Skip to main content

Analytical Methods for Determination of Bisphenol A

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Plastics in Dentistry and Estrogenicity

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical used in a wide range of applications. BPA presents estrogenic activity and consequently adverse effects may occur in organisms exposed even at low concentrations. Thus, sensitive analytical methods are required to identify and determine trace levels of this compound in various complex matrices.

In this chapter an overview of the currently analytical techniques is presented along with the requirements for achieving reliable analytical results. BPA is recovered from samples by employing various extraction techniques. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry are usually applied for the determination of BPA. These methods are considered more appropriate due to high sensitivity, selectivity and precision. The possible sources and occurrence of BPA in dental materials, environmental samples, food and biological samples is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rykowska I, Wasiak W (2006) Properties, threats, and methods of analysis of bisphenol A and its derivatives. Acta Chromatogr 16:7–27

    Google Scholar 

  2. Verschueren K (2009) Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals, 5th edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Markey CM, Michaelson CL, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM (2001) Alkylphenols and bisphenol A as environmental estrogens. In: Metzler M (ed) The handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 3, Endocrine disruptors, part I. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  4. EPA (2010) Bisphenol A Action Plan U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 29 Mar 2010

    Google Scholar 

  5. Vom Saal FS, Richter CA, Ruhlen RR, Nagel SC, Timms BG, Welshons WV (2005) The importance of appropriate controls, animal feed, and animal models in interpreting results from low-dose studies of bisphenol A. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 73:140–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Vom Saal FS, Hughes C (2005) An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 113:926–933

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Vandenberg LN, Hauser R, Marcus M, Olea N, Welshons WV (2007) Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reprod Toxicol 24:139–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Commission Directive 2011/8/EU of 28 January 2011 amending Directive 2002/72/EC as regards the restriction of use of Bisphenol A in plastic infant feeding bottles OJ L 26/11, 29 Jan 2011

    Google Scholar 

  9. ISO 18857-2 (2009) Water quality-determination of selected alkylphenols-part 2: gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of alkylphenols, their ethoxylates and bisphenol A in non-filtered samples following solid-phase extraction and derivatization

    Google Scholar 

  10. Polydorou O, Hammad M, König A, Hellwig E, Kümmerer K (2000) Release of monomers from different core build-up materials. Dent Mater 25:1090–1095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Eliades T, Hiskia A, Eliades G, Athanasiou AE (2007) Assessment of bisphenol A release from orthodontic adhesives. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 131(1):72–75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nathanson D, Lertpitayakun P, Lamkin M, Edalatpour M, Chou L (1997) In vitro elution of leachable components from dental sealants. J Am Dent Assoc 128:1517–1523

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hamid A, Hume WR (1997) A study of component release from resin pit and fissure sealants in vitro. Dent Mater J 13:98–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Eliades T, Voutsa D, Sifakakis I, Makou M, Katsaros C (2011) Release of bisphenol-A from light-cured adhesive bonded to lingual fixed retainers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 139:192–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pulgar R, Olea-Serrano F, Novillo-Fertell A, Rivas A, Pazos P, Pedraza V, Navajas JM, Olea N (2000) Determination of bisphenol A and related aromatic compounds released from Bis-GMA-based composites and sealants by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Environ Health Perspect 108(1):21–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Tarumi H, Imazato S, Narimatsu M, Mtsuo M, Ebisu S (2000) Estrogenicity of fissure sealants and adhesive resins determined by reporter gene assay. J Dent Res 79(11):1838–1843

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Joskow R, Barr DB, Barr JR, Calafat AM, Needham LL, Rubin C (2006) Exposure to bisphenol A from bis-glycidyl dimethacrylate-based dental sealants. J Am Dent Assoc 137:353–362

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sasaki N, Okuda H, Kato T, Kakishima H, Okuma H, Abe K, Tachino H, Tuchida K, Kubono K (2005) Salivary bisphenol A levels detected by ELISA after restoration with composite resin. J Mater Sci Mater Med 16:297–300

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fung EYK, Ewoldsen NO, St Germain HA Jr, Marx DB, Miaw CL, Siew C, Chou HN, Gruninger SE, Meyer DM (2000) Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol-A released from a dental sealant. J Am Dent Assoc 131:51–58

