Abstract
Following the two Marmara earthquakes and the heightened possibility of a major earthquake in the Istanbul region, there has been a widespread awareness, in Turkey, of the significance of disaster preparedness. The 1999 Marmara earthquakes were followed by a series of disaster risk management activities by international organizations, the central and local governments, academic circles, and the public itself.
Even in such a sensitive municipality, we are also a unit under the department of the environment. The institutions do not have any authority, and they are not up-to-date about this matter.
M. Bilgin.
(Disaster Management Project, Kadikoy Municipality).
[Author’s translation].
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Three district municipalities—Kadıköy, Zeytinburnu, and Avcılar—within the borders of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality were selected for the purpose of this investigation, based on their proximity to the earthquake zone and differences in their socio-economic structures. In the selected municipalities, interviews were made to address an open-ended questionnaire comprised of twenty-six questions related to each municipality’s and district residents’ actions on disaster risk management. For further information on this research, please see Gencer (2011).
- 2.
The district of Kadıköy has the highest GDP per capita of the three locations. It also has the highest education rates and lowest annual growth rate among the three districts.
- 3.
Zeytinburnu, the first squatter district of Istanbul has the highest density and lowest education rates of the three districts.
- 4.
The district of Avcılar has the highest annual growth rate of the three districts despite its poor soil conditions. It also has the lowest economic level of the three.
- 5.
İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2006).
- 6.
World Bank (2005).
- 7.
“Yapı sektörüne deprem düzenlemesi” [Earthquake codification to construction sector], in: Yapı (Istanbul), 2006, 294 (May): 17.
- 8.
This legislation was revised in May 2012, making it mandatory for all buildings with permits to have compulsory earthquake insurance. A new article in this law explains that “In the event an earthquake disaster, the State does not have the obligation to offer loans or build new dwellings to those who did not have compulsory earthquake insurance” (Dogal Afet Sigortalari Kurumu (DASK) [Natural Disasters Insurance Institution]; at: http://www.dask.gov.tr/300.html (August 2012).
- 9.
This condition changed with the revised law in 2012. The new law, however, declares that DASK has the right not to provide insurance to dwellings that were built against the laws and projects (ibid.).
- 10.
“Mortgage dosyası” [Mortage file], in: Arkitera; at: http://www.arkitera.com, 3 November 2005>.
- 11.
According to the 2012 revisions to the Flat Ownership Law (634 Sayili Kat Mülkiyeti Kanunu), obstacles to retrofitting are removed. Accordingly, if there is a court rule stating that a building needs strengthening, this can be carried on without the need for all residents to agree. Building residents will collect retrofitting assessment as part of monthly maintenance and residents will no longer be able to make repairs or modifications in their own units that may damage the building’s main structure, without the 4/5 approval of the building residents. “634 S.lı Kat Mülkiyeti Kanunu—Son Eklenen Şerhler” [Number 634, Flat Ownership Law—Latest Articles], in: Kat Turk Hukuk Sitesi (Turkish Law Site); at: http://www.turkhukuksitesi.com/serhler.php?kid=66 (August 2012).
- 12.
Author’s translation.
- 13.
The team stresses that the SPDMI is a strategic plan, which is based on the principles of “(1)defining urban goals on the basis of current dynamics; (2)the permanent dialectic of goals-projects-repercussions; and (3)public and private agents acting in concert at all the stages of preparation and implementation.” (Borja and Castells 1997: 160).
- 14.
Indeed, some of the initial projects, and most notoriously that of the urban transformation projects in Yedikule—Kumkapi neighborhood in the Historical Peninsula, which required the relocation of a large Roma population have caused much debate and protests from the residents and professional planning circles.
- 15.
İBB (2007).
- 16.
Author’s translation.
- 17.
“Dünya mimarların’dan İstanbul için projeler” [Projects for Istanbul from the “world’s architects”], in Yapi 293 (April 2006):11, Istanbul: Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi.
- 18.
“Altı mimarın İstanbul’a ilişkin çözüm önerileri” [Solutions proposed by six architects for Istanbul]. Yapi 294: (May 2006): 63–75, Istanbul: Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi.
- 19.
“Altı mimarın İstanbul’a ilişkin çözüm önerileri” [Solutions proposed by six architects for Istanbul]. Yapi 294: (May 2006): 70, Istanbul: Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi.
- 20.
Author’s translation.
- 21.
Author’s translation.
- 22.
Author’s translation.
- 23.
İBB (2009).
