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Pulmonary and cardiac sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage: time for active management?

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Applied Physiology in Intensive Care Medicine 2

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Abstract

Cardiac injury and pulmonary oedema occurring after acute neurological injury have been recognised for more than a century. Catecholamines, released in massive quantities due to hypothalamic stress from subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), result in specific myocardial lesions and hydrostatic pressure injury to the pulmonary capillaries causing neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPO). The acute, reversible cardiac injury ranges from hypokinesis with a normal cardiac index, to low output cardiac failure. Some patients exhibit both catastrophic cardiac failure and NPO, while others exhibit signs of either one or other, or have subclinical evidence of the same.Hypoxia and hypotension are two of the most important insults which influence outcome after acute brain injury. However, despite this, little attention has hitherto been devoted to prevention and reversal of these potentially catastrophic medical complications which occur in patients with SAH. It is not clear which patients with SAH will develop important cardiac and respiratory complications. An active approach to investigation and organ support could provide a window of opportunity to intervene before significant hypoxia and hypotension develop, potentially reducing adverse consequences for the longterm neurological status of the patient. Indeed, there is an argument for all SAH patients to have echocardiography and continuous monitoring of respiratory rate, pulse oximetry, blood pressure and electrocardiogram. In the event of cardio-respiratory compromise developing i.e. cardiogenic shock and/or NPO, full investigation, attentive monitoring and appropriate intervention are required immediately to optimise cardiorespiratory function and allow subsequent definitive management of the SAH.

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Abbreviations

ALI:

acute lung injury

CI:

cardiac index

CK-MB:

creatine phosphokinase-myocardial fraction

CVP:

central venous pressure

ECHO:

echocardiogram

ARDS:

acute respiratory distress syndrome

CPP:

cerebral perfusion pressure

EVLW:

extravascular lung water

HDU:

high dependency unit

ICP:

intracranial pressure

ICU:

intensive care unit

MAP:

mean arterial pressure

MPAP:

mean pulmonary artery pressure

Neuro obs:

neuroligical observation/assessment

NPO:

neurogenic pulmonary oedema

ODM:

oesophageal Doppler monitor

PAC:

pulmonary artery catheter

PAOP:

pulmonary artery occlusion pressure

PAP:

pulmonary artery pressure

PEEP:

positive end expiratory pressure

SAH:

subarachnoid haemorrhage

SBP:

systolic blood pressure

WFNS:

World Federation of Neurosurgeons grading for SAH

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anaesthesia, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK

    C. S. A. Macmillan

  2. Department of Anaesthesia, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

    I. S. Grant

  3. Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive care and Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

    P. J. D. Andrews

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  1. C. S. A. Macmillan
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  2. I. S. Grant
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  3. P. J. D. Andrews
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife Hall 606 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA

    Michael R. Pinsky MD

  2. Dept. Intensive Care Medicine, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 51 av. Maréchal Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, CX, France

    Laurent Brochard MD

  3. Dept. Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital de Sant Pau, Avda. S. Antonio M. Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain

    Jordi Mancebo MD

  4. General Intensive Care Unit, Università Cattolica des Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Massimo Antonelli

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Macmillan, C.S.A., Grant, I.S., Andrews, P.J.D. (2012). Pulmonary and cardiac sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage: time for active management?. In: Pinsky, M.R., Brochard, L., Mancebo, J., Antonelli, M. (eds) Applied Physiology in Intensive Care Medicine 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28233-1_10

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