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Methods for the Detection of Gasotransmitters

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Gasotransmitters: Physiology and Pathophysiology

Abstract

The discovery of gasotransmitters, such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), represents great milestones in biology. Both the discovery and related study of these gasotransmitters have benefited from selective and sensitive detection methods. This chapter has briefly reviewed and compared the methods used for the detection and determination of these three gasotransmitters. For NO, the detection methods include small molecule organic chemoprobes, transition metal-based probes, capillary electrophoresis (CE), NO-selective electrodes, and protein-based probes. For H2S, the detection methods include chromatographic methods such as gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), reaction-based spectrophotometric methods such as fluorescent chemoprobes and electrochemical methods. CO detection in biological systems mainly focuses on measurement of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) saturation. Methods such as spectrophotometric methods, GC, and electrochemical methods are used in this field.

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Abbreviations

3MST:

3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase

BME:

β-mercaptoethanol

BODIPY:

4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene

CAT:

Cysteine aminotransferase

CBS:

Cystathionine β-synthase

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

cGMP:

3’,5’-cyclic guanosine monophosphate

CNS:

Central nervous system

COHb:

Carboxyhaemoglobin

CSE:

Cystathionine γ-lyase

Cys:

Cysteine

DAC:

Diaminocyanine

DAF:

4,5-diaminofluorescein

DAMBOs:

Diaminobenzene-BODIPY

DAN:

2,3-diaminonaphthalene

DAQ:

1,2-diaminoanthraquinone

DAR:

Diaminorhodamine

DAT:

2,3-naphthotriazol

DNS:

Dansyl

DPA:

Dipicolylamine

DTCS:

N-(dithiocarboxy)sarcosine

ECFP:

Enhanced cyan fluorescent protein

EDFR:

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

EYFP:

Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein

FID:

Flame ionization detector

FPD:

Flame photometric detector

FRET:

Förster resonance energy transfer

GC:

Gas chromatography

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

GSH:

Glutathione

Hb:

Hemoglobin or haemoglobin

Hcy:

Homocysteine

HEPES:

4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid

HHb:

Reduced haemoglobin

HO:

Heme oxygenase

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

ISE:

Ion selective electrode

LIF:

Laser-induced fluorescence

MetHb:

Methemoglobin

MT:

Metallothionein

NIR:

Near infrared

nNOS:

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

O2Hb:

Oxyhaemoglobin

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

PeT:

Photoinduced electron transfer

PFPD:

Pulsed flame photometric detector

PHSS:

Polarographic hydrogen sulfide sensor

PID:

Photoionization detector

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RSS:

Reactive sulfur species

SAOB:

Sulfide antioxidant buffer

SER:

Serine

SulphHb:

Sulphemoglobin

TCD:

Thermo conductivity detector

TEMPO:

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoxyl radical

UV:

Ultraviolet

CH4 :

Methane

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CuS:

Copper(II) sulfide

FeCl3 :

Iron(III) chloride

Fe(CN)3 :

ferricyanide

H2 :

Hydrogen

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

H2S:

Hydrogen sulfide

H2SO4 :

Sulfuric acid

H3PO4 :

Phosphoric acid

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

HS− :

Hydrosulfide anion

I2 :

Iodine

I2O5 :

Iodine pentoxide

K3FeCN6 :

Potassium ferricyanide

Mg2+ :

Magnesium cation

N2O3 :

Dinitrogen trioxide

Na2S2O4 :

Sodium dithionite

Na2SO3 :

Sodium sulfite

NaI:

Sodium iodide

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

NO2 − :

Nitrite anion

NO3 − :

Nitrate anion

NO2 :

Nitrogen dioxide

O2 :

Oxygen

O2 − :

Superoxide anion

ONOO− :

Peroxynitrite anion

PdCl2 :

Palladium chloride

S2− :

Sulfide anion

ZnCl2 :

Zinc chloride

Zn(OAc)2 :

Zinc acetate

ZnS:

Zinc sulfide

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Acknowledgments

Financial support for work conducted in the authors’ lab has been provided by the National Institutes of Health (GM084933), the Georgia Research Alliance, Georgia State University Molecular Basis of Disease (MBD) program, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT) program, and Georgia State University Fellowship.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302-4098, USA

    Hanjing Peng, Weixuan Chen & Binghe Wang

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  1. Hanjing Peng
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  1. , Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Heilbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria

    Anton Hermann

  2. , Department of Human and Animal Physiolog, Kazan Federal University, ul. Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia

    Guzel F. Sitdikova

  3. , Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria

    Thomas M. Weiger

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Peng, H., Chen, W., Wang, B. (2012). Methods for the Detection of Gasotransmitters. In: Hermann, A., Sitdikova, G., Weiger, T. (eds) Gasotransmitters: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30338-8_4

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