Abstract
The TRANSCEND approach to peace is inspired by the medical approach to health, based on Diagnosis-Prognosis-Therapy. The method is dialogues with all parties and parties inside parties, high up, low down and side wards, to map the conflict in terms of parties and their goals, to explore the legitimacy of the goals using law, human right and basic needs, and then to go for the overarching bridge between legitimate goals to some new reality accommodating all parties in the sense that they find that outcome preferable to the alternatives: imposing one party-goal over the others (‘winning’), a bland compromise, or just doing nothing.
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Notes
- 1.
Conflict Literacy and Competence as an Approach to Peace. Keynote, European Psychological Association, Oslo 10 July 2009.
- 2.
For the general theory, with forty case studies, ten from each of the micro-meso-macro-mega levels, see Johan Galtung, Transcend & Transform, London, Boulder CO: PLUTO, Paradigm, 2004, now in 25 languages. The book has some more details on cases 5-7-9 in this paper.
- 3.
Galtung/MacQueen (2008: 261). (available from www.transcend.org/tup. The date at the end indicates when the mediation was concluded.).
- 4.
See Johan Galtung: “Regional Security Commissions: A Proposal”, Chap. 6 in Johan Galtung and Sverre Lodgaard, eds., Co-operation in Europe, Oslo: Norwegian Universities Press, 1970; pp. 73–83, particularly pp. 77–80. The proposal (p. 77) is “a United Nations' system of regional security commissions, standing in the same relation to the Security Council of the UN (UN Charter, Chap. 8, Articles 52, 53 and 54) as the regional economic commissions (ECE in Geneva for Europe, ECLA in Santiago de Chile for Latin America, ECA in Addis Ababa for Africa and ECAFE in Bangkok for Asia) have to ECOSOC, the Economic and Social Council. Thus, we are suggesting an SCE, SCLA, SCA and SCAFE” (p. 77, SCAFE would today be SCAP, "Asia–Pacific").
- 5.
Gradual Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction, by Charles Osgood, in An Alternative to War and Surrender, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1967; possibly the most important idea coming out of US peace studies during the Cold War.
- 6.
See Johan Galtung, There Are Alternatives, Nottingham: Spokesman, 1984, in eight languages, particularly Chap. 5.
Further Readings
Galtung J, MacQueen G (2008) Globalizing god: religion, spirituality and peace. TRANSCEND University Press, vol 4 www.transcend.org/tup.
Galtung J (1972) Christianity and the fight for peace, study encounter VIII(3), pp 1–14. Also as: Social structure, religious structure, and the fight for peace. In: essays in peace research I:348–366.
Galtung J (1993) Buddhism: a quest for unity and peace (Honolulu: Dae Won Sa Buddhist Temple of Hawaii 1988): 161. Reprinted by Sarvodaya Book Publishing Services, Colombo, Sri Lanka: VishvaLekha, pp 138.
Galtung J (1995) Religions hard and soft: how to strengthen the softer aspects, the contribution by religions to the culture of peace, Centre UNESCO de Catalunya, Barcelona, 12–18 Dec 1994, pp 57–64.
Galtung J (1995) The challenge of religion: transcendent or immanent, hard or soft?. In: Alan R, Roger W (eds) True to this earth: global challenges and transforming faith, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, pp 63–74.
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Galtung, J., Fischer, D. (2013). The Transcend Method in Conflict Mediation Across Levels. In: Johan Galtung. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32481-9_6
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