Skip to main content

Contrails: Visible Aviation Induced Climate Impact

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Atmospheric Physics

Part of the book series: Research Topics in Aerospace ((RTA))

Abstract

Contrails are aircraft induced linear ice particle clouds. In ice-supersaturated air masses, contrails persist and develop into contrail cirrus. Aviation changes cloudiness also by soot emissions and other aerosols. In the global mean, contrail cirrus warms the atmosphere. The local warming induced by a contrail varies strongly relative to the global mean, and may be positive or negative, depending on aircraft, route, solar and Earth-atmosphere parameters. Here we summarize present knowledge on contrails with respect to aviation and atmospheric research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Atlas, D., Wang, Z., Duda, D.P.: Contrails to cirrus—morphology, microphysics, and radiative properties. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. 45, 5–19 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, A.W.: The stratospheric circulation: a personnel history. SPARC Newsl. 15, 28–32 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt, U., Kärcher, B.: Global radiative forcing from contrail cirrus. Nature Clim. Change 1, 54–58 (2011). doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1068

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Busen, R., Schumann, U.: Visible contrail formation from fuels with different sulfur contents. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1357–1360 (1995). doi:10.1029/95GL01312

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietmüller, S., Ponater, M., Sausen, R., Hoinka, K.-P., Pechtl, S.: Contrails, natural clouds, and diurnal temperature range. J. Clim. 21, 5061–5075 (2008). doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2255.1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Duda, D.P., Minnis, P., Nyuyen, L., Palikonda, R.: A case study of the development of contrail clusters over the Great Lakes. J. Atmos. Sci. 61, 1132–1146 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahey, D.W., Schumann, U. (Lead-Authors), Ackerman, S., Artaxo, P., Boucher, O., Danilin, M.Y., Kärcher, B., Minnis, P., Nakajima, T., Toon, O.B.: Aviation-produced aerosols and cloudiness. In: Penner, J.E., Lister, D.H., Griggs, D.J., Dokken, D.J., McFarland, M. (eds.) Aviation and the global atmosphere. A special report of IPCC working groups I and III, pp. 65–120. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fichter, C.: Climate impact of air traffic emissions in dependency of the emission location and altitude, DLR Forschungsbericht 2009-22, ISSN 1434-84543, Oberpfaffenhofen, 152 pp (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Forster, L., Emde, C., Unterstrasser, S., Mayer, B.: Effects of three-dimensional photon transport on the radiative forcing of realistic contrails. J. Atmos. Sci. (2012) (to appear). doi:10.1175/JAS-D-11-0206.1

  • Freudenthaler, V., Homburg, F., Jäger, H.: Contrail observations by ground-based scanning lidar: cross-sectional growth. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 3501–3504 (1995). doi:10.1029/95GL03549

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frömming, C., Ponater, M., Burkhardt, U., Stenke, A., Pechtl, S., Sausen, R.: Sensitivity of contrail coverage and contrail radiative forcing to selected key parameters. Atmos. Environ. 45, 1483–1490 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.033

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuglestvedt, J.S., Shine, K.P., Berntsen, T., Cook, J., Lee, D.S., Stenke, A., Skeie, R.B., Velders, G.J.M., Waitz, I.A.: Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: metrics. Atmos. Environ. 44, 4648–4677 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.044

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gierens, K., Schumann, U., Helten, M., Smit, H., Marenco, A.: A distribution law for relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements. Ann. Geophys. 17, 1218–1226 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gierens, K., Kärcher, B., Mannstein, H., Mayer, B.: Aerodynamic contrails: phenomenology and flow physics. J. Atmos. Sci. 66, 217–226 (2009). doi:10.1175/2008JAS2767.1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Graf, K., Mannstein, H., Mayer, B., Schumann, U.: Some evidence of aviation fingerprint in diurnal cycle of cirrus over the North Atlantic. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Transport, Atmosphere and Climate (TAC-2), 22–25 June 2009, DLR-FB 2010-10, ISSN 1434-8454, Aachen and Maastricht, pp. 180–185 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Nazarenko, L., Lacis, A., Schmidt, G.A., Russell, G., Aleinov, I., Bauer, M., Bauer, S., et al.: Efficacy of climate forcings. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D18104 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005JD005776

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Haywood, J.M., Allan, R.P., Bornemann, J., Forster, P.M., Francis, P.N., Milton, S., Rädel, G., Rap, A., Shine, K.P., Thorpe, R.: A case study of the radiative forcing of persistent contrails evolving into contrail-induced cirrus. J. Geophys. Res. 114, D24201 (2009). doi:10.1029/2009JD012650

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Helten, M., Smit, H.G.J., Kley, D., Ovarlez, J., Schlager, H., Baumann, R., Schumann, U., Nedelec, P., Marenco, A.: In-flight comparison of MOZAIC and POLINAT water vapor measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 26087–26096 (1999). doi:10.1029/1999JD900315

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks, J., Kärcher, B., Lohmann, U.: Effects of ice nuclei on cirrus clouds in a global climate model. J. Geophys. Res. 116, D18206 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JD015302

