Abstract
The main categories of spine surgery include stabilization, decompression, and disc replacement. Stabilization is achieved by fixation and/or fusion, while decompression consists of resection bone and/or disc material. The basic types of spine surgery are listed in the table below, and examples are depicted throughout the chapter. Many of the procedures are performed in combination. For example, posterior fusion is often carried out with laminectomy in order to maintain adequate stability.
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Further Reading
Spine Decompression: Laminoplasty
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Laminotomy and Foraminotomy
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Laminectomy
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Facetectomy
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Microdiscectomy
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Pediculectomy
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Corpectomy
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Vertebrectomy
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Cordectomy
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Spine Stabilization and Fusion: Halo and Traction Devices
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Bone Graft Materials
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Implantable Bone Stimulators
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Screw Fixation for Dens Fractures
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Anterior Fusion
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Freudenberger C, Lindley EM, Beard DW, Reckling WC, Williams A, Burger EL, Patel VV (2009) Posterior versus anterior lumbar interbody fusion with anterior tension band plating: retrospective analysis. Orthopedics 32(7):492
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Anterolateral Fusion
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Posterior Fusion
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Hicks JM, Singla A, Shen FH, Arlet V (2010) Complications of pedicle screw fixation in scoliosis surgery: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35(11):E465–E470
Horn EM, Theodore N, Crawford NR, Bambakidis NC, Sonntag VK (2008) Transfacet screw placement for posterior fixation of C-7. J Neurosurg Spine 9(2):200–206
Kang HY, Lee SH, Jeon SH, Shin SW (2007) Computed tomography-guided percutaneous facet screw fixation in the lumbar spine. Technical note. J Neurosurg Spine 7(1):95–98
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Craniocervical Fusion
Ahmed R, Traynelis VC, Menezes AH (2008) Fusions at the craniovertebral junction. Childs Nerv Syst 24(10):1209–1224
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Harrington, Knodt, and Luque Rods
Mohaideen A, Nagarkatti D, Banta JV, Foley CL (2000) Not all rods are Harrington - an overview of spinal instrumentation in scoliosis treatment. Pediatr Radiol 30(2):110–118
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Vertebral Stapling
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Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib (VEPTR)
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Interbody Fusion
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Cauthen JC, Theis RP, Allen AT (2003) Anterior cervical fusion: a comparison of cage, dowel and dowel-plate constructs. Spine J 3(2):106–117; discussion 117
Kim KS, Yang TK, Lee JC (2005) Radiological changes in the bone fusion site after posterior lumbar interbody fusion using carbon cages impacted with laminar bone chips: follow-up study over more than 4 years. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30(6):655–660
Murtagh RD, Quencer RM, Castellvi AE, Yue JJ (2011) New Techniques in Lumbar Spinal Instrumentation: What the Radiologist Needs to Know. Radiology 260:317–330
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Dynamic Stabilization and Miscellaneous Devices of the Spine: Total Disc Replacement
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Murtagh RD, Quencer RM, Cohen DS et al (2009) Normal and Abnormal Imaging Findings in Lumbar Total Disk Replacement: Devices and Complications. Radiographics 29:105–118
Phillips FM, Garfin SR (2005) Cervical disc replacement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30(17 Suppl):S27–S33
Shim CS, Lee S, Maeng DH, Lee SH (2005) Vertical split fracture of the vertebral body following total disc replacement using ProDisc: report of two cases. J Spinal Disord Tech 18(5):465–469
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Nucleus Pulposus Replacement
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Posterior Dynamic Stabilization Devices
Barbagallo GM, Olindo G, Corbino L, Albanese V (2009) Analysis of complications in patients treated with the X-Stop Interspinous Process Decompression System: proposal for a novel anatomic scoring system for patient selection and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 65(1):111–119; discussion 119–120
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Lindsey DP, Swanson KE, Fuchs P et al (2003) The effects of an interspinous implant on the kinematics of the instrumented and adjacent levels in the lumbar spine. Spine 28(19):2192–2197
