Abstract
We present an algorithm for the inference of some Multiple Context-Free Grammars from Membership and Equivalence Queries, using the Minimally Adequate Teacher model of Angluin. This is an extension of the congruence based methods for learning some Context-Free Grammars proposed by Clark (ICGI 2010). We define the natural extension of the syntactic congruence to tuples of strings, and demonstrate we can efficiently learn the class of Multiple Context-Free Grammars where the non-terminals correspond to the congruence classes under this relation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Joshi, A.K.: Tree adjoining grammars: how much context-sensitivity is required to provide reasonable structural descriptions? In: Dowty, D.R., Karttunen, L., Zwicky, A. (eds.) Natural Language Parsing, pp. 206–250. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1985)
Vijay-Shanker, K., Weir, D.J., Joshi, A.K.: Characterizing structural descriptions produced by various grammatical formalisms. In: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of Association for Computational Linguistics, Stanford, pp. 104–111 (1987)
Joshi, A.K., Levy, L.S., Takahashi, M.: Tree adjunct grammars. Journal of Computer and System Sciences 10(1), 136–163 (1975)
Joshi, A.K.: An introduction to tree adjoining grammars. In: Manaster-Ramer, A. (ed.) Mathematics of Languge. John Benjamins (1987)
Stabler, E.P.: Derivational Minimalism. In: Retoré, C. (ed.) LACL 1996. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 1328, pp. 68–95. Springer, Heidelberg (1997)
Engelfriet, J., Heyker, L.: The string generating power of context-free hypergraph grammars. Journal of Computer and System Sciences 43(2), 328–360 (1991)
Clark, A., Eyraud, R.: Polynomial identification in the limit of substitutable context-free languages. Journal of Machine Learning Research 8, 1725–1745 (2007)
Huybrechts, R.A.C.: The weak inadequacy of context-free phrase structure grammars. In: de Haan, G., Trommelen, M., Zonneveld, W. (eds.) Van Periferie naar Kern, Foris, Dordrecht, Holland (1984)
Shieber, S.M.: Evidence against the context-freeness of natural language. Linguistics and Philosophy 8, 333–343 (1985)
Angluin, D.: Learning regular sets from queries and counterexamples. Information and Computation 75(2), 87–106 (1987)
Angluin, D., Kharitonov, M.: When won’t membership queries help? Journal of Computer and System Sciences 50(2), 336–355 (1995)
Clark, A., Thollard, F.: PAC-learnability of probabilistic deterministic finite state automata. Journal of Machine Learning Research 5, 473–497 (2004)
Seki, H., Matsumura, T., Fujii, M., Kasami, T.: On multiple context-free grammars. Theoretical Computer Science 88(2), 191–229 (1991)
Kracht, M.: The Mathematics of Language. Studies in Generative Grammar, vol. 63, pp. 408–409. Mouton de Gruyter (2003)
Rambow, O., Satta, G.: Independent parallelism in finite copying parallel rewriting systems. Theoretical Computer Science 223(1-2), 87–120 (1999)
Kaji, Y., Nakanishi, R., Seki, H., Kasami, T.: The universal recognition problems for parallel multiple context-free grammars and for their subclasses. IEICE Transaction on Information and Systems E75-D(7), 499–508 (1992)
Clark, A.: Distributional learning of some context-free languages with a minimally adequate teacher. In: Proceedings of the ICGI, Valencia, Spain (September 2010)
Angluin, D.: Learning regular sets from queries and counterexamples. Information and Computation 75(2), 87–106 (1987)
Kanazawa, M.: A prefix-correct earley recognizer for multiple context-free grammars. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms, pp. 49–56 (2008)
Yoshinaka, R.: Polynomial-Time Identification of Multiple Context-Free Languages from Positive Data and Membership Queries. In: Sempere, J.M., GarcÃa, P. (eds.) ICGI 2010. LNCS, vol. 6339, pp. 230–244. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Clark, A., Eyraud, R., Habrard, A.: A Polynomial Algorithm for the Inference of Context Free Languages. In: Clark, A., Coste, F., Miclet, L. (eds.) ICGI 2008. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5278, pp. 29–42. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Clark, A.: A learnable representation for syntax using residuated lattices. In: Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Formal Grammar, Bordeaux, France (2009)
Okhotin, A.: Conjunctive grammars. Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics 6(4), 519–535 (2001)
Clark, A.: PAC-Learning Unambiguous NTS Languages. In: Sakakibara, Y., Kobayashi, S., Sato, K., Nishino, T., Tomita, E. (eds.) ICGI 2006. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4201, pp. 59–71. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Melamed, I.D.: Multitext grammars and synchronous parsers. In: Proceedings of NAACL/HLT, pp. 79–86 (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Yoshinaka, R., Clark, A. (2012). Polynomial Time Learning of Some Multiple Context-Free Languages with a Minimally Adequate Teacher. In: de Groote, P., Nederhof, MJ. (eds) Formal Grammar. FG FG 2010 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7395. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32024-8_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32024-8_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-32023-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-32024-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)