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Olea N, Pulgar R, Perez P, Olea-Serrano F, Rivas A, Novillo-Fertell A, Pedraza V, Soto AM, Sonnenschein C (1996) Estrogenicity of resin-based composites and sealants used in dentistry. Environ Health Perspect 104:298–305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Heemken OP, Reincke H, Stache B, Theobald N (2001) The occurrence of xenoestrogens in Elbe River and North Sea. Chemosphere 45:245–259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Quednow K, Püttmann W (2008) Endocrine disruptors in freshwater streams of Hesse, Germany: changes in concentration levels in the time span from 2003 to 2005. Environ Pollut 152:476–483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Fromme H, Kuchler T, Otto T, Pilz K, Muller J, Wenzel A (2002) Occurrence of phthalates and bisphenol A and F in the environment. Water Res 36:1429–1438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Voutsa D, Hartmann P, Schaffer C, Giger W (2006) Benzotriazols, alkylphenols and bisphenol A in municipal wastewaters and in the Glatt River, Switzerland. Environ Sci Pollut Res 13:333–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Jonkers N, Kohler HP, Dammshäuser A, Giger W (2009) Mass flows of endocrine disruptors in Glatt River during varying weather conditions. Environ Pollut 157:714–723

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Jeannot R, Sabik H, Sauvard E, Dagnc T, Dohrendorf K (2002) Determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in environmental samples using gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 974:143–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Arditsoglou A, Voutsa D (2008) Determination of phenolic and steroid endocrine disrupting compounds in environmental matrices. Environ Sci Pollut Res 15(3):228–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Arditsoglou A, Voutsa D (2008) Passive sampling of selected endocrine disrupting compounds using polar organic chemical integrative samplers. Environ Pollut 156:316–324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Pothitou P, Voutsa D (2008) Endocrine disrupting compounds in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants in Northern Greece. Chemosphere 73:1716–1723

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Arditsoglou A, Voutsa D (2010) Partitioning of endocrine disrupting compounds in waters and wastewaters discharged into coastal area of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Environ Sci Pollut Res 17:529–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Loos R, Hanke G, Umlauf G, Eisenreich SJ (2007) LC-MS-MS analysis and occurrence of octyl- and nonylphenol, their ethoxylates and their carboxylates in Belgian and Italian textile industry, wastewater treatment plant effluents and surface waters. Chemosphere 66(4):690–699

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pojana G, Gomiero A, Jonkers N, Marcomini A (2007) Natural and synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water, sediment and biota of a coastal lagoon. Environ Int 33:929–936

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Peters RJB, Beeltje H, van Delft R (2008) Xeno-estrogenic compounds in precipitation. J Environ Monit 10:760–769

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Belfoid A, van Velzen M, van der Horst B, Vethaak D (2002) Occurrence of bisphenol A in surface water and uptake in fish: evaluation of field measurements. Chemosphere 49:97–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Mauricio E, Diniz M, Petrovic M, Amaral L, Peres I, Barcelo D, Santana F (2006) A characterization of selected endocrine disruptor compounds in a Portuguese wastewater treatment plant. Environ Monit Assess 118:75–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Céspedes R, Lacorte S, Raldúa D, Ginebreda A, Barcelό D, Piña B (2005) Distribution of endocrine disruptors in the Llobregat River basin (Catalonia, NE Spain). Chemosphere 61:1710–1719

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Amiridou D, Voutsa D (2011) Alkylphenols and phthalates in bottled waters. J Hazard Mater 185:281–285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Casajuana N, Lacorte S (2003) Presence and release of phthalic esters and other endocrine disrupting compounds in drinking water. Chromatographia 57:649–655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Shao B, Han H, Hu J, Zhao J, Wu G, Xue Y, Ma Y, Zhang S (2005) Determination of alkylphenol and bisphenol A in beverages using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem Acta 530:245–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Cao XL, Corriveau J, Popovic S (2009) Levels of bisphenol A in canned soft drink products in Canadian markets. J Agric Food Chem 57:1307–1311

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Shao B, Han H, Tu X, Huang L (2007) Analysis of alkylphenol and bisphenol A in eggs and milk by matrix solid phase dispersion extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 850:412–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Casajuana N, Lacorte S (2004) New methodology for the determination of phthalate esters, bisphenol A, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, and nonylphenol in commercial whole milk samples. J Agric Food Chem 52:3702–3707