Sangiorgio SN, Sheikh H, Borkowski SL, Khoo L, Warren CR, Ebramzadeh E (2011) Comparison of three posterior dynamic stabilization devices. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36(19):E1251–E1258
Dynamic Facet Replacement
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Dynamic Rods
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Spinal Cord Stimulators
Hunter TB, Yoshino MT, Dzioba RB, Light RA, Berger WG (2004) Medical devices of the head, neck, and spine. Radiographics 24(1):257–285
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Intrathecal Spinal Infusion Pump
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Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: Hardware Malpositioning
Foxx KC, Kwak RC, Latzman JM, Samadani U (2010) A retrospective analysis of pedicle screws in contact with the great vessels. J Neurosurg Spine 13(3):403–406
Hicks JM, Singla A, Shen FH, Arlet V (2010) Complications of pedicle screw fixation in scoliosis surgery: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35(11):E465–E470
Hardware Loosening and Pseudarthrosis
Ko CC, Tsai HW, Huang WC, Wu JC, Chen YC, Shih YH, Chen HC, Wu CL, Cheng H (2010) Screw loosening in the Dynesys stabilization system: radiographic evidence and effect on outcomes. Neurosurg Focus 28(6):E10
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Uzi EA, Dabby D, Tolessa E, Finkelstein JA (2001) Early retropulsion of titanium-threaded cages after posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a report of two cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26(9):1073–1075
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Hardware Displacement
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Pseudomeningocele and CSF Leak
Hadani M, Findler G, Knoler N, Tadmor R, Sahar A, Shacked I (1986) Entrapped lumbar nerve root in pseudomeningocele after laminectomy: report of three cases. Neurosurgery 19(3):405–407
Lee KS, Hardy IM (1992) Postlaminectomy lumbar pseudomeningocele: Report of four cases. Neurosurgery 30(1):111–114
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Phillips CD, Kaptain GJ, Razack N (2002) Depiction of a postoperative pseudomeningocele with digital subtraction myelography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23(2):337–338
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Tomoda Y, Korogi Y, Aoki T, Morioka T, Takahashi H, Ohno M, Takeshita I (2008) Detection of cerebrospinal fluid leakage: initial experience with three-dimensional fast spin-echo magnetic resonance myelography. Acta Radiol 49(2):197–203
Yoo HM, Kim SJ, Choi CG, Lee DH, Lee JH, Suh DC, Choi JW, Jeong KS, Chung SJ, Kim JS, Yun SC (2008) Detection of CSF leak in spinal CSF leak syndrome using MR myelography: correlation with radioisotope cisternography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29(4):649–654
Postoperative Epidural Hematoma
Martin CT, Kebaish KM (2010) Postoperative spinal epidural hematoma at a site distant from the main surgical procedure: a case report and review of the literature. Spine J 10(4):e21–e25
Postoperative Infection
Katonis P, Tzermiadianos M, Papagelopoulos P, Hadjipavlou A (2007) Postoperative infections of the thoracic and lumbar spine: a review of 18 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res 454:114–119
Weinstein MA, McCabe JP, Cammisa FP Jr (2000) Postoperative spinal wound infection: a review of 2,391 consecutive index procedures. J Spinal Disord 13(5):422–426
Postoperative Neuritis
Lee YS, Choi ES, Song CJ (2009) Symptomatic nerve root changes on contrast-enhanced MR imaging after surgery for lumbar disk herniation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(5):1062–1067
Arachnoiditis
Frizzell B, Kaplan P, Dussault R, Sevick R (2001) Arachnoiditis ossificans: MR imaging features in five patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177(2):461–464
Khosla A, Wippold FJ II (2002) CT myelography and MR imaging of extramedullary cysts of the spinal canal in adult and pediatric patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:201–207
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Van Goethem JW, Parizel PM, Jinkins JR (2002) Review article: MRI of the postoperative lumbar spine. Neuroradiology 44(9):723–739
Residual/Recurrent Disc Material Versus Epidural Scar
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Postoperative Synovial Cyst
Schofferman J, Reynolds J, Herzog R, Covington E, Dreyfuss P, O’Neill C (2003) Failed back surgery: etiology and diagnostic evaluation. Spine J 3(5):400–403
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Residual/Recurrent Tumors
Boriani S, Saravanja D, Yamada Y, Varga PP, Biagini R, Fisher CG (2009) Challenges of local recurrence and cure in low grade malignant tumors of the spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34(22 Suppl):S48–S57
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Postoperative Intradural Inclusion Cyst
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Ginat, D.T., Murtagh, R., Westesson, PL.A. (2012). Imaging of Postoperative Spine. In: Atlas of Postsurgical Neuroradiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15828-5_11
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