References
Balamir M (2001) Recent changes in Turkish disasters policy: a strategical reorientation. In: Kleindorfer P, Sertel M (eds) Mitigation and financing of seismic risks: turkish and international perspectives. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 207–237
Borja J, Castells M (1997) Local and global: the management of cities in the infor-mation Age. In Belil M, Benner C (eds) United nations centre for human settlements. Earthscan, London
Ekinci O (2006) Kartal ve Küçükçekmece’deki ‘iş kazası’ [Work accident in Kartal and Küçükçekmece]. Yapı 294:38 Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi, Istanbul
Gencer EA (2011) Risk management strategies for the predicted earthquake hazard in Istanbul. In: Brauch HG, Spring OU, Kameri-Mbote P, Mesjasz C, Grin J, Chourou B, Dunay P, Birkmann J (eds) Coping with global environmental change, disasters and security threats, challenges, vulnerabilities and risks. Springer, Berlin, pp 655–667
Gurenko E Lester R, Mahul O, Gonulal SO (2006) Earthquake insurance in Turkey: history of the Turkish catastrophe insurance pool. World Bank, Washington
GGülersoy NZ, Balamir M, Bademli R, Türkoĝlu H, Özsoy A, Ünal Y, Erkut G, Eyidoĝan H, Tezer A, Yiĝiter R, Önem B, Arslanlı KY, Çiçek H, Şimşek G, Arslan B, Burnaz M, Şenol M, Taylan A, Özdemir B, Sarı B, Akın U (2003) The earthquake mitigation plan for Istanbul (EMPI)”, Boĝaziçi University [BU]; Istanbul Technical University [ITU]; Middle East Technical University [METU]; Yıldız Technical University [YTU], 2003a: Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul, 262–272. (Istanbul: Metropolitan Municipality of Istanbul, Geotechnical and Earthquake Investigation Department, Planning and Construction Directorate)
İBB (İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi) (2006) 5216 sayılı kanuna göre büyükşehir yetki alanı. [The greater municipality authority area according to law number 5216] http://www.ibb.gov.tr 23 February 2007
İBB (İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi) (2007) Zeytinburnu’ndaki ‘deprem dönüşüm’ çalışmaları 10 ilçede sürecek [The ‘earthquake transformation’ projects in Zeytinburnu will continue in 10 districts] http://www.ibb.gov.tr
İBB (İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi) (2009) 1/10,000 Olcekli İstanbul İl Çevre Düzeni Planı [1/100,000 scaled Istanbul Province Environment Regulation Plan]. IBB, Imar ve Sehircilik Daire Baskanligi, Sehir Planlama Mudurlugu, Istanbul. http://www.ibb.gov.tr/TR/Documents/ISTANBUL_CDP_GENEL_BILGI.pdf
Işıngör M (2006) Göçe zorlanan Küçükçekmeceli’nin görüşü alınmadı [The opinion of Küçükçekmece residents that are forced to migrate were not obtained]. Yapı 294:39. Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi, Istanbul
Kabasakal H, Say A, Inelmen K, Yilmaz A (2003) Structural design in the pre- and post-stages of an earthquake: an evaluation of the current administrative structure. BU [Boĝaziçi University]; ITU [Istanbul Technical Univer-sity]; METU [Middle East Technical University]; YTU [Yıldız Technical Univer-sity]: Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul. Metropolitan Municipality of Istanbul, Geotechnical and Earthquake Investigation Department, Planning and Construction Directorate, Istanbul, pp 215–249
Okten A, Sengezer B, Dinçer I, Batuk G, Koç E, Gül A, Evren Y, Seçkin E, Cekiç TI, Emem O (2003a) Yerleşim çalismaları [Settlement studies], in: Boĝaziçi Üniversitesi (BÜ); İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi (İTÜ); Orta Doĝu Teknik Üniversitesi (ODTÜ); Yıldız Teknik Universitesi (YTÜ): İstanbul icin deprem master planı [Earthquake master plan for Istanbul]. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Zemin ve Deprem İnceleme Müdürlüĝü, Planlama ve İmar Dairesi, Istanbul, pp 225–406
Ökten A, Saĝlam F, Şengezer B, Dinçer I, Batuk G, Demir H, Koç E, Gül A, Evren Y, Seçkin E, Çekiç TI, Emem O (2003b) Urban planning, legal issues, administration, finance. Boĝaziçi University [BU]; Istanbul Technical University [ITU]; Middle East Technical University [METU]; Yıldız Technical University [YTU]. Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul. Metropolitan Municipality of Istanbul, Geotechnical and Earthquake Investigation Department, Planning and Construction Directorate, Istanbul, pp 195–214
Oncüler A (2002) Turkish homeowners’ willingness to pay for earthquake mitigation measures. Paper presented at IIASA-DPRI meeting on integrated disaster Risk management, Laxenburg, Austria
Pusch C (2004) Preventable losses: saving lives and property through hazard risk management: a comprehensive risk management framework for Europe and central Asia. Disaster risk management working paper series 9. World Bank, Washington
Saĝlam F, Ökten A, Şengezer B, Dinçer İ, Demir H, Koç E, Gül A, Evren Y, Seçkin E, Çekiç T (2003) Hukuk çalışmaları [Legal studies], in: BÜ [Boĝaziçi Üniversitesi]; İTÜ [İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi]; ODTÜ [Orta Doĝu Teknik Üniversitesi]; YTÜ [Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi]: İstanbul icin deprem master planı [Earthquake master plan for Istanbul]. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Zemin ve Deprem İnceleme Müdürlüĝü, Planlama ve İmar Dairesi, Istanbul, pp 407–648
Smyth A, Altay G, Deodatis G, Erdik M, Franco G, Gülkan P, Kunreuther H, Luş H, Mete E, Seeber N, Yüzügüllü Ö (2004) Probabilistic benefit-cost analysis for earthquake damage mitigation: evaluating measures for apartment houses in Turkey. Earthq Spectr 20(1):171–203
TCBİB (Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlıĝı) (2005) Planlama ve imar kanun tasarısı taslaĝı. [Preliminary draft legislation on development and urbanization]. TCBIB, Teknik Araştırma ve Uygulama Genel Müdürlüĝü, Ankara
TMMOB SPO [TMMOB Sehir Plancıları Odası] (2005) İmar kanunu tasarısı taslaĝı ve yeni gelişmeler [Draft legislation on development and new developments]. Statement report. TMMOB SPO, Istanbul
TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası (TMMOB ŞPO) (2006a) 1/100.000 ölçekli İstanbul il çevre düzeni planı hakkında TMMOB şehir plancıları odası İstanbul şubesi’nin ön deĝerlendirme raporu [Preliminary evaluation report of the UCTEA chamber of planners about 1/100,000 scaled Istanbul province environment organization plan] Report, July (TMMOB ŞPO İstanbul Şubesi)
TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası (TMMOB ŞPO) (2006b) Kentsel dönüşüm deĝil rant amaçlı tasfiye yasası [Not “urban transformation” profit aspired discharge legislation] Press Release (Ankara)
TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası (TMMOB ŞPO) (2006c) İstanbul il çevre düzeni planını yargıya taşıdık [We transferred the Istanbul province environment organization plan to the judicatory] E-Bulletin (TMMOB ŞPO İstanbul Şubesi)
TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası (TMMOB ŞPO) (2007) Deprem, rant amaçlı kentsel dönüşüm yasasını meşrulaştırmak için kullanılmamalıdır!… [Earthquake should not be used to legalize profit aspired urban transformation legislation] Press Release
Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool [TCIP] (unpublished) An overview of the TCIP (Turkish catastrophe insurance pool)
Turkiye Cumhuriyeti İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (TCİBB) (1995) 1/50.000 ölçekli İstanbul metropoliten alan alt bölge nazım plan raporu [1/50,000 scaled Istanbul metropolitan area sub-region master plan report]. TCİBB, Planlama ve İmar Daire Başkanlıĝı, Şehir Planlama Müdürlüĝü, Istanbul
Türkiye Planlama Okulları Birliĝi (TPOB) (2006) Dönüşüm alanları hakkında kanun tasarısı ile ilgili Türkiye planlama okulları birliĝi tarafindan hazırlanan basın bildirisi [Press release, prepared by the union of Turkish planning schools, related to draft bill on transformation areas]. Press Release
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Turkey (2006) Local administration reform in Turkey. New Horizons UNDP Turkey Monthly Newsletter 3
Uyaroĝlu T (2005) Olası Marmara depremine ilişkin [About potential Marmara earthquake]. Yapı (Istanbul) 288:26–27
WB (World Bank) (2005) Istanbul seismic risk mitigation and emergency preparedness project. http://www.worldbank.org.tr
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gencer, E.A. (2013). Post-Disaster Planning and Risk Management in Istanbul. In: The Interplay between Urban Development, Vulnerability, and Risk Management. SpringerBriefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace(), vol 7. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29470-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29470-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-29469-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-29470-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)