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Brenn-Struckhofova Z, Cichna-Markl M (2006) Determination of bisphenol A in wine by sol-gel immunoaffinity chromatography, HPLC and fluorescence detector. Food Addit Contam 23:1227–1235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Maragou NC, Makri A, Lampi EN, Thomaidis NS, Koupparis MA (2008) Migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles under real use conditions. Food Addit Contam 25:373–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Chang CM, Chou CC, Lee MR (2005) Determining leaching of bisphenol A from plastic containers by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 539:41–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Kawaguchi M, Ito R, Okanouchi N, Saito K, Nakazawa HJ (2008) Miniaturized hollow fiber assisted liquid–phase microextraction with in situ derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis of bisphenol a in human urine sample. J Chromatogr B 870:98–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Calafat AM, Ye X, Wong LY, Reidy JA, Needham LL (2008) Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003–2004. Environ Health Perspect 116:39–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fukata H, Miyagawa H, Yamazaki N, Mori C (2006) Comparison of Elisa- and LC-MS-based methodologies for the exposure assessment of bisphenol A. Toxicol Mech Method 16:427–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Ye XY, Kuklenyik Z, Needham LL, Calafat AM (2005) Automated on-line column-switching JPLC-MS/Ms method with peak focusing for the determination of nine environmental phenols in urine. Anal Chem 77:5407–5413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kim YH, Kim CS, Park S, Han SY, Pyo MY, Yang M (2003) Gender differences in the levels of bisphenol A metabolites in urine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 312:441–448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hennion MC (2000) Sample handling strategies for the analysis of organic compounds in environmental water samples. In: Barceló D (ed) Sample handling and trace analysis of pollutants. Techniques, applications and quality assurance, 1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  52. Reemtsma T, Quintana JB (2006) Analytical methods for polar pollutants. In: Reemtsma T, Jekel M (eds) Organic pollutants in the water cycle, 1st edn. Wiley-VCHW, Weinheim

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  53. Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S, Perez-Bendito D (2009) Analytical methods for the determination of bisphenol A in food. J Chromatogr A 1216:449–469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rezaee M, Yamini Y, Shariati S, Esrafili A, Shamsipur M (2009) Dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection as a very simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of bisphenol A in water samples. J Chromatogr A 1216:1511–1514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Wang X, Diao C-P, Zhao R-S (2009) Rapid determination of bisphenol A in drinking water using dispersive liquid-phase micro-extraction with in situ derivatization prior to GC-MS. J Sep Sci 32:154–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Yiantzi E, Psillakis E, Tyrovola K, Kalogerakis N (2010) Vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction of octylphenol, nonylphenol and bisphenol-A. Talanta 80:2057–2062

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Fontana AR, Munoz de Toro M, Altamirano JC (2011) One-step derivatization and preconcentration microextraction technique for determination of bisphenol A in beverage samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 59:3559–3565

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cunha SC, Almeida C, Mendes E, Fernandes JO (2011) Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol B in beverages and powdered infant formula by dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction and heartcutting multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam 28(4):513–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Salafranca J, Balle R, Nerin C (1999) Use of solid–phase microextraction for the analysis of bisphenol A and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether in food simulants. J Chromatogr A 864:137–144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. NIST/EPA/NIH (2002) Mass Spectral Library, version 2.0

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kawaguchi M, Inoue K, Yoshimura M, Ito R, Sakui N, Okanouchi N, Nakazawa H (2004) Determination of bisphenol A in river water and body fluid samples by stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ derivatization and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 805:41–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Nakamura S, Daishima S (2004) Simultaneous determination of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in river water by stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ acetylation and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1038:291–294

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hu Y, Zheng Y, Zhu F, Li G (2007) Sol-gel coated polydimethylsiloxane/b-cyclodextrin as novel stationary phase for stir bar sorptive extraction and its application to analysis of estrogens and bisphenol A. J Chromatogr A 1148:16–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Beltran A, Borrull F, Cormack PAG, Marcé RM (2010) Molecularly imprinted polymers: useful sorbents for selective extractions. TrAC 29(11):1363–1375