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Höhndorf, F.: Beitrag zum Problem der Vermeidung von Auspuffwolken hinter Motorflugzeugen, Deutsche Luftfahrtforschung, Aerologisches Institut, Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug, FB No. 1371, 15 pp (1941)

    Google Scholar 

  • Immler, F., Treffeisen, R., Engelbart, D., Krüger, K., Schrems, O.: Cirrus, contrails, and ice supersaturated regions in high pressure systems at northern mid latitudes. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 1689–1699 (2008). doi:10.5194/acp-8-1689-2008

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwabuchi, H., Yang, P., Liou, K.N., Minnis, P.: Physical and optical properties of persistent contrails: climatology and interpretation. J. Geophys. Res. 117, D06215 (2012). doi:10.1029/2011JD017020

  • Jensen, E.J., Ackermann, A.S., Stevens, D.E., Toon, O.B., Minnis, P.: Spreading and growth of contrails in a sheared environment. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 13, 557–513, 567 (1998a). doi:10.1029/98JD02594

  • Jensen, E.J., Toon, O.B., Kinne, S., Sachse, G.W., Anderson, B.E., Chan, K.R., Twohy, C.H., Gandrud, B., Heymsfield, A., Miake-Lye, R.C.: Environmental conditions required for contrail formation and persistence. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3929–3936 (1998b). doi:10.1029/97JD02808

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, E.J., Toon, O.B., Vay, S.A., Ovarlez, J., May, R., Bui, P., Twohy, C.H., Gandrud, B., Pueschel, R.F., Schumann, U.: Prevalence of ice-supersaturated regions in the upper troposphere: implications for optically thin ice cloud formation. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 17253–17266 (2001). doi:10.1029/2000JD900526

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kärcher, B., Busen, R., Petzold, A., Schröder, F.P., Schumann, U., Jensen, E.J.: Physicochemistry of aircraft-generated liquid aerosols, soot, and ice particles. 2. Comparison with observations and sensitivity studies. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 17129–17147 (1998). doi:10.1029/98JD01045

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kärcher, B., Burkhardt, U., Unterstrasser, S., Minnis, P.: Factors controlling contrail cirrus optical depth. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 6229–6254 (2009a). SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2009-9-6229

    Google Scholar 

  • Kärcher, B., Mayer, B., Gierens, K., Burkhardt, U., Mannstein, H., Chatterjee, R.: Aerodynamic contrails: microphysics and optical properties. J. Atmos. Sci. 66, 227–243 (2009b). doi:10.1175/2008JAS2768.1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kärcher, B., Burkhardt, U., Ponater, M., Frömming, C.: Importance of representing optical depth variability for estimates of global line-shaped contrail radiative forcing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 19181–19184 (2010). doi:10.1073/pnas.1005555107

  • Lee, D.S., Fahey, D.W., Forster, P.M., Newton, P.J., Wit, R.C.N., Lim, L.L., Owen, B., Sausen, R.: Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century. Atmos. Environ. 43, 3520–3537 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewellen, D.C., Lewellen, W.S.: Large-eddy simulations of the vortex-pair breakup in aircraft wakes. AIAA J. 34, 2337–2345 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liou, K.N., Ou, S.C., Koenig, G.: An investigation of the climatic effect of contrail cirrus. In: Schumann, U. (ed.) Air traffic and the environment—background, tendencies and potential global atmospheric effects. Lecture notes in engineering, pp. 154–169. Springer, Berlin (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannstein, H., Meyer, R., Wendling, P.: Operational detection of contrails from NOAA-AVHRR data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 20, 1641–1660 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mannstein, H., Schumann, U.: Aircraft induced contrail cirrus over Europe. Meteorol. Z. 14, 549–554 (2005). doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, B., Kylling, A.: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations: description and examples of use. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 1855–1877 (2005). doi:10.5194/acp-5-1855-2005

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meerkötter, R., Schumann, U., Minnis, P., Doelling, D.R., Nakajima, T., Tsushima, Y.: Radiative forcing by contrails. Ann. Geophys. 17, 1080–1094 (1999). doi:10.1007/s00585-999-1080-7

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, R., Buell, R., Leiter, C., Mannstein, H., Pechtl, S., Oki, T., Wendling, P.: Contrail observations over Southern and Eastern Asia in NOAA/AVHRR data and comparisons to contrail simulations in a GCM. Int. J. Remote Sens. 28, 2049–2069 (2007). doi:10.1080/01431160600641707

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Minnis, P.: Contrails. In: Holton, J., Pyle, J., Curry, J. (eds.) Encyclopedia of atmospheric sciences. Academic Press, London, pp. 509–520 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Minnis, P., Young, D.F., Garber, D.P., Nguyen, L., Smith Jr, W.L., Palikonda, R.: Transformation of contrails into cirrus during SUCCESS. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1157–1160 (1998). doi:10.1029/97GL03314

