Abstract
Definition. Anemia in children 6 months to 6 years old and from 6 to 14 years is defined by Hg concentrations below 11 g/dl and 12 g/dl, respectively.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agre P, Orringer EP, Bennett V (1982) Deficient red-cell spectrin in severe, recessively inherited spherocytosis. N Engl J M306:1155–1161
Ataga KI, Orringer EP (2000) Bone marrow necrosis in sickle cell disease: a description of three cases and a review of the literature [In Process Citation.. Am J Med S320:342–347
Ballas SK, Park D (1996) Newborn screening for sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Hematol Onc18:418–419
Ballas SK, Larner J, Smith ED, Surrey S, Schwartz E, Rappaport EF (1987) The xerocytosis of Hb SC disease. Blood 69(1):124–130
Boxer LA, Boxer GJ, Flair RC, Engstrom PF, Brown GS (1972) Angiomatous lymphoid hamartoma associated with chronic anemia, hypoferremia, and hypergammaglobulinemia. J Pedia81:66–70
Brown AK, Sleeper LA, Miller ST, Pegelow CH, Gill FM, Waclawiw MA (1994) Reference values and hématologie changes from birth to 5 years in patients with sickle cell disease. Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc M148:796–804
Brugnara C, Zurakowski D, DiCanzio J, Boyd T, Platt O (1999) Reticulocyte hemoglobin content to diagnose iron deficiency in children [see comments. Jama 281:2225–2230
Buchanan GR, Sheehan RG (1981) Malabsorption and defective utilization of iron in three siblings. J Pediatr 98:723–728
Chilcote RR, Le Beau MM, Dampier C, Pergament E, Verlinsky Y, Mohandas N, Frischer H, Rowley JD (1987) Association of red cell spherocytosis with deletion of the short arm of chromosome 8. Blo69:156–159
Clarke GM, Higgins TN (2000) Laboratory investigation of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias: review and update. Clin Ch46:1284–1290
Cynober T, Mohandas N, Tchernia G (1996) Red cell abnormalities in hereditary spherocytosis: relevance to diagnosis and understanding of the variable expression of clinical severity. J Lab Clin M128:259–269
Dallman PR, Reeves JD, Driggers DA, Lo EY (1981) Diagnosis of iron deficiency: the limitations of laboratory tests in predicting response to iron treatment in i-year-old infants. J Pedia99:376–381
Delhommeau F, Cynober T, Schischmanoff PO, Rohrlich P, Delaunay J, Mohandas N, Tchernia G (2000) Natural history of hereditary spherocytosis during the first year of life. Blo95:393–397
Dessypris EN, Krantz SB, Roloff JS, Lukens JN (1982) Mode of action of the IgG inhibitor of erythropoiesis in transient erythroblastopenia of children. Blo59:114–123
Diggs LaB, A (1965) Intraerythrocytic hemoglobin crystals in sickle cell hemoglobin C disease. Blood 25:218
Donath JaLK (1904) Ueber paroxysmal hamoglobinurie. Munch Med Wochensc51:1590–1593
d’Onofrio G, Zini G et al. (1992) Automated measurement of red blood cell microcytosis and hypochromia in iron deficiency and beta-thalassemia trait. Arch Pathol Lab Med n6(1):84–89
Eber SW, Gonzalez JM, Lux ML, Scarpa AL, Tse WT, Dornwell M, Herbers J, Kugler W, Ozean R, Pekrun A, Gallagher PG, Schröter W, Forget BG, Lux SE (1996) Ankyrin-i mutations are a major cause of dominant and recessive hereditary spherocytosis. Nat Genet 13:214–218
Embury SH (1994) Sickle Cell Disease: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. Raven Press, New York
Embury SH, Scharf SJ, Saiki RK, Gholson MA, Golbus M, Arnheim N, Erlich HA (1987) Rapid prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anemia by a new method of DNA analysis. N Engl J M316:656–661
Ferguson BJ, Skikne BS, Simpson KM, Baynes RD, Cook JD (1992) Serum transferrin receptor distinguishes the anemia of chronic disease from iron deficiency anemia. J Lab Clin M119:385–390
Fessas P, Yatachanas X (1968) Intraerythroblastic instability of hemoglobin beta-4 (Hgb H.. Blo31:323–331
Fishbane S, Galgano C, Langley RC, Jr, Canfield W, Maesaka JK (1997) Reticulocyte hemoglobin content in the evaluation of iron status of hemodialysis patients. Kidney I52:217–222
Fodor FH and Eng CM (1999) Molecular exclusion of haemoglobin SD disease by prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 19(1): 58–60
Forget BG, Chang JG et al. (1988) Molecular genetics of the human beta-spectrin gene. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 101:149–154
Fujioka S, Yamada T (1994) Varying populations of CD59-negative, partly positive, and normally positive blood cells in different cell lineages in peripheral blood of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients. Am J Hemat45:122–127
Gallagher PG, Tse WT, Coetzer T, Lecomte MC, Garbarz M, Zarkowsky HS, Baruchel A, Ballas SK, Dhermy D, Palek J, et al. (1992) A common type of the spectrin alpha I 46-50a-kD peptide abnormality in hereditary elliptocytosis and pyropoikilocytosis is associated with a mutation distant from the proteolytic cleavage site. Evidence for the functional importance of the triple helical model of spectrin. J Clin Inve89:892–898
Garrick MD, Dembure P, Guthrie R (1973) Sickle-cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies. Procedures and strategy for screening employing spots of blood on filter paper as specimens. N Engl J M288:1265–1268
Geaghan SM (1999) Hématologie values and appearances in the healthy fetus, neonate, and child. Clin Lab Med 19:1–37, v
Ghanem A, Pothier B, Maréchal J, Ducluzeau MT, Morle L, Alloisio N, Feo C, Ben Abdeladhim A, Fattoum S, Delaunay J (1990) A haemolytic syndrome associated with the complete absence of red cell membrane protein 4.2 in two Tunisian siblings. Br J Haemat75:414–420
Glader BE (1999) Hemolytic anemia in children. Clin Lab M19:87–111, vi
Gongora-Biachi RA, Gonzalez-Martinez P, Sosa-Munoz J, Castro-Sansores C, Delgado-Lamas JL, Vazquez-Villegas V, Rico-Balzadua G, Herrera-Sánchez P, Selva-Pallares J, Gonzalez-Llaven J (1997) [Natural history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in adolescents, adults, and children: the Mexican experience. Sangre (Bar42:171–177
Goodman SR, Shiffer KA, Casoria LA, Eyster ME (1982) Identification of the molecular defect in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton of some kindreds with hereditary spherocytosis. Blo60:772–784
Goya N, Miyazaki S, Kodate S, Ushio B (1972) A family of congenital atransferrinemia. Blo40:239–245
Hall SE, Rosse WF (1996) The use of monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry in the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blo87:5332–5340
Hasle H, Heim S, Schroeder H, Schmiegelow K, Ostergaard E, Kerndrup G (1995) Transient pancytopenia preceding acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-ALL.. Leukemia 9:605–608
Hegyi T, Delphin ES, Bank A, Polin RA, Blanc WA (1977) Sickle cell anemia in the newborn. Pediatri60:213–216
Hernandez JA, Steane SM (1984) Erythrophagocytosis by segmented neutrophils in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. Am. Clin Path81:787–789
Hogan GR, Jones B (1970) The relationship of koilonychia and iron deficiency in infants. J Pedia77:1054–1057
Huebner K, Palumbo AP et al. (1985) The alpha-spectrin gene is on chromosome 1 in mouse and man. Proc Nati Acad Sei U S A 82(1):379O–3793
Husain SM, Kalavathi P, Anandaraj MP (1995) Analysis of sickle cell gene using polymerase chain reaction 8c restriction enzyme Bsu 361. Indian J Med R101:273–276
Kokori SI, Ioannidis JP, Voulgarelis M, Tzioufas AG, Moutsopoulos HM (2000) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 108:198–204
Kuvibidila S, Dardenne M, Savino W, Lepault F (1990) Influence of iron-deficiency anemia on selected thymus functions in mice: thymulin biological activity, T-cell subsets, and thymocyte proliferation. Am J Clin Nutr 51:228–232
Lafferty JD, Crowther MA, Ali MA, Levine M (1996) The evaluation of various mathematical RBC indices and their efficacy in discriminating between thalassemic and non-thalassemic microcytosis [see comments.. Am J Clin Path106:201–205
Lane PA, Rogers ZR, Woods GM, Wang WC, Wilimas JA, Miller ST, Khakoo Y, Buchanan GR (1994) Fatal pneumococcal septicemia in hemoglobin SC disease. J Pedia 124:859–862
Lee GR, MacDiarmid WD, Cartwright GE, Wintrobe MM (1968) Hereditary, X-linked, sideroachrestic anemia. The isolation of two erythrocyte populations differing in Xga blood type and porphyrin content. Blood 32:59–70
Lewis SM, Dacie JV (1967) The aplastic anaemia-paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria syndrome. Br J Haemat13:236–251
