Zusammenfassung
Um ein sozial-ökologisches, kontextbezogenes Verständnis von Resilienz zu entwickeln, werden wir im Folgenden drei Prinzipien diskutieren: (1) Die Umwelt ist wichtiger als die Anlage, (2) die Wirkung resilienzbezogener Prozesse hängt von der Risikobelastung ab, (3) Kontext und Kultur beeinflussen protektive Prozesse. Sie zeigen weltweit Homogenität und Heterogenität. Es mag sein, dass sich ein gewisser Prozentsatz von Personen innerhalb einer Population, die sehr ungünstigen Bedingungen ausgesetzt ist, trotz aller Widrigkeiten behaupten wird. Mit unserer Auffassung von Resilienz verbindet sich jedoch die Überzeugung, dass wir für die meisten Menschen eine positive Entwicklung wahrscheinlicher machen können und auch die gefährdetsten Menschen sich positiv entwickeln können, wenn wir durch die Veränderung ihrer Umwelt förderliche Bedingungen schaffen (Rutter 2007). Wie Scheper-Hughes (2008) zeigt, können sich Menschen – als wären sie biologisch entsprechend vorprogrammiert – widerstandsfähig zeigen. Aber erst unsere Gedanken, Handlungen und die uns zur Verfügung stehende Unterstützung machen es uns möglich, Resilienz zu zeigen: „While theories of human vulnerability and trauma acknowledge the weight of the world on the lives of the poor, the excluded, and the oppressed, human frailty is matched by a possibly even bio-evolutionarily derived, certainly historically situated, and culturally elaborated capacity for resilience. While for many years searching in the nooks and crannies of oppressed and excluded communities for political mobilizations and organized resistance in the face of terror as usual, I found, instead, forms of everyday resilience“ (ebd., S. 52). Diese alltägliche Resilienz erwächst aus unterschiedlichen Prozessen wie sozialer Integration, gegenseitiger Unterstützung und der Gewährung von Sicherheit – all dies sind Aspekte einer Gemeinschaft, die Individuen gemeinsam beeinflussen können. Diese eher ökologische Perspektive von Resilienz steht hier im Zentrum unserer Betrachtung.
(Übersetzung: Judith Whittaker-Stemmler, Jens Pfeiffer, Gerhard Stemmler)
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Ungar, M. et al. (2013). Resilienz: Stärken und Ressourcen im Jugendalter. In: Steinebach, C., Gharabaghi, K. (eds) Resilienzförderung im Jugendalter. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33048-3_1
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