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ovarlez, J., Gayet, J.F., Gierens, K., Ström, J., Ovarlez, H., Auriol, F., Busen, R., Schumann, U.: Water vapor measurements inside cirrus clouds in Northern and Southern hemispheres during INCA. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 60–61, 60–64 (2002). 10.1029/2001gl014440

    Google Scholar 

  • Palikonda, R., Minnis, P., Duda, D.P., Mannstein, H.: Contrail coverage derived from 2001 AVHRR data over the continental United States of America and surrounding areas. Meteorol. Z. 14, 525–536 (2005). doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penner, J.E., Chen, Y., Wang, M., Liu, X.: Possible influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cirrus clouds and anthropogenic forcing. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 879–896 (2009). doi:10.5194/acp-9-879-2009

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Petzold, A., Busen, R., Schröder, F.P., Baumann, R., Kuhn, M., Ström, J., Hagen, D.E., Whitefield, P.D., Baumgardner, D., Arnold, F., et al.: Near-field measurements on contrail properties from fuels with different sulfur content. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 29867–29880 (1997). doi:10.1029/97JD02209

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ponater, M., Marquart, S., Sausen, R.: Contrails in a comprehensive global climate model: parameterization and radiative forcing results. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 4164 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JD000429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponater, M., Marquart, S., Sausen, R., Schumann, U.: On contrail climate sensitivity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L10706 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005gl022580

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ponater, M., Pechtl, S., Sausen, R., Schumann, U., Hüttig, G.: Potential of the cryoplane technology to reduce aircraft climate impact: a state-of-the-art assessment. Atmos. Environ. 40, 6928–6944 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pruppacher, H.R.: A new look at homogeneous ice nucleation in supercooled water droplets. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 1924–1933 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sausen, R., Gierens, K., Ponater, M., Schumann, U.: A diagnostic study of the global distribution of contrails. Part I: present day climate. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 61, 127–141 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sausen, R., Schumann, U.: Estimates of the climate response to aircraft CO2 and NOx-emission scenarios. Clim. Change 44, 27–58 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, U.: On conditions for contrail formation from aircraft exhausts. Meteorol. Z. 5, 4–23 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, U.: Influence of propulsion efficiency on contrail formation. Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 4, 391–401 (2000). doi:10.1016/S1270-9638(00)01062-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, U.: A contrail cirrus predicition model. Geosci Model Dev. 5, 543–580 (2012). doi: 10.5194/gmd-5-543-2012

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, U., Wendling,P.: Determination of contrails from satellite data and observational results. In: Schumann, U. (ed.) Air traffic and the environment—background, tendencies and potential global atmospheric effects. Lecture Notes in Engineering, pp. 138–153. Springer, Berlin (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, U., Ström, J., Busen, R., Baumann, R., Gierens, K., Krautstrunk, M., Schröder, F.P., Stingl, J.: In situ observations of particles in jet aircraft exhausts and contrails for different sulfur-containing fuels. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 6853–6870 (1996). doi:10.1029/95JD03405

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, U., Busen, R., Plohr, M.: Experimental test of the influence of propulsion efficiency on contrail formation. J. Aircraft 37, 1083–1087 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, U., Graf, K., Mannstein, H.: Potential to reduce the climate impact of aviation by flight level changes. 3rd AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference No. 1020774, 1020771–1020722 (2011a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, U., Mayer, B., Gierens, K., Unterstrasser, S., Jessberger, P., Petzold, A., Voigt, C., Gayet, J.-F.: Effective radius of ice particles in cirrus and contrails. J. Atmos. Sci. 68, 300–321 (2011b). doi:10.1175/2010JAS3562.1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, U., Mayer, B., Graf, K., Mannstein, H.: A parametric radiative forcing model for contrail cirrus. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. 51 in press (2012) doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0242.1

  • Stordal, F., Myhre, G., Stordal, E.J.G., Rossow, W.B., Lee, D.S., Arlander, W., Svendby, T.: Is there a trend in cirrus cloud cover due to aircraft traffic? Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 2155–2162 (2005). doi:10.5194/acp-5-2155-2005

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Unterstrasser, S., Sölch, I.: Study of contrail microphysics in the vortex phase with a Lagrangian particle tracking model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 10003–10015 (2010). doi:10.5194/acp-10-10003-2010

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Unterstrasser, S., Gierens, K., Spichtinger, P.: The evolution of contrail microphysics in the vortex phase. Meteorol. Z. 17, 145–156 (2008). doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez-Navarro, M.R.: Life cycle of contrails from a time series of geostationary satellite images, DLR-FB 2010-19, 146 pp (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, C., Schumann, U., Jessberger, P., Jurkat, T., Petzold, A., Gayet, J.-F., Krämer, M., Thornberry, T., Fahey, D.W.: Extinction and optical depth of contrails. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L11806 (2011). doi:10.1029/2011GL047189

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ulrich Schumann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schumann, U., Graf, K., Mannstein, H., Mayer, B. (2012). Contrails: Visible Aviation Induced Climate Impact. In: Schumann, U. (eds) Atmospheric Physics. Research Topics in Aerospace. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30183-4_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30183-4_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-30182-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-30183-4

  • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics