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Synaptic Vesicle Proteins: Targets and Routes for Botulinum Neurotoxins

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Botulinum Neurotoxins

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 364))

Abstract

Synaptic vesicles (SV) are key organelles of neuronal communication. SV are responsible for the storage of neurotransmitters, which are released by Ca2+-dependent exocytosis. After release and interaction with postsynaptic receptors, transmitters rapidly diffuse out of the synaptic cleft and are sequestered by plasma membrane transporters (in some cases following enzymatic conversion). SVs undergo endocytosis and are refilled by specific vesicular transmitter transporters different in the various neuronal subtypes. Besides these differences, SVs in general are equipped with a remarkable common set of proteins. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) inhibit neurotransmitter release from almost all types of neurons by cleaving proteins required for membrane fusion localized either to SVs (synaptobrevin) or to the plasma membrane (SNAP-25 and syntaxin) depending on the BoNT serotype. To enter the neuronal cytoplasm, BoNTs specifically interact with the luminal domain of SV proteins (synaptotagmin or SV2, depending on serotype) transiently exposed during exocytotic membrane fusion and occurring in almost every neuron. Thus, the highly specific interaction with luminal domains of SV proteins commonly expressed on all SV types is one reason why BoNTs exhibit such a high neuronal specificity but attack almost every neuron type.

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Abbreviations

BoNTs:

Botulinum neurotoxin

ClC3:

Chloride exchanger 3

Habc:

N-terminal a-helical domain of syntaxin

HC:

Heavy chain

LC:

Light chain

SNAP:

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein

SNARE:

SNAP receptor) complex

SNAP-25:

Synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa

SV:

Synaptic vesicle

SV2:

Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2

Syt:

Synaptotagmin

TI-VAMP:

Tetanus toxin insensitive VMAP

VAMP:

Vesicle-associated membrane protein

V-ATPase:

Vacuolar proton ATPase

VGLUT:

Vesicular glutamate transporter

VGAT:

Vesicular GABA transporter

VMAT:

Vesicular monoamine transporter

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. AG Functional Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Philippstr 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany

    Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger, Agnieszka Münster-Wandowski & Markus Höltje

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  1. Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger
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  2. Agnieszka Münster-Wandowski
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  3. Markus Höltje
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Correspondence to Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger .

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  1. , Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany

    Andreas Rummel

  2. , Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany

    Thomas Binz

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Ahnert-Hilger, G., Münster-Wandowski, A., Höltje, M. (2012). Synaptic Vesicle Proteins: Targets and Routes for Botulinum Neurotoxins. In: Rummel, A., Binz, T. (eds) Botulinum Neurotoxins. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 364. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33570-9_8

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