Lozoff B, Brittenham GM, Wolf AW, McClish DK, Kuhnert PM, Jimenez E, Jimenez R, Mora LA, Gomez I, Krauskoph D (1987) Iron deficiency anemia and iron therapy effects on infant developmental test performance [published erratum appears in Pediatrics 1988 8i(5):683. Pediatri79:981–995
Lux SE, Palek J (1995) Blood: Principles and Practice of Hematology. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA
Lux, SE, John KM et al. (1989) Cloning and characterization of band 3, the human erythrocyte anion-exchange protein (AEi). Proc Nati Acad Sei U S A 86(23): 9089–9093
Huebner, K., A. P. Palumbo, et al. (1985). The alpha-spectrin gene is on chromosome 1 in mouse and man. Proc Nati Acad Sei U S A 82(11): 3790–3793
Manabe Y, Seto S, Furusho K, Aoki Y (1982) A study of a female with congenital sideroblastic anemia. Am J Hemat 12:63–67
Mankad VN, Moore RB (1992) Sickle Cell Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Praeger, Westport, CT
Maugard C, Margueritte G, Tuffery S, Rabesandratana H, Démaille J, Claustres M (1997) Recurrent PIG-A mutation (IVS5+iG-A) in a paediatric case of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: detection by the protein truncation test. Br J Haemat98:21–24
McLeod AG, Pai M, Carter RF, Squire J, Barr RD (1999) Familial Evans syndrome: a report of an affected sibship. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 21(3):244–247
Meri S, Morgan BP, Davies A, Daniels RH, Olavesen MG, Waldmann H, Lachmann PJ (1990) Human protectin (CD59), an 18,000-20,000 MW complement lysis restricting factor, inhibits C5b-8 catalysed insertion of C9 into lipid bilayers. Immunolo71:1–9
Monzón CM, Beaver BD, Dillon TD (1987) Evaluation of erythrocyte disorders with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell distribution width (RDW). Clin Pediatr (Phil26:632–638
Morris MB, Lux SE (1995) Characterization of the binary interaction between human erythrocyte protein 4.1 and actin. Eur J Bioch231:644–650
Murakawa H, Bland CE, Willis WT, Dallman PR (1987) Iron deficiency and neutrophil function: different rates of correction of the depressions in oxidative burst and myeloperoxidase activity after iron treatment. Blood 69:1464–1468
O’Brien RT, Mclntosh S et al. (1976) Prospective study of sickle cell anemia in infancy. J Pediatr 89(2):1205–210
Old J, Petrou M, Varnavides L et al. (2000) Accuracy of prenatal diagnosis for haemoglobin disorders in the UK: 25 years’ experience. Prenat Diagn 20(12):986–991
Olivares M, Walter T, Cook JD, Hertrampf E, Pizarro F (2000) Usefulness of serum transferrin receptor and serum ferritin in diagnosis of iron deficiency in infancy. Am J Clin Nutr 72(5):1191–1195
Olivieri N (1998) Thalassaemia: clinical management. Baillieres Clin Haemat11:147–162
O’Neill BJ, Marshall WC (1967) Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria and measles. Arch Dis Child 42(222): 183–186
Oski FA, Honig AS, Helu B, Howanitz P (1983) Effect of iron therapy on behavior performance in nonanemic, irondeficient infants. Pediatri71:877–880
Palek J, Jarolim P (1993) Clinical expression and laboratory detection of red blood cell membrane protein mutations. Semin Hemat30:249–283
Palek J and Sahr KE (1992) Mutations of the red blood cell membrane proteins: from clinical evaluation to detection of the underlying genetic defect. Blood 80(2):308–330
Paltiel O, Falutz J, Veilleux M, Rosenblatt DS, Gordon K (1995) Clinical correlates of subnormal vitamin B12 levels in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Hemat49:318–322
Pangburn MK, Schreiber RD, Muller-Eberhard HJ (1983) Deficiency of an erythrocyte membrane protein with complement regulatory activity in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Proc Nati Acad Sei U S A 8o:543O–5434
Parra M, Gascard P, Walensky LD, Snyder SH, Mohandas N, Conboy JG (1998) Cloning and characterization of 4.1G (EPB41L2), a new member of the skeletal protein 4.1 (EPB41) gene family. Genomi49:298–306
Pearson HA (1973) Sickle cell anemia: clinical management during early years of life. In: Abramson H, Bertie JF, Weathers DL (eds) Sickle Cell Disease: Diagnosis, Management, Education and Research. Mosby, St Louis, MO
