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Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanostructures: Nonlinear Effects and Anharmonicity

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Raman Spectroscopy for Nanomaterials Characterization

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Abstract

We have analyzed the influence of the annealing temperature, structural disorder, and the frequency of a continuous excitation laser radiation νL on the first- and the second-order Raman spectra of several nanostructured carbon materials including single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT), SWNT-polymer composites, and nanostructured single-crystalline graphites. Consideration of the high-order nonlinear effects in Raman spectra and anharmonicity of characteristic Raman bands (such as G, G′, and D modes) provides important information on the vibration modes and collective (phonon-like) excitations in such 1D or 2D confined systems

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Argon ion visible lines (8 UV lines and 2 IR lines are ignored): 454.6, 457.9, 465.8, 472.6, 476.5, 488.0, 496.5, 501.7, 514.5, 528.7 nm; Krypton ion visible lines (4 UV and 8 IR lines are ignored) 406.7, 413.1, 415.4, 468.0, 476.2, 482.5, 520.8, 530.9, 568.2, 647.1, 676.4 nm. The most common HeNe lasers by far produce light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm in the red portion of the visible spectrum. Green (543.5 nm), yellow (594.1 nm), and orange (604.6 and 611.9 nm) HeNe lasers are also available but are not nearly as “efficient” as the common red type ones since the spectral lines that need to be amplified are much weaker at these wavelengths (http://www.repairfaq.org)

  2. 2.

    If the two-phonon state is formed from phonons belonging to the same branch of the phonon dispersion curves and have equal energy, the corresponding state is called an overtone. If the two-phonon state represents the sum or difference of two phonons with unequal energy the state, it is termed a combination.

  3. 3.

    This band called iTOLA because it is attributed to a combination of two intra-valley phonons: the first from the in-plane transverse optical branch (iTO) and the second phonon from the longitudinal acoustic (LA) branch, iTO+LA, where the acoustic LA phonon is responsible for the large dispersion that is observed experimentally [69].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physics Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine

    A. P. Naumenko, N. E. Korniyenko & V. M. Yashchuk

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA

    Srikanth Singamaneni

  3. Materials Science and Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA

    Valery N. Bliznyuk

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  1. Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

    Challa S. S. R. Kumar

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Naumenko, A.P., Korniyenko, N.E., Yashchuk, V.M., Singamaneni, S., Bliznyuk, V.N. (2012). Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanostructures: Nonlinear Effects and Anharmonicity. In: Kumar, C.S.S.R. (eds) Raman Spectroscopy for Nanomaterials Characterization. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20620-7_7

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