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Article 8 [Relations with Neighbouring Countries]

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Abstract

Art. 8 TEU was established according to Art. 1.10 of the Treaty of Lisbon. It is the Article through which the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), for the first time, obtains legal force in European primary legislation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Cf. Fischer (2010), p. 143.

  2. 2.

    The European Convention, Summary Report of the Plenary Session, CONV 696/2003, 30 April 2003, p. 9.

  3. 3.

    Schmalenbach, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 8 para 1.

  4. 4.

    Romano Prodi: A Wider Europe—A Proximity Policy as the key to stability. Speech in front of the Sixth ECSA-World Conference, Jean Monnet Project, Brussels, 5/6 December 2002, p. 4 et seq.

  5. 5.

    “A Secure Europe in a Better World”, European Security Strategy, Brussels, 12 December 2003.

  6. 6.

    “Wider Europe—Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours”, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM(2003) 104 final, Brussels, 11 March 2003; cf. also Emerson (2004), p. 7; “Wider Europe—Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours”, Resolution of the European Parliament, COM(2003) 104—2003/2018 (INI); “Wider Europe—Council Conclusions”, Council of Ministers of the European Union, 13 October 2003.

  7. 7.

    Cf. Hummer (2005), p. 238.

  8. 8.

    “Wider Europe—Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours”, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM(2003) 104 final, Brussels, 11 March 2003, p. 4 fn. 4.

  9. 9.

    “European Neighbourhood Policy”, Communication from the Commission, Strategy Paper, COM(2004) 373 final, Brussels, 12 May 2004, p. 2; cf. also Lannon (2008), p. 361; Holm (2005), p. 16 et seqq.; Edwards (2008), p. 46 et seq.

  10. 10.

    Kempe (2003/2004), p. 261.

  11. 11.

    Cf. Tassinari (2005), p. 3; Schmalenbach, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 8 para 1; Ludwig (2011), p. 175.

  12. 12.

    Cf. Blockmans and Lazowski (2006), p. 7; Van der Hout (2005), p. 23; Van der Hout (2005), p. 8.

  13. 13.

    Landaburu (2006), p. 1.

  14. 14.

    Cf. Bendiek (2008), p. 5 et seqq.

  15. 15.

    Stratenschulte (2004), p. 96.

  16. 16.

    Cf. Gloser (2007), p. 493; cf. also Häberle (2011), p. 707; for a more critical approach, cf. Bendiek (2008), p. 5 et seqq.

  17. 17.

    Cf. Van der Hout (2005), p. 13 et seq.; Vahl (2005), p. 9 et seq.

  18. 18.

    Cf. Oppermann (2009), p. 738 et seq.; Stratenschulte (2004), p. 95 et seq. As to Association Agreements, cf. also → para 21 et seq.

  19. 19.

    Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Strengthening the European Neighbourhood Policy, Strategy Paper, COM(2006) 726 final, Brussels, 4 December 2006, p. 13; cf. also Hummer (2005), p. 238; Gloser (2007), p. 493.

  20. 20.

    Action Plans, the central element of the ENP, are always bilaterally negotiated. Cf. → para 14–18.

  21. 21.

    Cf. Thym, in Grabitz et al. (2011), Art. 8 para 28.

  22. 22.

    Council of the European Union, Joint Declaration of the Prague Eastern Partnership Summit, Prague, 7 May 2009. The last report tracking the progress done in the implementation of the Eastern Partnership was published in May 2011; European Commission, Joint Staff Working Paper. Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2010. Report: Eastern Partnership, SEC(2011) 641, Brussels, 25 May 2011.

  23. 23.

    Cf. Liberti (2008), p. 93 et seqq.

  24. 24.

    European Commission, Joint Communication to the European Council, the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity with the Southern Mediterraneans, COM(2011) 200 final, Brussels, 8 March 2011; Hummer, in Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2007), Art. I-57 para 16; Emerson and Noutcheva (2005), p. 1 et seqq.

  25. 25.

    European Commission, Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A New Response to a Changing Neighbourhood. A review of European Neighbourhood Policy, COM(2011) 303, Brussels, 25 May 2011.

  26. 26.

    Joint Statement of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the countries of the European Union and of the wider Black Sea area, Kyiv, 14 February 2008; cf. also Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Black Sea Synergy—a new Regional Cooperation Initiative, COM(2007) 160 final, Brussels, 11 April 2007. A report on the first year of the implementation of the Black Sea Synergy describes the practical utility and potential of this new approach to EU regional policy. Cf. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Report on the First Year of Implementation of the Black Sea Synergy, COM(2008) 391 final, Brussels, 19 June 2008.

  27. 27.

    Cf. Oppermann (2009), p. 742.

  28. 28.

    Cf. for further references Kempe (2003/2004), p. 262 et seqq.

  29. 29.

    Cf. also Hummer (2002), p. 117 et seqq.

  30. 30.

    Schmalenbach, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 8 para 5; Kempe (2003/2004), p. 264 et seq.; Högenauer and Friedel (2008), p. 258; Johansson-Nogués (2007), p. 31.

  31. 31.

    Council and Commission Decision No. 97/800/EC Conclusion of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement O.J.L. 327 (1997).

  32. 32.

    Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament concerning relations with Russia, COM (2004) 106, 10 February 2004.

  33. 33.

    Schmalenbach, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 8 para 5; Stratenschulte (2004), p. 96; Van Elsuwege (2008), p. 334 et seqq.; cf. for further references also Hummer, in Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2007), Art. I-57 para 15.

  34. 34.

    Council of the European Union, Joint Statement on the Partnership for Modernization EU-Russia Summit 31 May–1 June 2010, Rostov-on-Don, 1 June 2010.

  35. 35.

    Blockmans and Lazowski (2006), p. 8.