Pearson HA, Gallagher D, Chilcote R, Sullivan E, Wilimas J, Espeland M, Ritchey AK (1985) Developmental pattern of splenic dysfunction in sickle cell disorders. Pediatri 76:392–397
Pizarro F, Yip R, Dallman PR, Olivares M, Hertrampf E, Walter T (1991) Iron status with different infant feeding regimens: relevance to screening and prevention of iron deficiency. J Pedia118:687–692
Reddy PL, Bowie LJ (1997) Sequence-based diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies in the clinical laboratory. Clin Lab M17:85–96
Rosse WF (1996) Epidemiology of PNH. Lancet 348:560
Rosse WF, Ware RE (1995) The molecular basis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blo86:3277–3286
Rosti V (2000) The molecular basis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Haematologi85:82–87
Salama A, Mueller-Eckhardt C (1987) Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in childhood associated with noncomplement binding IgM autoantibodies. Br J Haemat 65:67–71
Savasan S, Warrier I, Ravindranath Y (1997) The spectrum of Evans’ syndrome. Arch Dis Child 77(3) 1245–248
Severin, CM (1989) In: Pochedly C, Sills RH, Schwartz AD (eds) Disorders of the Spleen: Pathophysiology and Management. Dekker, New York, pp 1–19
Skeppner G, Kreuger A, Elinder G (2002) Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood: prospective study of 10 patients with special reference to viral infections. J Pediatr Hematol Onc24:294–298
Sokol RJ, Hewitt S, Stamps BK, Hitchen PA (1984) Autoimmune haemolysis in childhood and adolescence. Acta Haemat72:245–257
Solomon LR, Hillman RS (1979) Vitamin B6 metabolism in idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia and related disorders. Br J Haemat42:239–253
Spector JI (1974) Juvenile achlorhydric pernicious anemia with IgA deficiency. A family study. Ja228:334–336
Stavem P, Romslo I, Hovig T, Rootwelt K, Emblem R (1985) Ferrochelatase deficiency in the bone marrow in a syndrome of congenital hypochromic microcytic anemia, hyperferremia, and iron overload of the liver. Scand J Gastroenterol Sup107:73–81
Stratton RF, Crudo DF, Várela M, Shapira E (1992) Deletion of the proximal short arm of chromosome 8. Am J Med Gen42:15–18
Tan KL, Tan R, Tan SH, Tan AM (1979) The twin transfusion syndrome. Clinical observations on 35 affected pairs. Clin Pediatr (Phil18:111–114
Tse WT, Lux SE (1999) Red blood cell membrane disorders. Br J Haemat104:2–13
Wang WC, Lukens JN (1999) Sickle cell anemia and other sickling syndrome. In: Lee GR, Foerster J, Lukens JN, Paraskevas F, Greer JP, Rodgers GM (eds) Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology, 10th edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
Ware RE, Hall SE, Rosse WF (1991) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria with onset in childhood and adolescence. N Engl J M325:991–996
Williams DM (1983) Copper deficiency in humans. Semin Hemat20:118–128
Wilson JB, Headlee ME, Huisman TH (1983) A new highperformance liquid Chromatographie procedure for the separation and quantitation of various hemoglobin variants in adults and newborn babies. J Lab Clin Med 102:174–186
Wishart MM, Davey MG (1973) Infectious mononucleosis complicated by acute haemolytic anaemia with a positive Donath-Landsteiner reaction. J Clin Pathol 26:332–334
Wolach B, Heddle N, Barr RD, Zipursky A, Pai KR, Blajchman MA (1981) Transient Donath-Landsteiner haemolytic anaemia. Br J Haemat48:425–434
Wollman MR, Penchansky L, Shekhter-Levin S (1996) Transient 7q-in association with megaloblastic anemia due to dietary folate and vitamin B12 deficiency. J Pediatr Hematol Onc18:162–165
Yang YM, Andrews S, Peterson R, Shah A, Cepeda M (2000) Prenatal sickle cell screening education effect on the follow-up rates of infants with sickle cell trait. Patient Educ Cou39:185–189
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Penchansky, L. (2004). Anemias. In: Pediatric Bone Marrow. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18799-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18799-5_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62296-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18799-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive