Abstract
The first examinations of the relations between solar wind variations and geomagnetic activity, represented by the Kp index, displayed the dependence of the Kp value on the solar wind speed v and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) intensity B (Coleman et al., 1961; Snyder et al., 1963).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akasofu S-I (1979) Interplanetary energy flux associated with magnetospheric substorms. Planet Space Sci 27: 425
Araki T, Kamei T, Iyemori T (1984) Polar cap vertical currents associated with northward interplanetary magnetic field. Geophys Res Let 11: 23
Armstrong JC (1974) Field-aligned currents in the magnetosphere. In: Magnetospheric Physics, ed McCormac BM, Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherland, 144
Armstrong JC, Zmuda AJ (1970) Field-aligned currents at 1100 km in the auroral region measured by satellite. J Geophys Res 75: 7122-7127
Arnoldy RL (1971) Signature in the interplanetary medium for substorms. J Geophys Res 76: 5189-5201
Axford WI (1964) Viscous interaction between the solar wind and the Earth’s magnetosphere. Planet Space Sci 12: 45-54
Baliff JR, Jones DE, Coleman PJ, Davis L, Smith EJ (1967) Transverse fluctuations in the interplanetarymagnetic field: a requisite for geomagnetic variability. J Geophys Res 72: 4357
Burch JL (1988) Energetic particles and currents: results from Dynamics Explorer. Rev Geophys 26: 215 Bythrow PF, Potemra TA (1983) The relationship of total Birkeland currents to the merging electric field. Geophys Res Lett 10: 573-576
Cloutier PA, Anderson HR (1975) Observations of Birkeland currents. Space Sci Rev 17:563-587
Coleman PJ, Sonett CP, Davis L (1961) On the interplanetary magnetic storm: Pioneer V. J Geophys Res 66: 2043-2046
Craven JD (1970) A survey of low-energy electron energy fluxes over the northern auroral regions with satellite Injun-4. J Geophys Res 75: 2468
Doyle MA, Rich FJ, Burke WJ, Smiddy M (1981) Field-aligned currents and electric fields observed in the regions of the day-side cusp. J Geophys Res 86: 5656-5664
Erlandson RE, Zanetti LJ, Potemra TA, Bythrow PF, Lundin R (1988) IMF BY dependence of Region 1 Birkeland currents near noon. J Geophys Res 93: 9804
Fairfield DH (1967) Polar magnetic disturbances and the interplanetary magnetic field. Space Res 8: 107
Fairfield DH, Cahill LJ (1966) Transition region magnetic field and pola magnetic disturbances. J Geophys Res 71: 6829-6846
Feldstein Yi (1966) Peculiarities in the auroral distribution and magnetic disturbance distributionin high latitudes caused by the asymmetrical form of the magnetosphere. Planet Space Sci 14:121
Foster JG, Fairfield DH, Ogilvie KW, Rosenberg TJ (1971) Relationship of interplanetary parameters and occurrence of magnetospheric substorms. J Geophys Res 76: 6971-6975
Frank LA, Garnett DA (1971) Distribution of plasmas and electric fields over the auroral zones and polar caps. J Geophys Res 76: 49-55
Friis-Christensen E, Wilhjelm J (1975) Polar cap currents for different directions of the interplanetary magnetic field in the Y-Z plane. J Geophys Res 80: 1248-1260
Friis-Christnsen E, Lassen K, Wilhjelm J, Wilcox JM, Gonzalez W, Colburn DS (1972) Critical component of the interplanetary magnetic field responsible for large geomagnetic effects in the polar cap. J Geophys Res: 77: 3371-3376
Fukushima N (1969) Equivalence in ground magnetic effect of Chapman-Vestine’s and Birkeland-Alfven’s electric current systems for polar magnetic storms. Rep Ion Space Res Japan 23: 219-227
Garrett HB, Dessler AJ, Hill TW (1974) Influence of solar wind variability on geomagnetic activity. J Geophys Res 79: 4603-4610
Gizler VA, Semenov VS, Troshichev OA (1979) The electric fields and currents in the ionosphere generated by field-aligned currents observed by TRIAD. Planet Space Sci 27: 223-231
Heppner JP (1972) Polar cap electric field distribution related to the interplanetary magnetic field direction. J Geophys Res 77: 4877-4887
Heppner JP, Stolarik JD, Wescott EM (1971) Electric-field measurements and the identification of currents causing magnetic disturbances in the polar cap. J Geophys Res 76: 6028-6053
Hirshberg J, Colburn DS (1969) Interplanetary field and geomagnetic variations – a unified view. Planet Space Sci 17: 1183-1206
Iijima T, Potemra TA (1976a) The amplitude distribution of field-aligned currents of northern high latitudes observed by Triad. J Geophys Res 81: 2165-2174
Iijima T, Potemra TA (1976b) Field-aligned currents in the dayside cusp observed by Triad. J Geophys Res 81: 5971-5979
Iijima T, Potemra TA (1978) Large-scale characteristics of field-aligned currents associated with substorms. J Geophys Res 83:599-615
Iijima T, Potemra TA (1982) The relationship between interplanetary quantities and Birkeland current densities. Geophys Res Lett 4: 442-445
Iijima T, Shibaji T (1987) Global characteristics of northward IMF associated (NBZ) fieldaligned currents. J Geophys Res 92: 2408
Iijima T, Potemra TA, Zanetti LJ, Bythrow PF (1984) Large-scale Birkeland currents in the day-side polar region during strongly northward IMF: A new Birkeland current system. J Geophys Res 89: 7441
Iwasaki N (1971) Localized abnormal geomagnetic disturbances near the geomagnetic pole and simultaneous ionospheric variation. Rep Ion Space Res Japan 25: 163-186
Kamide Y (1988) Electrodynamic processes in the Earth’s ionosphere and magnetosphere. Sangyo University Press, Kyoto, pp756
Kamide Y, Akasofu S-I (1976) The location of the field-aligned currents with respect to discrete auroral arcs. J Geopys Res 81:3999
Kamide Y, Baumjohann W (1993) Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, New York
Kamide Y, Matsushita S (1979) Simulation studies of ionospheric electric fields and currents in relation to field-aligned currents: 1 Quiet periods, 2 Substorms. J Geophys Res 84: 4083-4115
Kamide Y, Rostoker G (1977) The spatial relationship of field-aligned currents and auroral electrojet to the distribution of nightside auroras. J Geopys Res 82:5589
Kan JR, Lee LC (1979) Energy coupling function and solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo. Geophys Res Lett 6: 577
Kane RP (1974) relationship between interplanetary plasma parameters and geomagnetic Dst. J Geophys Res 79: 64-72
Klumpar DM, Burrows JR, Wilson MD (1976) Simultaneous observations of field-aligned currents and particle fluxes in the postmidnight sector. Geophys Res Lett 3: 395
Kokubun S (1972) Relationship of interplanetary magnetic field structure with development of substorm and storm main phase. Planet Space Sci 20: 1033-1050
Kuznetsov BM, Troshichev OA (1977) On the nature of polar cap magnetic activity during undisturbed periods. Planet Space Sci 25: 15-21
Kuznetsov BM, Korostelkina OL, Troshichev OA (1977) DP2 variation and electric fields in the polar cap. Geomagn Research 21: 34-40 (in Russian)
Langel RA (1975) Relation of variations in total magnetic field at high latitude with parameters of the IMF and with DP2 fluctuations. J Geophys Res 80: 1261-1270