    Google Scholar 

  65. Watabe Y, Kondo T, Morita M, Tanaka N, Haginaka J, Hosoya KJ (2004) Determination of bisphenol A in environmental water at ultra-low level by high-performance liquid chromatography with a effective on-line pretreatment device. J Chromatogr A 1032:45–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Watabe Y, Hosoya K, Tanaka N, Kondo T, Morita M, Kubo T (2005) LC/MS determination of bisphenol A in river water using a surface-modified molecularly-imprinted polymer as an on-line pretreatment device. Anal Bioanal Chem 381(6):1193–1198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Alexiadou DK, Maragou NC, Thomaidis NS, Theodoridis GA, Koupparis MA (2008) Molecularly imprinted polymers for bisphenol A for HPLC and SPE from water and milk. J Sep Sci 31:2272–2282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lin Y, Shi Y, Jiang M, Jin Y, Peng Y, Lu B, Dai K (2008) Removal of phenolic estrogen pollutants from different sources of water using molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres. Environ Pollut 153:483–491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Tan F, Zhao H, Li X, Quan X, Chen J, Xiang X, Zhang X (2009) Preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction fibers for selective extraction of bisphenol A in complex samples. J Chromatogr A 1216:5647–5654

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gallart-Ayala H, Moyano E, Galceran MT (2010) Recent advances in mass spectrometry analysis of phenolic endocrine disruptors and related compounds. Mass Spectrom Rev 29:776–805

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hernando MD, Mezcua M, Gómez MJ, Malato O, Agüera A, Fernández-Alba AR (2004) Comparative study of analytical methods involving gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatization and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of selected endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewaters. J Chromatogr A 1047(1):129–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Dekant W, Völkel W (2008) Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring: methods, results and assessment of environmental exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 228:114–134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Geens T, Neels H, Covaci A (2009) Sensitive and selective method for the determination of bisphenol-A and triclosan in serum and urine as pentafluorobenzoate-derivatives using GC-ECNI/MS. J Chromatogr B 877:4042–4046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Inoue K, Kato K, Yoshimura Y, Makino T, Nakazawa H (2000) Determination of bisphenol A in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with multi-electrode electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B 749:17–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Sabatini L, Barbieri A, Violante FS (2005) Development and validation of a capillary high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantification of bisphenol A in air samples. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19:3468–3472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Inoue K, Kawaguchi M, Funakoshi Y, Nakazawa H (2003) Size-exclusion flow extraction of bisphenol A in human urine for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 798:17–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Gallart-Ayala H, Moyano E, Galceran MT (2007) Liquid chromatography /multi-stage mass spectrometry of bisphenol A and its halogenated derivatives. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 21:4039–4048

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Qubiňa A, Ballesteros B, Bou Crrasco PB, Galve R, Gascón J, Inglesias F, Snvicens N, Marco MP (2000) Immunoassays for environmental analysis. In: Barceló D (ed) Sample handling and trace analysis of pollutants. Techniques, applications and quality assurance, 1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  79. Commission decision of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. OJ L221/8, 17 Aug 2002

    Google Scholar 

  80. Mohapatra DP, Brar SK, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY (2010) Physico-chemical pre-treatment and biotransformation of wastewater and wastewater sludge-fate of bisphenol A. Chemosphere 78:923–941

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Commission Directive 2008/105/EC on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy, amending and subsequently repealing Council Directives 82/176/EEC, 83/513/EEC, 84/156/EEC, 84/491/EEC, 86/280/EEC and amending Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council OJ L 348/84, 24 Dec 2008

    Google Scholar 

  82. European Commission (2010) European Union risk assessment report. 4,4-isopropylidenediphenol (Bisphenol A)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Commission Directive 2002/72/EC relating to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs OJ L220/18, 15 Aug 2002

    Google Scholar 

  84. Commission Directive 2004/19/EC amending Directive 2002/72/EC relating to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. OJ L71/8, 10 Mar 2004

    Google Scholar 

  85. EFSA (2006) Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane (bisphenol A). EFSA J 428:1–75

    Google Scholar 

  86. EPA (2009) Integrated Risk Information System, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dimitra Voutsa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Voutsa, D. (2014). Analytical Methods for Determination of Bisphenol A. In: Eliades, T., Eliades, G. (eds) Plastics in Dentistry and Estrogenicity. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29687-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29687-1_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-29686-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-29687-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics