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Estuary Processes and Managment

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River Dynamics and Integrated River Management

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Abstract

Deltas are classified into river-, wave-, and tide- dominated deltas according to the dominant forces; or fan deltas and braided deltas according to their geomorphic settings. Large river deltas can also be classified into male deltas and female deltas. Estuary floods are due to 1) subsidence of the land or islands; 2) tsunamis, hurricanes and storm surges; and 3) heavy rainstorms. The flooding risk and flood defense strategies are discussed with the Venice Lagoon, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Hurricane Kartrina and New Orleans, and Hong Kong as examples. Human activities pose a serious threat to the health of estuaries and coastal waters. In particular, semi-enclosed estuaries are often under pressure to serve as wastewater disposal areas, leading to a high risk of eutrophication and algal blooms. Wastewater is flushed through repeated exchange of the intertidal water volume between the embayment and the open water body: clean water entering the embayment during flood tide fills the intertidal volume, mixing with the existing water in the embayment and, as the tide falls, the intertidal volume of water discharges out of the embayment, removing the dissolved substance. Tidal flushing time is taken as the time required for a tracer mass to reduce to a certain level of the initial mass. Wetlands along coastal shorelines serve as natural barriers against flood damage and erosion due to wind, waves and currents. Mangrove plants are capable of transferring oxygen from the atmosphere to the roots and creating an oxygenated zone for nitrification around the roots while the surrounding sediments are reduced thus favoring de-nitrification. Various techniques of wastewater outfalls, protection of wetlands, and prediction of algal blooms are also discussed in this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Zhao-Yin Wang

  2. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China

    Joseph H. W. Lee

  3. Greenfield, Wisconsin, 53221, USA

    Charles S. Melching (Environmental Consultant)

Authors
  1. Zhao-Yin Wang
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  2. Joseph H. W. Lee
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  3. Charles S. Melching
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© 2015 Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Wang, ZY., Lee, J.H.W., Melching, C.S. (2015). Estuary Processes and Managment. In: River Dynamics and Integrated River Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25652-3_9

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