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Echinoderm Diversity in Panama: 144 Years of Research Across the Isthmus

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Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America

Abstract

Panama has a diverse echinoderm fauna with 414 species recorded. This is comprised of 21 species of crinoids, 130 species of ophiuroids, 83 species of asteroids, 78 species of echinoids and 102 species of holothuroids. With the exception of crinoids, diversity of echinoderms in Panama is greater in the Pacific (270 species) than in the Caribbean (154 species). This contrasts to other invertebrate groups (e.g. corals, sponges and bryozoans), where unequal rates of speciation, extinction and migration have resulted in greater diversity in the Caribbean than in the Pacific. The earliest published article that included work on echinoderms from Panama dates back to Addison Emery Verrill in 1867, where he described new genera and species. This began a period of exploration during which most echinoderms species from Panamanian waters were described. From its inception in 1961, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute marine program in Panama has generated extensive ecological and evolutionary echinoderm research. This includes work on species distributions, population sizes, reproductive cycles, grazing and food preferences, associated organisms, bioerosion, and species die-offs. The majority of molecular phylogeographic studies in Panama have focused on echinoids, with only a few molecular studies on asteroids and ophiuroids, and none on crinoids or holothuroids. Sustainable aquaculture of echinoderms in Panama has not been developed, while the illegal extraction of bêche-de-mer continues to put pressure on holothuroid populations.

Resumen

Panamá posee una diversa fauna de equinodermos con 414 especies registradas. Estas están comprendidas en 21 especies de crinoideos, 130 especies de ofiuroideos, 83 especies de asteroideos, 78 especies de equinoideos y 102 especies de holoturoideos. Con la excepción de los crinoideos, la diversidad de equinodermos en Panamá es mayor en el Pacífico (270 especies) que en el Caribe (154 especies). Esto contrasta con otros grupos de invertebrados (e.g. corales, esponjas y briozoarios), donde diferentes tasas de especiación, extinción y migración han dado como resultado una mayor diversidad en el Caribe que el Pacífico. El primer artículo publicado que incluye información de equinodermos de Panamá proviene de Addison Emery Verrill, donde él describe nuevos géneros y especies en 1867. A partir de ese trabajo comienza un periodo de exploración durante el cual la mayoría de las especies de equinodermos de Panamá fueron descritas. Desde su establecimiento en 1961, el programa marino del Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales en Panamá ha generado una extensa investigación ecológica y evolutiva en equinodermos. Esto incluye trabajos de distribución de especies, tamaños poblacionales, organismos asociados, bioerosión, y mortandades de especies. La mayoría de los estudios moleculares filogeográficos en Panamá se han enfocado en equinoideos, con solo unos pocos estudios moleculares en asteroideos y ofiuroideos, y ninguno en crinoideos o holoturoideos. La acuicultura sustentable de equinodermos no se ha desarrollado en Panamá, mientras que la extracción ilegal de pepinos de mar continúa poniendo presión en las poblaciones de holoturoideos.

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Acknowledgments

Simon Coppard thanks SENACYT (La Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación) (Panama) who helped fund this project as part of project COL08-002 and David M. Rubenstein who funded Simon through a Smithsonian Rubenstein fellowship. Juan José Alvarado thanks Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT; Mexico) and Consejo Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICIT; Costa Rica). We are grateful to Edgardo Ochoa, Juan Sánchez, Angel Chiriboga and Dave Pawson for providing us with photographs. We appreciate the comments made by J. Cortés, J. Lawrence and H.A. Lessios that improved this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO BOX 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá

    Simon E. Coppard

  2. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica

    Juan José Alvarado

  3. Posgrado en Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, México

    Juan José Alvarado

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  1. Simon E. Coppard
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Correspondence to Simon E. Coppard .

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  1. Centro de Investigaciónes en Ciencias, del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Colombia

    Juan José Alvarado

  2. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Universitario s/n, México City, 04510, Mexico

    Francisco Alonso Solis-Marin

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Coppard, S.E., Alvarado, J.J. (2013). Echinoderm Diversity in Panama: 144 Years of Research Across the Isthmus . In: Alvarado, J., Solis-Marin, F. (eds) Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9_4

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