1929 f. (1979). A valid consent of the person concerned does generally usually remove an infringment of a fundamental right (Jarass, in Jarass/Pieroth (ed.) (2011), Art. 2 at 54).
117.
German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 25 July, 1979, Case No. 2 BvR 878/74, in Vol. 32 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1925, 1930 (1979).
118.
Ibid.
119.
Ibid.
120.
German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 25 July, 1979, Case No. 2 BvR 878/74, in Vol. 32 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1925, 1930 (1979). See also German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 14 February, 1973, Order No. 1 BvR 112/65, in Vol. 26 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1221–1226 (1973).
121.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 132. For more details see p. 40.
122.
Supreme Court of the German Reich [Reichsgericht], RGSt. 25, 375 ff.
123.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 75.
124.
Rönnau, in Laufhütte/Rissing-van Saan/Tiedemann (ed.) (2006), before Sec. 32 at 146.
125.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 79.
126.
Eser, Vol. 97 Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft 1, 23 f. (1985); cf. Wenzel (2007), p. 266.
127.
Bruckmueller/Schumann, in: Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 844; Kert, Falcone Project, Austria, p. 2 & 8; cf. Kienapfel (1990), p. 193 f.; Neyer/Scheuring, 2004 Österreichische Pflegezeitschrift 12, 14.
128.
Bruckmueller/Schumann, in: Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 838 f.
129.
Cf. Kert, Falcone Project, Austria, p. 2; Schabel (2007), p. 92.
130.
Grabenwarter (2009), p. 16; Schabel (2007), p. 14.
131.
Grabenwarter (2009), p. 16.
132.
Cf. Berka (1999), p. 260; Grabenwarter (2009), p. 199; Schabel (2007), p.14.
133.
Schabel (2007), p. 15.
134.
Kert, Falcone Project, Austria, p. 3.
135.
Art. 10 II Swiss Constitution.
136.
Schweizer, in Ehrenzeller et al. (ed.) (2002), p. 160.
137.
Hausheer, in Fischer/Lilie (ed.) (1999), p. 321.
138.
Ibid., p. 327.
139.
Information from M. Monnier.
140.
Information from M. Bos.
141.
Art. 7:448 Civil Code.
142.
Ibid., Art. 7:450.
143.
Information from M. Bos.
144.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 44.
145.
German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 25 July, 1979, Case No. 2 BvR 878/74, in Vol. 32 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1925, 1930 (1979); Schneewind/Sedlmayer, in Schroth et al. (ed.) (2006), p. 16; Spital, Vol. 38 American Journal of Kidney Diseases 189, 189 (2001); cf. Valapour, Vol. 22 Transplantation Reviews 196, 196 (2008); cf. Westerhäll, in Taupitz (ed.) (2000), p. 883.
146.
Spickhoff, Vol. 14 Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht 400, 407 (2006); cf. Westerhäll, in Taupitz (ed.) (2000), p. 883.
147.
Eyal, in Zalta (ed.) (2011).
148.
Principle 33.1 Irish Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners.
149.
Höfling, in Tettinger/Stern (ed.) (2006), Art. 3 at 17.
150.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 44.
151.
For Germany see Murswiek, in Sachs (ed.) (2011), Art. 2 at 207.
152.
Cf. Deutsch, in Spickhoff (ed.) (2011), p. 3; Price, in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 146.
153.
Coppen (2010), p. 13 f.
154.
Gutmann/Gerok, in Collins et al. (ed.) (1997), p. 317; Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 48.
155.
Art. 5 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
156.
Art. 24 (1) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
157.
Sec. 9 (1), 1) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
158.
Sec. 2, I Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
159.
Sec. 8 (1) No. 1 b) Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
160.
Sec. 1 Act relating to transplantation, hospital autopsis and the donation of bodies etc.
161.
Sec. 36 (2) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
162.
Schedule 1, Part 1, 7 Human Tissue Act 2004.
163.
Coppen (2010), p. 14.
164.
Sec. 8 (2) Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
165.
Cf. Spickhoff (2004), p. 60.
166.
German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], July 14, 1994, Case No. VI ZR 178/93, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 3010, 3010 (1994).
167.
Cf. German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], March 25, 2003, Case No. VI ZR 131/02, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2012, 2012 (1994).
168.
German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], January 8, 1985, Case No. VI ZR 15/83, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1399, 1399 f. (1985); German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], July 14, 1994, Case No. VI ZR 178/93, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 3010, 3010 (1994); German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], March 25, 2003, Case No. VI ZR 131/02, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2012, 2013 (1994).
169.
German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], March 25, 2003, Case No. VI ZR 131/02, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2012, 2012 (1994).
170.
Cf. O’Neill, Vol. 29 Journal of Medical Ethics 4, 4 (2003).
171.
Art. 9 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
172.
Art. 3 (1) c) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
173.
Sec. 8 I No. 1 a Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
174.
Canellopoulou-Bottis, Vol. 7 European Journal of Health Law 427, 433 (2000).
175.
Sec. 206 (1) Act on Health.
176.
Art. 10, 2.Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
177.
Sec. 3, 1 Organ Donation Act.
178.
Art. 12, 1., 7) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
179.
Sec. 36 (2) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
180.
Art. 4, c. Law Regulating Organ Recovery and Transplantation.
181.
Art. 12, a) Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
182.
Sec. 206 (1) Act on Health.
183.
Sándor (2003), p. 83.
184.
Information from J. Sándor.
185.
Ibid.
186.
Sándor (2003), p. 83.
187.
Ibid., p. 84.
188.
Information from J. Sándor.
189.
Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 144.
190.
Hofer (2006), p. 111, 113.
191.
The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences, Live donations of solid organs, Medical-ethical guidelines and recommendations, p. 14.
192.
Eser/Sternberg-Lieben, in Schönke/Schröder (ed.) (2001), Sec. 223 at. 38; German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], BGHSt 23, 1, 4; Fischer (ed.) (2011), before Sec. 32 at. 3c; Kindhäuser (ed.) (2010), Sec. 228 at. 8.
193.
Lilie/Krüger, Vol. 81 Der Chirurg 787, 788 (2010).
194.
Re T (Adult: Refusal of Treatment) [1993] Fam. 95, p. 112.
195.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008) p. 198.
196.
Ibid.
197.
Ibid., p. 200.
198.
Ibid.
199.
Gillick v. West Norfolk A.H.A. (1986) at (3).
200.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 200 f.
201.
Ibid., p. 204 ff.
202.
Principle 34.1 Irish Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners.
203.
Ibid., Principle 34.4.
204.
Ibid., Principle 34.3.
205.
Philisophers roughly define coercion “as a threat to make someone seriously worse of than she is or should be, unless she consents.” According to the prevailing medical view “the threshold for condoning conduct as too coercive [is set] far lower than this definition would suggest” (Eyal, in Zalta (ed.) (2011).
206.
Grenvik, in Lawin/Lenhart/Peter (ed.) (1990), p. 154.
207.
Art. 7 (4) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
208.
Sec. 3, 2 Organ Donation Act.
209.
Sec. 6 (1) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
210.
Principle 35.1 Irish Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners.
211.
Art. 2 Legislation on Donation, Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues.
212.
Art. 15 (2) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
213.
Art. 12 1. 7 The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
214.
Art. 8, 1 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
215.
Art. 12, b) Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
216.
No. 30 Code of Practice 1 & No. 72 Code of Practice 2.
217.
IA = Independent Assessor. Independent Assessors act on behalf of the Human Tissue Authority. They have to interview the potential living organ donors. That is to ensure that the potential donor understands the risks, that no reward has been offered to him and that he was not pressurised to the intended LOD (Human Tissue Authority (2010).
218.
No. 90 Code of Practice 2.
219.
Ibid., No. 46.
220.
Art. 9, 2 b) Transplantation Ordinance.
221.
Art. 8 Sec. 1 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
222.
Ibid., Art. 9.
223.
Art. 9, 1. c. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
224.
Ibid., Art. 9, 2.
225.
Sándor/Drakopoulou/Bárd (2009), p. 8.
226.
No. 11 (3) (a) Human Tissue Act 2004 Regulations 2006.
227.
Sec. 8 III 2 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
228.
Sec. 206 (3) Act on Health.
229.
Art. 6, 3 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
230.
Reg. 2 (5) (a) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
231.
Art. 10, 1 Transplantation Ordinance.
232.
Sec. 8 III 2 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
233.
No. 11 (3) (a) Human Tissue Act 2004 Regulations 2006.
234.
Reg. 2 (5) (a) The Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
235.
Art. 10 Transplantation Ordinance.
236.
Sec. 206 (3) Act on Health.
237.
Art. 8 Sec. 2 1 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
238.
Art. 24 (1) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
239.
Art. 7 (4) Art.4 Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
240.
Sec. 6 (3) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
241.
Sec. 3 I 1 Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
242.
Sec. 8 II 4 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
243.