  36. 36.

    Cf. for a discussion about Turkey and the ENP, Lippert (2005), p. 119 et seqq.

  37. 37.

    Cf. also Schmalenbach, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 8 para 4. With respect to Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City, one has to consider Declaration No. 3 on Art. 8 TEU. It states that the EU will take into account the particular situation of small-sized countries, which maintain specific relations of proximity with the Union. Cf. Hummer (2004), p. 84 et seqq.; Maresceau (2008), p. 305 et seqq.; → Art. 52 para 6.

  38. 38.

    Schmalenbach, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 8 para 6.

  39. 39.

    Gloser (2007), p. 493.

  40. 40.

    Cf. Hummer (2005), p. 240.

  41. 41.

    Gloser (2007), p. 493; Stratenschulte (2004), p. 96; Van der Hout (2005), p. 9; Tassinari (2005), p. 7.

  42. 42.

    “European Neighbourhood Policy”, Communication from the Commission, Strategy Paper, COM(2004) 373 final, Brussels, 12 May 2004, p. 3.

  43. 43.

    Cf. Gloser (2007), p. 494 et seq.

  44. 44.

    Schmalenbach, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 8 para 15.

  45. 45.

    Cf. for further references to the monitoring system, Hillion (2008), p. 321 et seqq. The last progress reports were finalised in May 2011. Cf. “Joint Staff Working Paper. Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2010. Sector Progress Report”, Communication from the Commission, COM(2011) 303, Brussels, 25 May 2011.

  46. 46.

    Decision 2006/356/EC, Decision 2005/690/EC, Decision 2004/635/EC, Decision 2002/357/EC, Decision 2000/384/EC, Decision 2000/204/EC, Decision 98/238/EC, concerning the conclusion of a Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and, respectively, the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the State of Israel, the Kingdom of Morocco and the Republic of Tunisia.

  47. 47.

    Council and Commission Decisions 99/602/EC, 99/614/EC, 99/515/EC, 98/401/EC, 98/149/EC on the conclusion of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine, of the other part, respectively; cf. also Hummer, in Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2007), Art. I-57 para 21.

  48. 48.

    Van der Hout (2005), p. 9.

  49. 49.

    “European Neighbourhood Policy”, Communication from the Commission, Strategy Paper, COM(2004) 373 final, Brussels, 12 May 2004, p. 2 et seq.

  50. 50.

    Cf. Van der Hout (2005), p. 16.

  51. 51.

    Cf. Nervi Christensen (2011), p. 68.

  52. 52.

    “European Neighbourhood Policy”, Communication from the Commission, Strategy Paper, COM(2004) 373 final, Brussels, 12 May 2004, p. 3.

  53. 53.

    Hummer, in Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2007), Art. I-57 para 2 et seq.

  54. 54.

    The conclusion of mixed agreements is therefore not necessary. Cf. Thym, in Grabitz et al. (2011), Art. 8 para 18.

  55. 55.

    The agreed deadlines of the Action Plans have not expired yet or were prolonged. Cf. e. g. “Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2008”, Progress Report Israel, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, SEC(2009) 516/2, Brussels, 23 April 2009, p. 2. As to Ukraine, in December 2008, negotiations were launched on a “New Practical Instrument” to replace the current Action Plan and prepare for and facilitate the implementation of the new EU-Ukraine Association Agreement once it enters into force. Cf. “Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2008”, Progress Report Ukraine, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, SEC(2009) 516/2, Brussels, 23 April 2009, p. 2.

  56. 56.

    “European Neighbourhood Policy”, Communication from the Commission, Strategy Paper, COM(2004) 373 final, Brussels, 12 May 2004, p. 8.

  57. 57.

    Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Strengthening the European Neighbourhood Policy, Strategy Paper, COM(2006) 726 final, Brussels, 4 December 2006, p. 2; “A strong European Neighbourhood Policy”, Communication from the Commission, COM(2007) 774 final, Brussels, 5 December 2007, p. 2; cf. for further references Emerson et al. (2007), p. 1 et seqq.

  58. 58.

    Cf. Van der Hout (2005), p. 7.

  59. 59.

    Cf. generally Schmalenbach, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 217 para 1 et seqq.

  60. 60.

    Hummer, in Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2007), Art. I-57 para 3.

  61. 61.

    Cf. Oppermann (2009), p. 742; Jaag (2010), p. 371; Alsen (2009), p. 230; Gromadzki (2007), p. 129.

  62. 62.

    Hummer, in Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2007), Art. I-57 para 21.

  63. 63.

    Schmalenbach, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 8 para 13. As a less intensive connection, there exists also the possibility to conclude trade or cooperation agreements (Art. 207 TFEU). Cf. for further references, Oppermann (2009), p. 738 et seqq.; Blockmans and Lazowski 2006, p. 12 et seqq.

  64. 64.

    Cf. e.g. Van der Hout (2005), p. 19.

  65. 65.

    Böttger (2010), p. 96. Cf. for other instruments, in particular the “Neighbourhood Investment Facility (NIF)” that focuses primarily on energy, environment and transport, Schmalenbach, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 8 para 17 et seq.

  66. 66.

    European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) No 1638/2006 laying down general provisions establishing a European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, O.J.L. 310/1 (2006).

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  1. Faculty for Economics, Law and Social Science, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany

    Hermann-Josef Blanke

  2. National Research Council Institute for Regionalism, Federalism and Self-Government, Rome, Italy

    Stelio Mangiameli

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    Hermann-Josef Blanke

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    Stelio Mangiameli

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Blanke, HJ., Mangiameli, S. (2013). Article 8 [Relations with Neighbouring Countries]. In: Blanke, HJ., Mangiameli, S. (eds) The Treaty on European Union (TEU). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31706-4_9

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