Levitin AE, Afonina RG, Belov BA, Feldstein YI (1982) Geomagnetic variations and field-aligned currents at the northern high latitudes and their relation to the solar wind parameters. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser A 304: 253
Maezawa K (1976) Magnetospheric convection induced by the positive and negative Z components 0f the interplanetary magnetic field: quantitative analysis using polar cap magnetic records. J Geophys Res 81: 2289-2303
Maier EJ, Kayser SE, Burrows JR, Klumpar DM (1980) The suprathermal electron contributions to high-latitude Birkeland currents. J Geophs Res 85: 2003
Mansurov SM (1969) A new evidence for relationship between the space and earth magnetic fields. Geomagn Aeronomy 9: 768-770 (in Russian)
Matsushita S, Tarpley JD, Campbell WH (1973) IMF sector structure effects on the quiet geomagnetic field. Radio Sci 8: 963-972
McDiarmid IB, Burrows JR, Wilson MD, Burrows JR (1977) Reverse polarity field-aligned currents at high latitudes. J Geophys Res 82: 1513-1518
McDiarmid IB, Burrows JR, Wilson MD (1978a) Comparison of magnetic field perturbations on high latitudes with charged particles and IMF measurements. J Geophys Res 83: 681-688
McDiarmid IB, Burrows JR, Wilson MD (1978b) Magnetic field perturbations in the dayside cleft and their relationship to the IMF. J Geophys Res 83: 5753
McDiarmid IB, Burrows JR, Wilson MD (1979) Large-scale magnetic field perturbations and particles measurements at 1400 km on the dayside. J Geophys Res 84: 1431
Meng C-I (1976) Simultaneous observations of low energy electron precipitation and optical auroral arcs in the evening sector by the DMSP 32 satellite. J Geohys Res 81: 2771
Meng C-I, Tsurutani B, Kawasaki K, Akasofu S-I (1973) Cross-correlation analysis of the AE-index and the interplanetary magnetic field Bz component. J Geophys Res 78: 617-629
Mishin VM, Bazarzhapov AD, Nemtsova EI, Popov GV, Shelomentsev VV (1973) Influence of interplanetary magnetic field on magnetospheric convection and electric field in ionosphere. Preprint SibIZMIRAN N 5-73: 37p (in Russian)
Mishin VM, Bazarzhapov AD, Anistratenko AA, Aksenova LV (1978) Electric currents and magnetospheric convection caused by solar wind without magnetic field. Geomagn Aeronomy 18: 751-753 (in Russian)
Mishin VM, Shpynev GB, Bazarzhapov AD (1981) Large-scale electric field and currents in the high-latitude ionosphere and magnetosphere as a function of solar wind parameters. Adv Space Res 1: 159
Mozer FS, Gonzalez WD, Bogott F, Kelley MC, Schutz S (1974) High-latitude electric fields and the three-dimensional interaction between the interplanetary and terrestrial magnetic fields. J Geophys Res 79: 56-63
Murayama T, Hakamada K (1975) Effects of solar wind parameters on the development of magnetospheric substorms. Planet Space Sci 23: 75-91
Nagata T, Kokubun S (1962) An additional geomagnetic daily variation (Sqp field) in the polar region on a geomagnetically quiet day. Rep Ion Space Res Japan 16: 256-274
Nisbet JS, Miller MJ, Carpente LA (1978) Currents and electric fields in the ionosphere due to field-aligned auroral currents. J Geophys Res 83: 2647
Nishida A (1968a) Geomagnetic DP2 fluctuations and associated magnetospheric phenomena. J Geophys Res 73: 1795-1803
Nishida A (1968b) Coherence of geomagnetic DP2 fluctuations with interplanetary magnetic variations. J Geophys Res 73: 5549
Nishida A, Maezawa K (1971) Two basic modes of interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 76: 2254-2264
Obayashi T (1967) The interaction of solar plasma with geomagnetic field, disturbed conditions. In: King JW, Newman WS (eds) Solar terrestrial physics. N.Y., p107.
Pudovkin MI, Troshichev OA (1972) On the types of current patterns of weak geomagnetic disturbances at the polar caps. Planet Space Sci 20: 1773-1779
Pudovkin MI, Raspopov OM, Dmitrieva LA, Troitskaya VA, Shepetnov RV (1970) The interrelation between parameters of the solar wind and the state of the geomagnetic field. Ann Geophys 26: 389-392
Pudovkin MI, Heyn M, Lebedeva VV (1982) Magnetosheath parameters and their dependence on intensity and direction of the solar wind magnetic field. J Geophys Res 87: 8131
Rostoker G, Falthammar C-G (1967) Relationship between changes in the interplanetary magnetic field and variations in the magnetic field at the Earth’s surface. J Geophys Res 72: 5853-5863
Russel CT, McPherron RL, Burton RK (1974) On the cause of geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res 79: 1105
Sergeev VA, Kuznetsov BM (1981) Quantitative dependence of the polar cap electric field on the IMF BZ component and solar wind velocity. Planet Space Sci 29: 205-213
Shue JH, Weimer DR (1994) The relationship between ionospheric convection and magnetic activity. J Geophys Res 99: 401
Snyder CW, Neugebauer M, Rao NR (1963) The solar wind velocity anf its correlation with cosmic ray variations and with solar and geomagnetic activity. J Geophys Res 68: 6361-6370
Sumaruk PV, Feldstein YI (1973) Seasonal variations of the geomagnetic Z component changes in the near-pole region and their relation to sign of the YSE IMF component. Geomagn aeronomy 13: 545-546 (in Russian)
Svalgaard L (1968) Sector structure of the interplanetary magnetic field and daily variation of the geomagnetic field at high latitudes. Det Danske meteorologiske institute Charlottenlund preprint R-6
Troshichev OA (1975) Magnetic disturbances in polar caps and parameters of solar wind. In Substorms and magnetospheric disturbances. Nauka, Leningrad, pp 66-83, (in Russian)
Troshichev OA (1982) Polar magnetic disturbances and field-aligned currents. Space Sci Rev 32: 275-360
Troshichev OA (1984) Solar wind control of electric fields and currents in the magnetosphere and ionosphere. In: Proc. Conf. Achievements of the IMS, Graz, Austria, ESA SP-217, pp 407-416
Troshichev OA, Andrezen VG (1985) The relationship between interplanetary quantities and magnetic activity in the southern polar cap. Planet Space Sci 33: 415
Troshichev OA, Gizler VA (1978) Field-aligned currents and polar magnetic disturbances. Geomagn Research 23: 24-51 (in Russian)
Troshichev OA, Tsyganenko NA (1979) Correlation relationships between variations of IMF and magnetic disturbances in the polar cap. Geomag Research 25: 47-59 (in Russian)
Troshichev OA, Dmitrieva NP, Kuznetsov BM (1979a) Polar cap magnetic activity as a signature of substorm development. Planet Space Sci 27: 217
Troshichev OA, Gizler VA, Ivanova IA, Merkurieva AY (1979b) Role of field-aligned currents in generation of high latitude magnetic disturbances. Planet Space Sci 27: 1451-1459
Troshichev OA, Gizler VA, Shirochkov AV (1982) Field-aligned currents and magnetic disturbances in the dayside polar region. Planet Space Sci 30: 1033-1042
Vanjan LL, Osipova IL (1975) Electric conductivity of polar ionosphere. Geomagn Aeronomy 15: 847
Vasyliunas VM (1975) Theoretical models of field-line merging. Rev Geophys Space Phys 13: 303
Wilcox JM, Schatten KH, Ness NF (1967) Influence of interplanetary magnetic field and plasma on geomagnetic activity during quiet-sun conditions. J Geophys Res 72: 19-26
Wilhjelm J, Friis-Christensen E, Potemra TA (1978) The relationship between ionospheric and field-aligned currents in the day-side cusp. J Geophys Res 83: 5586
Winningham JD, Yasuhara F, Akasofu SI, Heikkila WJ (1975) The latitudinal morphology of 10-eV to 10-keV electron fluxes during magneticallybquiet and disturbed times in the 2100–0300MLT sector. J Geophys Res 80: 3148
Zmuda AJ Martin JH, Heuring FT (1966) Transverse magnetic disturbances at 1100 km in the auroral zone. J Geophys Res 71: 5033-5045
Zmuda AJ, Armstrong JC (1974) The diurnal flow pattern of field-aligned currents. J Geophys Res 79: 4611-4519
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Troshichev, O., Janzhura, A. (2012). Physical background (historical outline). In: Space Weather Monitoring by Ground-Based Means. Springer Praxis Books(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16803-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16803-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-16802-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-16803-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)