Sec. 209 (1) Act on Health.
244.
Sec. 13 Law on the Protection of the Body of Deceased Human Beings and the Use of Human Tissues and Organs in Medicine.
245.
Art. 10, 2. Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
246.
Art. 15 (2) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
247.
Sec. 6 Organ Donation Act.
248.
Sec. 1 Act relating to transplantation, hospital autopsis and the donation of bodies etc.
249.
Art. 12, 1., 7) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
250.
Sec. 36 (2) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
251.
Art. 4, c. Law Regulating Organ Recovery and Transplantation.
252.
Art. 12, b) Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
253.
Art. 8 Sec. 2 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
254.
Art. 7 (4) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
255.
Art. 15 (3) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
256.
Sec. 6 Organ Donation Act.
257.
Art. 9, 4. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
258.
Sec. 6 Organ Donation Act.
259.
Sec. 8 II 4 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
260.
Ibid., Sec. 8 II 5.
261.
Art. 9, 2 g) Transplantation Ordinance.
262.
Art. 10, 3. Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
263.
Information fromV. Anulyte.
264.
As already stated, according to the Guidance on the provisions of the Swedish Transplant Act, the kidney, but also parts of the liver and the pancreas are considered as non-regenerative organs (Cf. The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 6).
265.
Sec. 6 Transplant Act.
266.
Kopetzki, in Barta/Weber (ed.) (2001), p. 132.
267.
Ibid., p. 133.
268.
Art. 2 Legislation on Donation, Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues.
269.
No. 58 Code of Practice 1.
270.
Canellopoulou-Bottis, Vol. 7 European Journal of Health Law 427, 433 (2000).
271.
Art. 8 Sec. 2, 1 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
272.
Art. 12, 1, 7 Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
273.
Art. 8, 2 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
274.
Art. 8 Sec. 2, 1 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
275.
Ibid., Art. 8 Sec. 2, 2.
276.
Art. 12, 1, 7 Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
277.
Art. 8, 2 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
278.
Art. 24 (1) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
279.
Ibid., Art. 24 (2).
280.
Sec. 209 (2) Act on Health.
281.
Art. 15 (4) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
282.
Pereira, Vol. 18 European Journal of Health Law 1, 3 (2011).
283.
Art. 6 (6) Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
284.
Pereira, Vol. 18 European Journal of Health Law 1, 3 (2011).
285.
Art. 4, c. Law Regulating Organ Recovery and Transplantation.
286.
Art. 9, 4. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
287.
Art. 15 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
288.
Information from R. Wilmotte; Merchx, Falcone Project, Belgium, p. 6 f.
289.
Merchx, Falcone Project, Belgium, p. 6 f.
290.
Art. 10, 3.Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
291.
Information from V. Anulyte.
292.
No. 48 ff. Code of Practice 1.
293.
Art. 9, 5. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
294.
Art. 9, 3 Transplantation Ordinance.
295.
Information from M. Monnier.
296.
Kalchschmid (1997), p. 203.
297.
Information from M. Monnier.
298.
Bock (1999), p. 152; cf. Deutsch, in Spickhoff (ed.) (2011), p. 6.
299.
Bock (1999), p. 152.
300.
Art. 2 Legislation on Donation, Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues.
301.
Sec. 209 (4) Act on Health.
302.
Art. 9, 5. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
303.
Sec. 8 II 6 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
304.
Sec. 3 I 2 Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
305.
Art. 9, 5. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
306.
No. 90, 3.Code of Practice 2.
307.
Sec. 3 II 1 Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
308.
Appendix A Irish Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners.
309.
Art. 12, 1., 8) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
310.
Reg. 2 (7) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
311.
Art. 9, 2 i) Transplantation Ordinance.
312.
Art. 12, 1., 8) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
313.
Cf. Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 49; Dickens/Fluss/King, in Chapman/Deierhoi/Wright (ed.) (1997), p. 98; Pfeiffer (2004), p. 45.
314.
That will be described below, when the issue of “Safety and maximum extent of permissible risk taking by donors” is approached.
315.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 133; German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], 11 December, 2003, Case No. 3 StR 120/03, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1054, 1055 (2004); German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], 26 May, 2004, Case No. 2 StR 505/03, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2458, 2458 (2004).
316.
German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], 11 December, 2003, Case No. 3 StR 120/03, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1054, 1056 (2004); German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], 26 May, 2004, Case No. 2 StR 505/03, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2458, 2458 (2004).
317.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 109.
318.
German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], 26 May, 2004, Case No. 2 StR 505/03, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2458, 2459 (2004).
319.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 133; German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], 26 May, 2004, Case No. 2 StR 505/03, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2458, 2460 (2004).
320.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 134.
321.
Ibid, p. 135.
322.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 179 ff.; Fateh-Moghadam, in Beck/Burchhard/Fateh-Moghadam (ed.) (2011), p. 59 ff.
323.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 179 ff.; Fateh-Moghadam, in Beck/Burchhard/Fateh-Moghadam (ed.) (2011), p. 59 ff.
324.
Cf. Gutmann/Land, Vol. 384 Langenbeck‘s archives of surgery 515, 516 (2000).
325.
Merckx, Falcone Project, Belgium, p. 5.
326.
Information from R. Willmotte.
327.
Art. 32 No. 1 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
328.
Sec. 6 (1) and Sec. 7 (1) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
329.
Sec. 209 (6) Act on Health.
330.
Art. 4 Legislation on Donation, Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues.
331.
Art. 16 (1) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
332.
Art. 12, 1., 9) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
333.
Art. 8, 1 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
334.
Art. 6 I 1 The Removal and Transplantation of Human Body Parts for the Purpose of Medical Treatment Act.
335.
Art. 6, c. and Art.15, 1. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
336.
Art. 32 No. 1 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
337.
Sec. 6 (1) and Sec. 7 (2) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
338.
Art. 6 II The Removal and Transplantation of Human Body Parts for the Purpose of Medical Treatment Act.
339.
Art. 6, c. and Art.15, 1. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
340.
Art. 32 No. 1 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
341.
Sec. 209 (6) Act on Health.
342.
Art. 4 Legislation on Donation, Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues.
343.
Art. 16 (1) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
344.
Art. 6 I 1 The Removal and Transplantation of Human Body Parts for the Purpose of Medical Treatment Act.
345.
Art. 6, c. and Art.15, 1. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
346.
Art. 32 No. 1 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
347.
Art. 8, 1 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
348.
Sec. 6 (1) and Sec. 7 (1) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
349.
Art. 12, 1., 9) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
350.
Sec. 6 (2) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
351.
Sec. 209 (6) Act on Health.
352.
Art. 16 (1) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
353.
Art. 6 I 1 The Removal and Transplantation of Human Body Parts for the Purpose of Medical Treatment Act.
354.
Art. 6, c. and Art.15, 1. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
355.
Art. 15, 2. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
356.
Information from K. Bruckmueller.
357.
Art. 16 (3) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
358.
Art. 7 (3) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
359.
Cf. Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 48; cf. Eyal, in Zalta (ed.) (2011).
360.
Cf. Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 48.
361.
Ibid.
362.
Bock (1999), p. 144; Schreiber (2004), p. 76.
363.
German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], 9 December, 1958, Case No. VI ZR 203/57, in Vol. 12 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 811, 812 f. (1959); cf. Spickhoff (2004), p. 60.
364.
Bock (1999), p. 145 f.; Edelmann, Vol. 50 Versicherungsrecht 1065, 1067 (1999); Gutmann, Vol. 15 Medizinrecht 147, 151 (1997).
365.
The Ethics Committee of the Transplantation Society, Vol. 78 Transplantation 491, 491 (2004).
366.
Art. 9, 2 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
367.
Art. 15 (3) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
368.
Art. 4, b. and Art.9, 3. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
369.
Sec. 3, 2 Organ Donation Act.
370.
Art. 12 b) Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
371.
Art. 9, 2 c) Transplant Ordinance.
372.
Ibid., Art. 9, 2 j).
373.
Sec. 10 Transplant Act.
374.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 10.
375.
No. 90 Code of Practice 2.
376.
Sec. 209 Act on Health.
377.
Principle 35.2 Irish Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners.
378.
Ibid., Appendix A.
379.
Sec. 8 II 1 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
380.
Art. 7 (1) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
381.
Ibid., Art. 7 (3).
382.
Art. 24 (1) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
383.
Sec. 6 (2) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
384.
Art. 2 Legislation on Donation, Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues.
385.
Sec. 13 Law on the Protection of the Body of Deceased Human Beings and the Use of Human Tissues and Organs in Medicine.
386.
Sec. 1 Act relating to transplantation, hospital autopsis and the donation of bodies etc.
387.
Art. 7 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
388.
Reg. 2 (7) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
389.
Sec. 6 (1) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
390.
Reg. 2 (7) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
391.
Canellopoulou-Bottis, Vol. 7 European Journal of Health Law 427, 433 (2000).
392.
Art. 10. 9 Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
393.
12, 1., 8) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
394.
Aigner, Vol. 9 Annals of Transplantation 11, 12 (2004); Kert, Falcone Project, Austria, p. 5; Neyer/Scheuring, 2004 Österreichische Pflegezeitschrift 12, 14.
395.
Sec. 3 II 1 Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
396.
Art. 7 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
397.
Sec. 3, 2 Organ Donation Act.
398.
Canellopoulou-Bottis, Vol. 7 European Journal of Health Law 427, 433 (2000).
399.
Sec. 13 Law on the Protection of the Body of Deceased Human Beings and the Use of Human Tissues and Organs in Medicine.
400.
Art. 24 (2) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
401.
12, 1., 8) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
402.
Reg. 2 (7) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
403.
Sec. 10 Transplant Act.
404.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 6.
405.
Sec. 6 (2) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
406.
Sec. 9¹ (2) Handling and Transplantation of Cells, Tissues and Organs Act.
407.
Sec. 8 II 1 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
408.
Sec.13 (2) a) Act on Health.
409.
Ibid., Sec. 13 (2) b).
410.
Ibid., Sec. 13 (2) f).
411.
Sec. 1 Act relating to transplantation, hospital autopsis and the donation of bodies etc.
412.
Reg. 11(9) (a) Human Tissue Act Regulations 2006.
413.
No. 91 Code of Practice 2.
414.
Appendix A Irish Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners.
415.
Art. 9, 2 a) Transplantation Ordinance.
416.
Ibid., Art. 9, 2 e).
417.
Ibid., Art. 9, 2 f).
418.
Ibid., Art. 9, 2 d).
419.
Art. 24 (3) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
420.
Art. 7 (1) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
421.
Sec. 8 II 1 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
422.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008) p. 250.
423.
Ibid.
424.
Ibid.
425.
Bruckmueller/Schumann, in Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 845; Kert, Falcone Project, Austria, p. 5; cf. Kienapfel (1990), p. 193 at 30; Kopetzki (1988), p. 254.
426.
Sec. 8 II 1 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
427.
Sec.13 (2), g) Act on Health.
428.
Appendix A Irish Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners.
429.
Art. 4, b. an Art.9, 3. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
430.
Art. 9, 2 k) Transplantation Ordinance.
431.
Sec. 3 II 1 Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
432.
Sec. 8 II 1 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
433.
Gutmann, in Schroth et al. (ed.) (2005), Sec. 8 at 43; Nickel/Schmidt-Preisigke/Sengler (2001), p. 109.
434.
Interessengemeinschaft Nierenlebendspende e.v. (2012).
435.
No. 91 Code of Practice 2.
436.
Sec. 13, (1) Act on Health.
437.
Principle 36.1 Irish Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners.
438.
Sec. 13, (3) Act on Health; Principle 36.4 Irish Guide to Professional Conduct and Ethics for Registered Medical Practitioners.
439.
Eyal, in Zalta (ed.) (2011).
440.
Sec. 13 (8) Act on Health.
441.
No. 60 Code of Practice 1.
442.
Sec. 13 (8) Act on Health.
443.
No. 60 Code of Practice 1.
444.
Ibid., No. 146.
445.
Art. 7 (1) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
446.
Sec. 1 Act relating to transplantation, hospital autopsis and the donation of bodies etc.
447.
Sec. 10 Transplant Act.
448.
Aigner, Vol. 9 Annals of Transplantation 11, 13 (2004).
449.
Sec. 3, 2 Organ Donation Act.
450.
Sec. 6 (2) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
451.
Reg. 2 (7) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
452.
Art. 7 (2) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
453.
Sec. 8 II 4 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
454.
Sec 209 (1) Act on Health.
455.
Sec. 3, 2 Organ Donation Act.
456.
Art. 12, 1., 5) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
457.
Art. 9, 3. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
458.
Art. 9, 1 Transplantation Ordinance.
459.
Sec. 209 (1) Act on Health.
460.
Sec. 3, 2 Organ Donation Act.
461.
Art. 9, 1 Transplantation Ordinance.
462.
Sec. 8 II 4 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
463.
Art. 7 (2) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
464.
Art. 9, 4 Transplantation Ordinance.
465.
Art. 9, 3. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
466.
Sec. 3, 2 Organ Donation Act.
467.
Information from M. Bos.
468.
Art. 9 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
469.
Ibid., Art. 9 II.
470.
Art. 15 (3) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
471.
Art. 7 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
472.
Art. 9, 1 Transplantation Ordinance.
473.
Ibid.
474.
Sec. 4 Organ Donation Act.
475.
Information from M. Bos.
476.
Sec. 10 Transplant Act.
477.
Art. 24 (3) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
478.
Sec. 209 Act on Health.
479.
Art. 12, 1., 5) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
480.
Sec. 8 II 1, 3 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
481.
Esser, in Höfling (ed.) (2003), p. 227; Weigend/Zielinska, Vol. 14 Medizinrecht 445, 448 (1996).
482.
Sec. 8 II 2 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
483.
Gutmann, in Schroth et al. (ed.) (2005), Sec. 8 at 49.
484.
Esser, in Höfling (ed.) (2003), p. 227.
485.
Art. 7 (2) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
486.
Sec. 3 II 2 Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
487.
No. 90 Code of Practice 2.
488.
Reg. 2 (8) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
489.
Ibid. Reg. 2 (7).
490.
Sec. 6 (2) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
491.
Sec. 209 (5) Act on Health.
492.
Art. 16 (1) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
493.
Art. 12, 1., 9) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
494.
Art. 7 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
495.
Art. 6 I 2 The Removal and Transplantation of Human Body Parts for the Purpose of Medical Treatment Act.
496.
Art. 6 Law Regulating Organ Recovery and Transplantation.
497.
Sec. 209 (5) Act on Health.
498.
Art. 12, 1., 9) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
499.
Reg. 2 (6) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
500.
Cf. Esser, in Höfling (ed.) (2003), p. 230; cf. Nickel/Schmidt-Preisigke/Sengler (2001), p. 94.
501.
Fateh-Moghadam et al., Vol. 22 Medizinrecht 19, 30 (2004).
502.
Art. 4 (3) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
503.
Art. 6 (1) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation or Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
504.
Sec. 9 (1), 2) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
505.
Art. 10, 8 Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
506.
No. 59 Code of Practice 2.
507.
Art. 6 (1) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation or Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
508.
Ibid., Art. 6 (2).
509.
Ibid., Art. 6 (5).
510.
Norba (2009), p. 291.
511.
Art. 6 (6) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation or Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
512.
Art. 12, 1., 4) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
513.
Art. 9, 3. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
514.
Art. 11 Additional Protocol on the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, on Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin.
515.
Art. 15, (2) Directive 2010/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on standards of quality and safety of human organs intended for transplantation.
516.
EULOD WP 2 (2012), DOW: Deliverable 4, p. 9 & p. 10.
517.
Art. 3 (1) a) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
518.
Sec. 5, 3) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
519.
Sec. 8 I No. 2 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
520.
Sec. 208 Act on Health.
521.
Art. 12. 1., 3) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
522.
Sec. 36 (1) (b) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
523.
Art. 9, 2. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
524.
Sec. 5, 3) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
525.
Sec. 8 I No. 2 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
526.
Art. 4, 1. and Art.8, 1. e) Royal Decree 2070/1999.
527.
Sec. 208 Act on Health.
528.
Art. 12. 1., 3) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
529.
Histocompatibility literally means that tissues are compatible (MedicineNet (2003)). Explained in a more medical way, it defines the degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals (U.S. National Library of Medicine (1999)). If tissue is transplanted from one person to another, it will be rejected if the recipient’s immune system recognises the transplant as foreign (Porth (2010), p. 354). In case of full histocompatibility between donor and recipient, the immune system of the recipient will not consider the transplant to be foreign and therefore will not reject it (MedicineNet (2003)). The higher the degree of similarity of tissues, the better the prospect of success is (Bock (1999), p. 48 f.). However, the organ recipient has to take immunosuppressive drugs her whole life anyway to suppress the rejection of the received organ (Coppen (2010), p. 11; German National Ethics Council (2007), p. 9; Robert Koch-Institut (2003), p. 28). Therefore, organ donation makes sense only if it is expected that the system of the recipient will accept the transplant. Consequently, this kind of matching of donor and recipient seems desirable.
530.
Art. 25 No. 2 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
531.
Ibid., Art. 3 b.
532.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 50.
533.
Bock (1999), p. 46.
534.
Schreiber (2004), p. 92.
535.
Bock (1999), p. 47; Roodnat et al., Vol. 89 Transplantation 1263, 1265 (2010); Schreiber (2004), p. 97 f.
536.
Sec. 8¹ (1) Handling and Transplantation of Cells, Tissue and Organs Act.
537.
Sec. 8 I No. 1 c) Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
538.
Sec. 8¹ (1) Handling and Transplantation of Cells, Tissue and Organs Act.
539.
Ibid., Sec. 8¹ (5).
540.
Art. 30, 1 Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
541.
Ibid., Art. 30, 2.
542.
Ibid.
543.
Art. 3 (3) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
544.
Norba (2009), p. 291.
545.
Sec. 208 Act on Health.
546.
Art. 12, 6 Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
547.
Information from D. Lewandowska.
548.
No. 59 Code of Practice 2.
549.
Dickens/Fluss/King, in Chapman/Deierhoi/Wright (ed.) (1997), p. 98; cf. German Federal Supreme Court [Bundesgerichtshof], 26 May, 2004, Case No. 2 StR 505/03, in Vol. 57 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2458, 2450 (2004); cf. Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 49.
550.
Price (2000), p. 246.
551.
Kert, Falcone Project, Austria, p. 3; cf. Brandstetter, in Brandstetter/Kopetzki (1987), p. 106; cf. Kienapfel (1990), p. 26 at 19; Kopetzki (1988), p. 251.
552.
Häckel (1997); Kert, Falcone Project, Austria, p. 3; cf. Kienapfel (1990), p. 26, at 19.
553.
Art. 11 Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin, Explanatory Report.
554.
Art. 24 (1) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
555.
Canellopoulou-Bottis, Vol. 7 European Journal of Health Law 427, 433 (2000).
556.
Sec. 209 (4) Act on Health.
557.
Art. 10, 9 Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
558.
Sec. 1 Act relating to transplantation, hospital autopsis and the donation of bodies etc.
559.
Art. 3 e. and Art.9, 1. b. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
560.
Sec. 5 Transplant Act.
561.
Art. 12, c) Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
562.
Art. 25, No. 1, No. 2 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
563.
Sec. 209 (4) Act on Health.
564.
Art. 3 e. and Art.9, 1. b. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
565.
Law Commission (2012), p. 111 f.
566.
Sec. 2 II Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
567.
Canellopoulou-Bottis, Vol. 7 European Journal of Health Law 427, 433 (2000).
568.
Sec. 209 (4) Act on Health.
569.
Art. 10, 9 Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
570.
Sec. 1 Act relating to transplantation, hospital autopsis and the donation of bodies etc.
571.
Art. 6, 7 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
572.
Sec. 36 (1) (a) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
573.
Sec. 5 Transplant Act.
574.
Art. 12, c) Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
575.
Sec. 5 Transplant Act.
576.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Introduction, p. 1.
577.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 5.
578.
Sec. 13 Law on the Protection of the Body of Deceased Human Beings and the Use of Human Tissues and Organs in Medicine.
579.
Sec. 9 (1), 2) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
580.
Art. 12, 1., 4) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
581.
Bundestag printed paper 13/4355 (2996), p. 21; Nickel/Schmidt-Preisigke/Sengler (2001), p. 95.
582.
Roche (2003), p. 1367.
583.
Schreiber (2004), p. 92.
584.
Gutmann, Vol. 15 Medizinrecht 147, 152 (1997).
585.
Schreiber (2004), p. 92 f.
586.
Sec. 8 I Nr. 1 c) Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
587.
Art. 6, Sec. 1 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
588.
Sec. 3, 3 Organ Donation Act.
589.
Sec. 36 (1) (c) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
590.
Art. 7 The Removal and Transplantation of Human Body Parts for the Purpose of Medical Treatment Act.
591.
Ibid.
592.
Sec. 36 (1) (c) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
593.
Art. 6, Sec. 1 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
594.
Sec. 3, 3 Organ Donation Act.
595.
Art. 6, Sec. 1 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
596.
Price (2000), p. 257.
597.
Aigner, Vol. 9 Annals of Transplantation 11, 12 (2004); Hohmann (2003), p. 157.
598.
Hohmann (2003), p. 157.
599.
Cf. Cheyette, Vol. 41 Boston College Law Review 465, 468 (2000).
600.
Cf. Cheyette, Vol. 41 Boston College Law Review 465, 468 (2000); Eisenhardt (2007), p. 94; cf. Spickhoff, Vol. 54 World Medical Journal 9, 9 (2008).
601.
Leipold (2008), p. 127.
602.
Sec. 53 (17) Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006.
603.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 8.
604.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 55.
605.
Bruckmueller/Schumann, in Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 845.
606.
Art. 24 (5), 1 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
607.
Art. 4 Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
608.
Sec. 10 Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
609.
Sec. 5 Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
610.
Sec. 8 I Nr. 1 a) Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
611.
Canellopoulou-Bottis, Vol. 7 European Journal of Health Law 427, 433 (2000).
612.
Sec. 206 (1) Act on Health.
613.
Art. 1 & 2 Living-donor kidney transplant.
614.
Art. 10 Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
615.
Sec. 5 Organ Donation Act.
616.
Art. 15 (2) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
617.
Art. 6, 4 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
618.
Sec. 17 Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006.
619.
Sec. 36 (2) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
620.
Art. 4, a) and Art.9, 1. a) Royal Decree 2070/1999.
621.
Art. 12, a) Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
622.
Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 145.
623.
The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences, Live donations of solid organs, Medical-ethical guidelines and recommendations, p. 12.
624.
Gutmann, in Schroth et al. (ed.) (2005), Sec. 8, at 7.
625.
Sec. 17 Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006. A transplantation is considered a domino transplantation if an organ that failed was removed and replaced by an organ donated, and the parts of the removed organ that are still healthy are transplanted into another person. Cardiac valves, usually donated as part of a liver removal, are an example of such a domino transplantation (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (2011)). A second example is lung transplantations, where it can be necessary to transplant a heard along with the lung. The removed heard that is still healthy can then be donated to another person (Cf. Keller, Vol. XXXII Stetson Law Review 855, 870 (2003); Nickel/Schmidt-Preisigke/Sengler (2001), p. 90; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (2011); Nickel/Schmidt-Preisigke/Sengler (2001), p. 90).
626.
Kalchschmid (1997), p. 199 f.; Kopetzki, in Brandstetter/Kopetzki (ed.) (1987), p. 89.
627.
Kalchschmid (1997), p. 200.
628.
Bruckmueller/Schumann, in Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 845.
629.
Burgstaller/Schütz (2010), Sec. 90 at 130.
630.
Kalchschmid (1997), p. 200.
631.
Art. 7, Sec. 1 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
632.
Nys, The Belgian Law on retrieval and transplantation of organs, p. 6 (Power Point Presentation).
633.
Information from R. Wilmotte.
634.
Art. 7, Sec. 2 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
635.
Sec. 1 Act relating to transplantation, hospital autopsis and the donation of bodies etc.
636.
Ibid.
637.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 204 ff.
638.
Ibid., p. 206.
639.
Sec. 2 Children Act 1989.
640.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 207.
641.
Ibid.
642.
Appendix A, A9 Code of Practice 2.
643.
Information from D. Price.
644.
Sec. 8 Transplant Act.
645.
Ibid.
646.
Ibid.
647.
Ibid.
648.
Ibid.
649.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 8.
650.
Information from C. Möller.
651.
Information from C. Nikolova.
652.
Barta (2004).
653.
P. 36.
654.
Art. 24 (6) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
655.
Art. 4 Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
656.
Sec. 10 (1) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
657.
Sec. 5 I 1 Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
658.
Sec. 8 I, 1, No. 1 a) Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
659.
Sec. 206 (1) Act on Health.
660.
Art. 2 Living-donor kidney transplant.
661.
Art. 10, 4 Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
662.
Art. 15 (2) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
663.
Sec. 4 Organ Donation Act.
664.
Art. 6, 5 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
665.
Sec. 17 (6) (a) (ii) Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006.
666.
Sec. 36 (2) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
667.
Art. 4, b) and Art.9, 1. a) Royal Decree 2070/1999.
668.
Art. 12, a) Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
669.
Art. 10, 4 Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
670.
Art. 4, b) and Art.9, 1. a) Royal Decree 2070/1999.
671.
Art. 4 Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
672.
P. 36.
673.
Sándor/Bárd (2009), Hungary, p. 9 f.
674.
Art. 14, sec. (6) Civil Code.
675.
Sec. 17 (6) (a) (ii) Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006.
676.
Art. 6 Sec 2 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
677.
Appendix A-A2-A7 Code of Practice 2.
678.
Sec. 8 Transplant Act.
679.
Kalchschmid (1997), p. 201 f.
680.
Ibid.
681.
Information from R. Wilmotte.
682.
Art. 6, Sec. 2 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
683.
Nys (2009), p. 103.
684.
Nys, The Belgian Law on retrieval and transplantation of organs, p. 5 (Power Point Presentation).
685.
Information from C. Möller.
686.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 212.
687.
Appendix iv Recommendation No. R (97) 16 on Liver Transplantation from Living Donors, Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers.
688.
Cf. Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 60.
689.
Cronin, Vol. 343 British Medical Journal (2011); Thiruchelvam, Vol. 343 British Medical Journal (2011); Zuidema et al., in Weimar/Bos/Busschbach (ed.) (2008), p. 306.
690.
Cf. American Medical Association, Vol. 284 The Journal of the American Medical Association 2919, 2923 (2000); Bock (1999), p. 116; Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 60 f.; Hamza et al., Vol. 45 Der Urologe 60, 64 (2006); Matas et al., Vol. 343 The New England Journal of Medicine 433, 433 (2000); Ross et al., Vol 74 Transplantation 418, 419 (2002); Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 98.
691.
Cf. Breyer/Kliemt, in Höfling (ed.) (2008), p. 31; Schutzeichel (2002), p. 76 f.
692.
Edelmann, Vol. 50 Versicherungsrecht 1065, 1066 (1999); Heuer/Conrads, Vol. 15 Medizinrecht 195, 201(1997); Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 60 f.
693.
Cf. Gutmann, Vol. 27 Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik 111, 112 f. (1994).
694.
Cf. Gutmann, Vol. 27 Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik 111, 113 (1994); Heuer/Conrads, Vol. 15 Medizinrecht 195, 201 (1997).
695.
Cf. Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 35.
696.
Cf. Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 265 f.
697.
Heuer/Conrads, Vol. 15 Medizinrecht 195, 201 (1999); Ross, Vol. 30 The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 440, 440 (2002).
698.
Matas et al., in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p.195; Spital, in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 136.
699.
Bundestag printed paper 13/4355 (1996), p. 20.
700.
Bock (1999), p. 118; Erim et al., Vol. 35 Transplantation Proceedings 909, 909 (2003); Heuer/Conrads, Vol. 15 Medizinrecht 195, 201 (1997); Keller, Vol. XXXII Stetson Law Review 855, 869 (2003); Lilie/Krüger, Vol. 81 Der Chirurg 787, 788 (2010).
701.
Schutzeichel (2002), p. 108 f.
702.
Cf. Hoyer, Vol. 76 Transplantation 1264, 1265 (2003); German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 11 August, 1999, Case No. 1 BvR 218/98, in Vol. 46 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 3399, 3403 (1999).
703.
Schroth, in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2003), p. 138 f.
704.
Gutmann, in Schroth et al. (ed.) (2006), p. 254 f.
705.
German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 16 March, 1982, Case No. 1 BvR 938/81, in BVerfGE 60, 123, 132; German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 11 August, 1999, Case No. 1 BvR 218/98, in Vol. 46 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 3399, 3401 (1999).
706.
Gutmann, Vol. 52 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 3387, 3388 (1999).
707.
Gutmann/Schroth, in Oduncu/Schroth/Vossenkuhl (ed.) (2003), p. 276.
708.
Price (2010), p. 213; Taylor et al., in: Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 206.
709.
Price (2010), p. 214.
710.
Cf. Schutzeichel (2002), p. 188 ff.
711.
Ibid.
712.
Ibid.
713.
Spital, in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 136.
714.
Art. 26 (1) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
715.
Ibid. Art. 26 (2).
716.
Sec. 9 (1) 3) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
717.
Canellopoulou-Bottis, Vol. 7 European Journal of Health Law 427, 433 (2000).
718.
Art. 10, 5 Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
719.
Art. 3 (2) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
720.
Sec. 4 I Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
721.
Information from B. Sénémaud.
722.
Sec. 8 I 2 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
723.
Sec. 206 (2), (3) Act on Health.
724.
Art. 1 Legislation on Donation, Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues.
725.
Art. 12, 1., 1) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
726.
Sec. 7 Transplant Act.
727.
Art. 1 Legislation on Donation, Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues.
728.
Sec. 4 I Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
729.
Information from B. Sénémaud.
730.
Sec. 8 I 2 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
731.
Sec. 206 (2), (3) Act on Health.
732.
Information from B. Sénémaud.
733.
Sec. 206 (2) Act on Health.
734.
Ibid. Sec. 206 (2), (3).
735.
Ibid., Sec. 206 (4).
736.
Sec. 8 I 2 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
737.
Bundestag printed paper 13/4355 (1996), p. 21.
738.
German Federal Social Court [Bundessozialgericht], 10 December, 2003, Case No. B 9 VS 1/01 R, Vol. 59 Juristenzeitung 464, 464 ff. (2004).
739.
Ibid.
740.
Sec. 4 I Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
741.
Information from K. Salmela.
742.
Norba (2009), p. 294.
743.
Art. 3 (2) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
744.
Art. 12, 1., 1) The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
745.
Ibid., Art. 13, 1.
746.
Ibid., Art. 13, 3.
747.
Sec. 7 Transplant Act.
748.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 7.
749.
Ibid.
750.
Information from K. Kozyga.
751.
Information from K. Bruckmueller.
752.
Information from T. Kjeldsen.
753.
Health Council of the Netherlands (2007).
754.
Sec. 15 Law on the Protection of the Body of Deceased Human Beings and the Use of Human Tissues and Organs in Medicine.
755.
This used to be different. Before the Human Tissue Act 2004 came into effect, the Human Organ Transplants Act 1989 contained specific restrictions for LODs between persons who were not related (Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 282).
756.
Sec. 33 (3) Human Tissue Act 2004.
757.
Cf. Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 282 ff.
758.
No. 92 Code of Practice 2.
759.
Information from A. Pereira.
760.
Art. 6, 3 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
761.
Information from A. Pereira.
762.
Art. 15, 4. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
763.
Ibid., Art. 9, 2.
764.
Akkina et al., Vol. 57 American Journal of Kidney Diseases 152, 152 (2011); de Klerk (2010), p. 14; German Federal Social Court [Bundessozialgericht], 10 December, 2003, Case No. B 9 VS 1/01 R, Vol. 59 Juristenzeitung 464, 466 (2004); Ferrari/de Klerk, Vol. 22 Journal of Nephrology 699, 699 (2009); cf. Hilhorst, Vol. 8 Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 197, 205 (2005); cf. Hoyer, Vol. 21 Pediatric Nephrology 1364, 1365 (2006); Menikoff, Vol. 29 The Hastings Centre Report 28, 28 (1999); Ross, Vol. 16 Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 151, 152 (2006).
765.
European Urology (2005).
766.
Hohmann (2003), p. 86.
767.
Ibid., p. 129.
768.
de Klerk (2010), p. 23; cf. Hoyer, Vol. 21 Pediatric Nephrology 1364, 1365 (2006); Ross, Vol. 16 Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 151, 151 (2006); Schutzeichel (2002), p. 221.
769.
Erim, Vol. 81 Der Chirurg 820, 822 (2010).
770.
de Klerk (2010), p. 23; cf. Hoyer, Vol. 21 Pediatric Nephrology 1364, 1365 (2006); Ross, Vol. 16 Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 151, 151 (2006); Schutzeichel (2002), p. 221.
771.
de Klerk (2010), p. 23; Gutmann (2004), p. 17.
772.
Price (2010), p. 221; Schroth, Vol. 59 Juristenzeitung 469, 472 (2004).
773.
Cf. Akkina et al., Vol. 57 American Journal of Kidney Diseases 152, 152 (2011); Ferrari/de Klerk, Vol. 22 Journal of Nephrology 699, 699 (2009). The intended living kidney donation of willing donor/recipient pairs just fails because of biological incompatibility in approximately 30 % of all cases (Cf. Akkina et al., Vol. 57 American Journal of Kidney Diseases 152, 152 (2011); Ferrari/de Klerk, Vol. 22 Journal of Nephrology 699, 699 (2009)). Incompatibility is either due to blood type mismatch or because of a positive crossmatch, what means that a pre-existing antibody to a donor antigen is present in the recipients body (Akkina et al., Vol. 57 American Journal of Kidney Diseases 152, 153 (2011)).
774.
Hohmann (2003), p. 86.
775.
Bundestag printed paper 13/4355 (2005), p. 20; cf. Hohmann (2003), p. 126 ff.
776.
Hohmann (2003), p. 129.
777.
de Klerk (2010), p. 14.
778.
de Klerk et al., in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 256; Park et al., Vol. 67 Transplantation 336, 336 (1999).
779.
de Klerk (2010), p. 22; cf. Hamza et al., Vol. 45 Der Urologe 60, 62 (2006); cf. Oniscu/Forsythe, Vol. 38 Annals Academy of Medicine 365, 366 f. (2009).
780.
de Klerk et al., in Weimar/Bos/Busschbach (ed.) (2008), p. 236; de Klerk (2010), p. 15.
781.
Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 39; Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 98.
782.
Information from M. Monnier.
783.
Information from R. Wilmotte.
784.
No. 92 Code of Practice 2.
785.
Hamza et al., Vol. 45 Der Urologe 60, 62 (2006); Information from M. Bos.
786.
Scottish Executive Health Department (2006), p.6
787.
Conde, in: Roxin/Schroth (ed.) (2010), p. 874.
788.
Information from R. Wilmotte.
789.
Information from K. Rigg; information from C. Rudge.
790.
Information from C. Rudge.
791.
Information from K. Rigg.
792.
Ibid.
793.
de Klerk (2010), p. 17 f.; Hilhorst, Vol. 8 Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 197, 205 (2005).
794.
Bos, in Weimar/Bos/Busschbach (ed.) (2008), p. 24; Hilhorst in Weimar/Bos/Busschbach (ed.) (2008), p. 133; de Klerk (2010), p. 17 f.; Weimar et al., Vol. 368 The Lancet 987, 987 (2006).
795.
de Klerk (2010), p. 17 f.
796.
Ibid., p. 33 ff.
797.
Information from A. Pereira.
798.
Information from T. Kjeldsen.
799.
Information from D. Lewandowska.
800.
Riedel, in Rittner/Paul (ed.) (2005), p. 70.
801.
Nickel/Schmidt-Preisigke/Sengler (2001), p. 104.
802.
Schutzeichel (2002), p. 217.
803.
Sasse, in Barta/Weber (ed.) (2001), p. 119.
804.
Rotondo (2004).
805.
Higher Social Court North Rhine-Westphalia [Landessozialgericht Nordrhein-Westfalen], 31 January, 2001, Case No.L 10 VS 28/00.
806.
German Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht], 11 August, 1999, Case No. 1 BvR 2181/98, at 60 (insofar not printed in Vol. 52 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 3399 (1999)).
807.
Cf. Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 41; German Federal Social Court [Bundessozialgericht], 10 December, 2003, Case No. B 9 VS 1/01 R, Vol. 59 Juristenzeitung 464, 464 ff. (2004); Gutmann (2006), p. 34; cf. Schroth, Vol. 17 Medizinrecht 67, 67 (1999). This is not undisputed, though. Seidenaht, for example, states that no minimal length for the relationship between donor and recipient exists (Seidenaht, Vol. 16 Medizinrecht 253, 256 (1998)).
808.
Information from K. Kozyga.
809.
Information from P. Bruzzone.
810.
Information from A. Lennerling.
811.
Information from C. Möller.
812.
Information from A. Lennerling.
813.
de Klerk (2010), p. 15 f.
814.
Information from M. Bos; Price (2010), p. 221.
815.
de Klerk (2010), p. 32 f.
816.
No. 92 Code of Practice 2.
817.
de Klerk et al., in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 260.
818.
Ibid.
819.
Ibid.
820.
Ibid.
821.
Dor et al., 2011 Transplantation 1 f.
822.
Cf. Henderson et al., Vol. 3 American Journal of Transplantation 203, 203 (2003).
823.
NHS Blood and Transplant (2008–2009).
824.
Information from M. Zardoya Martínez.
825.
Information from A. Pereira.
826.
Information from R. Wilmotte.
827.
Information from T. Kjeldsen.
828.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 7.
829.
Information from A. Lennerling.
830.
Information from C. Möller.
831.
Information from P. Bruzzone.
832.
Information from K. Kozyga.
833.
Information from D. Lewandowska.
834.
Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 46; Sasse, in Barta/Weber (ed.) (2001), p. 117.
835.
Daar et al., Vol. 11 Transplantation Reviews 95, 98 (1997); Hoyer, Vol. 76 Transplantation 1264, 1264 f. (2003).
836.
Hoyer, Vol. 76 Transplantation 1264, 1265 (2003).
837.
Ibid.
838.
Frunza et al., Vol. 9 Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 3, 4 (2010); cf. Hilhorst et al., Vol. 24 Transplant International 1164, 1164 (2011).
839.
EULOD WP 2 (2012), DOW: Deliverable 4, p. 3.
840.
Information from M. Bos.
841.
No. 92 Code of Practice 2.
842.
Information from C. Möller.
843.
The Swiss Acadamies of Arts and Sciences, Live donations of solid organs, Medical-ethical guidelines and recommendations, p. 11.
844.
Roodnat et al., Vol. 10 American Journal of Transplantation 821, 824 (2010).
845.
Art. 4 Resolution (78) 29 on Harmonisation of Legislations of Member States relating to Removal, Grafting and Transplantation of Human Substances.
846.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 73.
847.
Art. 2, 2 Resolution (78) 29 on Harmonisation of Legislations of Member States relating to Removal, Grafting and Transplantation of Human Substances.
848.
Art. 10 Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin, Explanatory Report.
849.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 76.
850.
The risks must be assessed for each organ individually since they vary greatly (Childress/Liverman (2006), p. 270; Guillod/Perrenoud, in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 158). Evaluating the mortality risk of the organ donor illustrates that the risk is very low in cases of living kidney donation – below 1 per mill (Muthny et al., 2010 Transplantationsmedizin 106, 107; Siegmund-Schultze (1999), p. 106), but significantly higher in cases of living liver donation, where the stated mortality rates differ. The reason for that is that no uniform classification exists. (Cf. Broering et al., Vol. 45 Current Problems in Surgery 587, 635 (2008); Dreßke et. al., Vol 81 Der Chirurg 813, 817 (2010)). However, the mortality rate of living liver donation is as high as 1 % (Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 16; Guillod/Perrenoud, in Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 158; Neuberger/Price, Vol. 327 British Medical Journal 676, 677 (2003); Schneider (2004)).
This applies to the donation of a right lobe. The mortality rate in cases of the removal of the left lobe is only about 0.1 % (Neuberger/Price, Vol. 327 British Medical Journal 676, 676 (2003)). All in all, a living liver donation of the left lateral contains smaller risks for the donor than the donation of the right lobe (Ben-Haim et al., Vol. 7 Liver Transplantation 948, 951 (2001); Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 16; Dreßke et. al., Vol 81 Der Chirurg 813, 817 (2010); Ross/Thistlethwaite, Vol. 122 American Academy of Pediatrics 454, 455 (2008)). The left lateral only makes up approximately 20 % of the hepatic mass and is used for living liver transplantation into a child or small adult. Living liver donation for an adult usually requires the more risky donation of the right lobe, though, which accounts for approximately 60 % of the hepatic mass (Broering et al., Vol. 45 Current Problems in Surgery 587, 601&630 (2008); Brown et al., Vol. 348 The New England Journal of Medicine 818, 819 (2003); cf. Rogier, in Rittner/Paul (ed.) (2005), p. 47).
851.
Gutmann/Land, Vol. 384 Langenbeck‘s archives of surgery 515, 516 (2000); Schutzeichel (2002), p. 36.
852.
Cf. Beauchamp/Childress (2001), p. 63; cf. Gutmann/Schroth, in Oduncu/Schroth/Vossenkuhl (ed.) (2003), p. 282.
853.
Edelmann, Vol. 50 Versicherungsrecht 1065, 1068 (1999).
854.
Sec. 8, I, 1, No. 3 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
855.
Schreiber (2004), p. 100 f.
856.
Cf. Schreiber (2004), p. 101 ff.
857.
Art. 3 (1) b) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissue and on the Amendment of some Acts.
858.
Sec. 9 (1) 4) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
859.
Sec. 2 II Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
860.
Sec. 8, I, 1, No. 3 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
861.
Canellopoulou-Bottis, Vol. 7 European Journal of Health Law 427, 433 (2000).
862.
Sec. 203 (1) Act on Health.
863.
Article 10, 1.Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
864.
Article 15, (1) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
865.
Art. 6, 2 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
866.
Sec. 36 (1) (d) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
867.
Sec. 2 II Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
868.
Esser, in Höfling (ed.) (2003), p. 201; Gutmann, in Schroth et al. (ed.) (2005), Sec. 8 at 22; cf. Land/Gutmann, Vol. 35 Transplantation Proceedings 926, 928 (2003); Lilie/Krüger, Vol. 81 Der Chirurg 787, 787 (2010); Norba (2009), p. 60; Schreiber (2004), p. 102; Teubner (2006), p. 5; Ugowski (1998), p. 22. A statistic from 1995 reveals that the three-year survival rate for kidneys from spouses was 85 %, from living, unrelated donors who were not married to the recipient 81 %, from parents 82 %, but only 70 % for cadaveric kidneys (Terasaki et al., Vol. 333 The New England Journal of Medicine, 333, 333 (1995)). A more recent statistic from 2009 confirms this result by ascertaining that the three-year survival rate from LOD is almost 90 %, while it is below 80 % for post-mortem donated kidneys. The five-year survival rate is also better for living kidney donation, numerically 84.3 %, but only ca. 70 % for cadaveric kidneys (Deutsche Stiftung Organtransplantation (2010)).
869.
This is generally speaking the time between the chilling of an organ after its blood has been reduced or completely cut off and the time it is warmed by having its blood supply restored (Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 89; National Cancer Institute (2012)). With regard to organ donation, the cold-ischemia time begins when the organ is cooled with a cold perfusion solution after organ procurement surgery, and ends after the tissue reaches psychological temperature during the implantation procedure (Reference.Md (2007)).
870.
Reference.Md (2007).
871.
Esser, in Höfling (ed.) (2003), p. 201; Guillod/Perrenoud, in: Gutmann et al. (ed.) (2004), p. 158; Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 1; Hofer (2006), p. 126; Norba (2009), p. 60 f.; Schreiber, in Broelsch (ed.) (2006), p. 23; Schutzeichel (2002), p. 66; Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 97.
872.
Deutsche Stiftung Organtransplantation (2010), p. 66.
873.
Esser, in Höfling (ed.) (2003), p. 201; Siegmund-Schultze (1999), p. 100.
874.
Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 15; Neuhaus, Commission printed paper 15/151 (2004), p. 2; Norba (2009), p. 60.
875.
Esser, in Höfling (ed.) (2003), p. 201; Schreiber (2004), p. 102; Koene, in Price/Akveld (ed.) (1997), p. 33.
876.
Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 97.
877.
A statistic from 2009 shows that the three-year survival rate of living liver transplantations is just slightly higher than the survival rate of a liver donated by a deceased. The five-year survival rate is even higher if the liver was donated post-mortem, namely 55.1 %, while the five-year survival rate for a living liver transplantation is 54.8 % (Deutsche Stiftung Organtransplantation (2010)).
878.
Charité (2010).
879.
Art. 6 Sec. 1 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
880.
Nys, The Belgian Law on retrieval and transplantation of organs, p. 10 (Power Point Presentation).
881.
Statistically that means that in 2008, 441 post-mortem kidney transplantations took place, but only 45 living kidney transplantations. The amount stayed almost the same in 2009, when 428 post-mortem kidney transplantations were accomplished and only 49 living kidney transplantations (Information from R. Wilmotte).
882.
Hohmann (2003), p. 155.
883.
Information from K. Kozyga.
884.
Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (2009).
885.
Information from K. Bruckmueller.
886.
Sec. 8, I, 3 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
887.
Ach/Anderheiten/Quante (2000), p. 91.
888.
Bundestag printed paper 13/4355 (2006), p. 20; Gutmann (2006), p. 69; Schreiber/Wolfslast, Vol. 10 Medizinrecht 189, 193 (1992).
889.
Edelmann, Vol. 50 Versicherungsrecht 1065, 1068 (1999); Gutmann, Vol. 15 Medizinrecht 147, 152 (1997).
890.
Gutmann, Vol. 15 Medizinrecht 147, 152 (1997).
891.
Esser (2000), p. 196.
892.
Edelmann, Vol. 50 Versicherungsrecht 1065, 1068 (1999).
893.
Gutmann (2006), p. 74.
894.
Ibid., p. 75.
895.
Gutmann (2006), p. 75.
896.
Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 50; Gutmann (2006), p. 75.
897.
Gutmann (2006), p. 75.
898.
Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 75.
899.
Gutmann (2006), p. 81.
900.
Schutzeichel (2002), p. 298.
901.
Gutmann (2006), 83.
902.
Information from M. Bos.
903.
Draft of the Swiss Transplantation Act of Dec. 1999, Art. 17 I, b, c.
904.
Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 196.
905.
Ibid., p. 195.
906.
Gutmann (2011), p. 9; Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 71.
907.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 78 f.
908.
Weigend/Zielinska, Vol. 14 Medizinrecht 445, 451 (1996).
909.
Art. 4. (2) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells states that “[t]ransplantation shall be carried out only when other methods of therapy are less effective or not applicable”, thus, refers to transplantation in general, what also includes LOD.
910.
Art. 3 (1) b) The Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
911.
Sec. 2 II Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
912.
Canellopoulou-Bottis, Vol. 7 European Journal of Health Law 427, 433 (2000).
913.
Article 10, 1. Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
914.
Article 3, b) (general) and Article 16, (1) (only for LOD) Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
915.
Sec. 36 (1) (e) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
916.
Art. 2 II The Removal and Transplantation of Human Body Parts for the Purpose of Medical Treatment Act.
917.
Art. 12, d. Federal Act on the transplantation of organs, tissues and cells.
918.
Sec. 3, 3 Organ Donation Act.
919.
Information from M. Bos.
920.
Ibid.
921.
Hohmann (2003), p. 155.
922.
Information from K. Bruckmueller.
923.
Art. 15² Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
924.
Information from M. Monnier
925.
Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 148.
926.
Hofer (2006), p. 125.
927.
Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 133.
928.
Ibid., p. 34.
929.
Swiss Dispatch of 12.September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 58; Weigend/Zielinska, Vol. 14 Medizinrecht 445, 449 (1996).
930.
Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 61.
931.
Bock (1999), p. 53; Norba (2009), p. 33; Pichlmayr, in Toellner (ed.) (1991), p. 22.
932.
WHO (1991), p. 5 ff.
933.
WHO Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation, 2010, Guiding Principle 3.
934.
LRLT = Living Related Liver Transplantation.
935.
Appendix i) Recommendation No.R (97) 16 on Liver Transplantation from Living Donors, Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, (Sept. 30, 1997).
936.
Ibid., Appendix ii).
937.
Secretary General of the Council of Europe (1996), Art.19, No. 118.
938.
Secretary General of the Council of Europe (1996), Art.19, No. 119; Explanatory Report to the Additional Protocol concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin, Art.9, No. 60.
939.
Resolution of 22 April 2008 on organ donation and transplantation: Policy actions at EU level (2007/2210 (INI)), No. 15.
940.
Nys (2009), p.11.
941.
Gutmann/Schroth (2002), p. 77.
942.
Art. 3 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
943.
Sec. 8 I No. 4 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
944.
Art. 9 Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
945.
Ibid.
946.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 13.
947.
Art. 15 d (1) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
948.
Ibid., Art. 15 d (2).
949.
Ibid., Art. 15 (3).
950.
Sec. 2 (2) Handling and Transplantation of Cells, Tissues and Organs Act.
951.
Sec. 2 III Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
952.
Art. 3, 1 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
953.
Art. 3 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
954.
Art. 13 (1) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
955.
Sec. 1, f) Organ Donation Act.
956.
Akveld, Falcone Project, Netherlands, p. 8.
957.
Swiss Dispatch of 12. September 2001 on a Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, p. 121.
958.
Ibid.
959.
Art. 9, 6. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
960.
Ibid., Art. 11, 1, b.
961.
Ibid., Annex II, 3.
962.
Art. 9 Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
963.
Art. 36, 1.The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
964.
Sec. 5 Act relating to transplantation, hospital autopsis and the donation of bodies etc.
965.
Sec. 13 Transplant Act.
966.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 13.
967.
Art. 27 Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
968.
Sec. 35 (3) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
969.
That means suppressing the defence mechanism of the recipient’s body right before or at the moment of the transplantation. This is usually done by the administration of combined pharmaceuticals (Hohmann (2003), p. 43 f.).
970.
Hohmann (2003), p. 43 f.
971.
Esser, in Höfling (ed.) (2003), p. 231.
972.
Art. 7 Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin, Explanatory Report.
973.
Art. 15 (4) Directive 2010/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on standards of quality and safety of human organs intended for transplantation.
974.
WHO Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation, 2010, Guiding Principle 3.
975.
Position Paper.
976.
Sec. 8 III 1 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
977.
Information from M. Bos.
978.
Sec. 8 III 1 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
979.
Gutmann, in Schroth et al. (ed.) (2005), Sec. 8 at 51; Nickel/Schmidt-Preisigke/Sengler (2001), p. 112; Walter, in Spickhoff (ed.) (2011), p. 2390.
980.
Sec. 10 II Nr. 5 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
981.
Gutmann, in Schroth et al. (ed.) (2005), Sec. 10 at 17.
982.
Position Paper.
983.
Information from M. Bos.
984.
Art. 34 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
985.
Art. 6 (4) Art. 6 (5) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation or Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
986.
Art. 9, 1 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
987.
Art. 9, 7. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
988.
Art. 34 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
989.
Art. 6 (4) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation or Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
990.
Art. 9, 1 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
991.
Art. 9, 7. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
992.
Ibid.
993.
Art. 7 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
994.
Cf. Manyalich et al., Vol. 41 Transplantation Proceedings 2021, 2022 (2009).
995.
Art. 8bis Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
996.
Sec. 13 ff. Human Tissue Act; information from D. Price.
997.
Sec. 4 II Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
998.
Art. 20 Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
999.
Reg. 2 (3) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
1000.
Sec. 36 (5) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
1001.
Art. 15, 4. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
1002.
Art. 8bis Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
1003.
Ibid., Art. 16.
1004.
Nys (2009), p. 91.
1005.
Ibid., p. 92 f.
1006.
Art. 15, 4. Royal Decree 2070/1999.
1007.
Ibid., Art. 9, 2.
1008.
Sec. 4 II Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
1009.
Art. 20 Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1010.
Sec. 4 II Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
1011.
Art. 20 Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1012.
Sec. 13 ff. Human Tissue Act; information from D. Price.
1013.
1 (1) Human Tissue Act 2004, Schedule 2 – The Human Tissue Authority.
1014.
Information from D. Price.
1015.
Fateh-Moghadam (2008), p. 292.
1016.
Information from D. Price.
1017.
Reg. 2 (3) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
1018.
Sec. 36 (5) Act on Healthcare, Healthcare-Related Services and on the Amendment and Supplementing of Certain Laws.
1019.
Ibid. Sec. 2 (5).
1020.
Ibid. Sec. 36 (5).
1021.
Art. 12 (4) Bulgarian Law of the Transplantation, of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1022.
Art. 5 (1) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
1023.
Sec. 206 (3) Act on Health.
1024.
Art. 6, 3 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
1025.
Sec. 8 II Transplant Act.
1026.
Art. 26 (2) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1027.
Art. 5 (1), (2) Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts. This Act also contains further details about the formation of the Committee and about recording the activities (Art. 5 Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts).
1028.
Norba (2009), p. 298.
1029.
Sec. 206 (3) Act on Health.
1030.
Sec. 8 II Transplant Act.
1031.
Art. 6, 3 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
1032.
Pereira, Vol. 18 European Journal of Health Law 1, 4 (2011).
1033.
Information from M. Bos.
1034.
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (United Network for Organ Sharing (2012).
1035.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2009).
1036.
Transplant Living (2012).
1037.
Art. 2¹ 2 Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
1038.
Art. 4 Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1039.
Information from R. Coppen.
1040.
Sec. 24 Organ Donation Act.
1041.
Sec. 8 III 2 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
1042.
Fateh-Moghadam, Vol. 21 Medizinrecht 245, 245 (2003).
1043.
Fateh-Moghadam, Vol. 21 Medizinrecht 245, 246 (2003); Nickel/Schmidt-Preisigke/Sengler (2001), p. 114.
1044.
Nickel/Schmidt-Preisigke/Sengler (2001), p. 114; Wagner/Fateh-Moghadam, Vol. 56 Soziale Welt 73, 88 (2005).
1045.
Fateh-Moghadam, Vol. 21 Medizinrecht 245, 254 (2003); Fateh-Moghadam et al., Vol. 22 Medizinrecht 82, 90 (2003).
1046.
Fateh-Moghadam, Vol. 21 Medizinrecht 245, 254 (2003).
1047.
Ibid., p. 246.
1048.
Cf. Fateh-Moghadam, in Schroth et al. (ed.) (2006), p. 173 f., who invalidates the argument immediately after presenting it.
1049.
Ibid., p. 174.
1050.
Fateh-Moghadam, Vol. 21 Medizinrecht 245, 254 (2003), p. 91; Fateh-Moghadam, in Schroth et al. (ed.) (2006), p. 176.
1051.
Sec. 8 III 2 Act on the donation, removal and transplantation of organs.
1052.
Ibid. Sec. 8 III 3, 4.
1053.
Fateh-Moghadam, Vol. 21 Medizinrecht 245, 246 ff. (2003); Fateh-Moghadam et al., Vol. 22 Medizinrecht 19, 20 (2004); Gutmann (2006), p. 56; Gutmann, in Middel et al. (ed.) (2010), p. 30; Wagner/Fateh-Moghadam, Vol. 56 Soziale Welt 73, 79 (2005).
1054.
Cf. Gutmann (2011), p. 6.
1055.
Fateh-Moghadam et al., Vol. 22 Medizinrecht 19, 21 (2004).
1056.
Fateh-Moghadam, Vol. 21 Medizinrecht 245, 246 ff. (2003).
1057.
Art. 29 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1058.
Art. 5¹ Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
1059.
Art. 24, 1 Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1060.
Art. 29 (1) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1061.
Ibid., Art. 29 (2).
1062.
Pancevski, Vol. 367 The Lancet 461, 461 (2006).
1063.
University Hospital St.Ekaterina (2004).
1064.
Art. 24, 1 Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1065.
Art. 5¹ Law on Donation and Transplantation of Human Tissues, Cells and Organs.
1066.
Sec. 16 (1) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
1067.
Art. 42, 2. The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
1068.
Art. 63 Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1069.
Sec. 16 (3) Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
1070.
Art. 42, 2. The Cell, Tissue and Organ Recovery, Storage and Transplantation Act.
1071.
Art. 63 Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1072.
Sec. 4 II Act on the Medical Use of Human Organs and Tissues.
1073.
Ibid., Sec. 26.
1074.
Sec. 8 Transplant Act.
1075.
Ibid., Sec. 17.
1076.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden 1997, The Swedish Transplant Act, Guidance on the provisions, Sec. 17.
1077.
Art. 68 I Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1078.
Reg. 6 (1) Human Organ and Tissue Live Transplants (Scotland) Regulations 2006.
1079.
Sec. 13 (2) & (3) Human Tissue Act 2004 Regulations 2006.
1080.
Ibid., Sec. 13 (1).
1081.
Fateh-Moghadam, Vol. 21 Medizinrecht 245, 252 (2003).
1082.
Cf. Neft, Vol. 20 Neue Zeitschrift für Sozialrecht 566, 566 (2011).
1083.
The following presentation is only fragmentary, as it does not include all countries considered.
1084.
Art. 4, Sec. 2 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
1085.
Art. 16 Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1086.
Sec. 207 (2) Act on Health.
1087.
Sec. 19 Law on the Protection of the Body of Deceased Human Beings and the Use of Human Tissues and Organs in Medicine.
1088.
Art. 4, Sec. 2 Law on Retrieval and Transplantation of Organs.
1089.
Art. 16 (1) Law of the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1090.
Ibid., Art. 16 (3).
1091.
Ibid., Art. 16 (1).
1092.
Sec. 210 Act on Health.
1093.
Sec. 19 Law on the Protection of the Body of Deceased Human Beings and the Use of Human Tissues and Organs in Medicine.
1094.
As an argument in favour of this, it is stated that LOD saves money for the recipient’s health insurance. First, LOD saves about 180,000 € in ten years in comparison to dialysis (Teubner (2006), p. 4. The calculation is based on Landtag of Bavaria printed papers 14/1450, p. 3). Second, the recipient can resume working after living organ transplantation and therefore pays a higher amount of premium to her health insurance (Teubner (2006), p. 4; cf. Viehbahn, in Höfling (ed.) (2008), p. 10).
1095.
Sec. 35 a Law on the Public Health Insurance.
1096.
Sec. 22 II, Sec. 21 I h Transplantation Act on Donation, Removal and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and on the Amendment of some Acts.
1097.
Sec. 14 Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Act.
1098.
Ibid., Sec. 15 (1).
1099.
Ibid., Sec. 15 (2).
1100.
Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 60; German Federal Social Court [Bundessozialgericht], 12 December, 1972, Case No. 3 RK 47/70; cf. Neumann/Neuhaus/Schmeding, Vol. 81 Der Chirurg 804, 811 (2010).
1101.
Bundestag printed paper 15/5050 (2005), p. 60 f.; Hohmann (2003), p. 132; cf. Neft, Vol. 20 Neue Zeitschrift für Sozialrecht 566, 567 (2011).
1102.
Sec. 23 Transplantation Act in conjunction with Sec. 2 I Nr. 13 b Code of Social Law VII.
1103.
Gutmann (2006), p. 90 f.; Gutmann, in Middel et al. (ed.) (2010), p. 31; Gutmann (2011), p. 7.
1104.
Ärztezeitung (2012).
1105.
Ärztezeitung (2012); Jus@Publicum (2012).
1106.
Ärztezeitung (2012).
1107.
Ärztezeitung (2012); Jus@Publicum (2012).
1108.
Ärztezeitung (2012).
1109.
Ibid.
1110.
Bundestag (2012).
1111.
Ibid.
1112.
Ibid.
1113.
Bundesrat printed paper 292/12 (2012), p. 11.
1114.
Ibid.
1115.
Art. 14 Federal Act on the Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1116.
Sec. 120 II General Social Insurance Law.
1117.
Information from S. Füszl.
1118.
Art. 9, 1 Law on Harvesting and Transplanting Human Organs and Tissues.
1119.
Ibid., Art. 9, 2.
1120.
Art. 29 Law on the Transplant of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells.
1121.
Finnish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (2010).

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Faculty of Law, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Leonie Lopp

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Leonie Lopp
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Lopp, L. (2013). Comparative Analysis of European Transplant Laws Regarding Living Organ Donation. In: Regulations Regarding Living Organ Donation in Europe. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33799-4_3

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33799-4_3
Published: 18 February 2013
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-33798-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-33799-4
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